Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Reactions of Trifluoroborate Salts with Benzhydryl Alcohols.

Brønsted acid-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond forming methodology using potassium alkynyl- and alkenyltrifluoroborate salts has been developed. Organotrifluoroborates react with benzhydryl alcohols to afford a broad range of alkynes and alkenes in good to excellent yields. This protocol features good atom economy because organotrifluoroborate salts and alcohols react in a 1:1 ratio. Furthermore, a variety of unprotected functional groups were tolerated under the developed conditions, including amide, aldehyde, free hydroxyl, and carboxylic acid.

"Honestly, they are just like us": U.S. parents choose middle-class gender and racial ingroup peers for their children.

Children and adolescents benefit from positive intergroup peer interactions, but they are unlikely to have many opportunities for these interactions if their parents are uncomfortable with them. Drawing primarily on social identity theory (SIT), this study investigated how U.S. parents' (N = 569) comfort with their children's potential intergroup peer interactions (a) differed by child and peer group gender (boy, girl), race (Black, White), and social class (higher-, middle-, or lower-subjective social status), (b) changed over the transition from childhood to adolescence (8-10, 11-13, and 14-16 years), and (c) varied by context intimacy (hanging out vs. sleeping over). The sample was equally balanced between parents of children reflecting those same group memberships. Consistent with SIT, when asked to choose, parents were typically most comfortable with their child spending time with middle-class peers who shared their child's gender and racial ingroup membership. Moreover, parents often explained their decisions with reference to similarities between these peers and their own child or family. Parents' comfort did not differ systematically by child age, but many parents were less comfortable with cross-gender peer interactions in the more intimate sleepover context than the less intimate hangout context. All groups of parents also exhibited at least some openness to cross-group interactions. These findings advance developmental scientists' understanding of parents' roles as potential facilitators or gatekeepers of their children's intergroup peer interactions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Inpatient Violence.

Inpatient violence constitutes a major concern for staff, patients, and administrators. Violence can cause physical injury and psychological trauma. Although violence presents a challenge to inpatient clinicians, it should not be viewed as inevitable. By looking at history of violence, in addition to clinical and other historical factors, clinicians can identify which patients present the most risk of exhibiting violent behavior and whether the violence would most likely flow from psychosis, impulsivity, or predatory characteristics. With that information, clinicians can provide environmental and treatment modifications to lessen the likelihood of violence.