Histiocytic Neoplasms, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.

Histiocytic neoplasms are rare hematologic disorders accounting for less than 1% of cancers of the soft tissue and lymph nodes. Clinical presentation and prognosis of these disorders can be highly variable, leading to challenges for diagnosis and optimal management of these patients. Treatment often consists of systemic therapy, and recent studies support use of targeted therapies for patients with these disorders. Observation ("watch and wait") may be sufficient for select patients with mild disease. These NCCN Guidelines for Histiocytic Neoplasms include recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of adults with the most common histiocytic disorders: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Erdheim-Chester disease, and Rosai-Dorfman disease.

Mycobacterium genavense-induced spindle cell pseudotumor in a pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient: Case report and review of the literature.

We describe the first reported pediatric patient to our knowledge with a spindle cell pseudotumor caused by Mycobacterium genavense in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient, and review the literature of such an entity in the transplant population.

Transient abnormal myelopoiesis of a newborn not associated with chromosome 21 abnormalities or GATA1 mutations.

Transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) is a disorder of Down syndrome newborns characterized by megakaryocytic blasts indistinguishable from acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which undergoes spontaneous remission. Acquired GATA1 mutations are present in blasts of both TAM and the subsequent AML which sometimes develops. We present a unique case of a newborn with leukemic megakaryoblasts indistinguishable from those of TAM who had neither extra material from chromosome 21 in the germline or blasts, nor evidence of GATA1 mutations. These findings suggest there are other genetic abnormalities that can lead to TAM besides GATA1 mutation in the setting of trisomy 21. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:353-355. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Incidence and risk factors of pain crisis after hematopoietic cell transplantation for sickle cell disease.

ABSTRACT: Vaso-occlusive episodes (VOC) or pain crises are the most common indications for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for sickle cell disease (SCD). Elimination of pain crisis after HCT is an important patient-centered outcome and may improve understanding of the natural history of pain syndromes in SCD. We examined deidentified records of 763 patients followed-up for a median of 36.7 months (range, 0.3-168.6 months), with 69.6% patient's age <18 years at HCT, 83.3% patient's Karnofsky-Lansky performance score (KPS) ≥90, overall survival 92.9%, event-free survival 72.4%, graft failure (GF) 22.4%, AGVHD 21.4%, CGVHD 27%, and pain crisis 8.65%. On unadjusted logistic regression, increased risk of pain crisis after HCT was observed in patient's aged >10 years at HCT (range, 11-17 years; OR, 9.43; 95% CI, 3.20-27.79; P < .0001), in age ≥18 years (OR, 16.62; 95% CI, 5.85-47.16; P < .0001), in those with history of pain crisis 2 years before HCT (OR, 13.16; 95% CI, 4.08-42.42; P < .0001), alternate donors (haploidentical [OR, 4.80; 95% CI, 2.48-9.31; P < .0001], unrelated matched [OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.23-5.97; P = .0132], and mismatched unrelated [OR, 3.19; 95% CI, 1.44-7.05; P = .0041], and those with GF (n = 41 [5.37%]; OR, 7.15; 95% CI, 4.20-12.18; P < .0001). Pain crisis was less frequent with KPS of ≥90 (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.18-0.55; P < .0001). Multivariable logistic regression models confirmed age at HCT, KPS, graft type, donor type, history of VOC 2 years before HCT, and GF as independent predictors of pain crisis after HCT and generated predictive models and nomograms for pain crisis after HCT for SCD, which can support shared decision making.

Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1 (L-plastin) I232F mutation impairs granulocytic proliferation and causes neutropenia.

Neutrophils migrate into inflamed tissue, engage in phagocytosis, and clear pathogens or apoptotic cells. These processes require well-coordinated events involving the actin cytoskeleton. We describe a child with severe neutropenia and episodes of soft tissue infections and pneumonia. Bone marrow examination showed granulocytic hypoplasia with dysplasia. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a de novo heterozygous missense mutation in LCP1, which encodes the F-actin-binding protein Lymphocyte Cytosolic Protein 1. To determine its pathophysiological significance, we stably transduced cells with doxycycline-inducible wild-type LCP1 and LCP1 I232F lentiviral constructs. We observed dysplastic granulocytic 32D cells expressing LCP1 I232F cells. These cells showed decreased proliferation without a block in differentiation. In addition, expression of LCP1 I232F resulted in a cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, but it did not lead to increased levels of genes involved in apoptosis or the unfolded protein response. Both 32D and HeLa cells expressing mutant LCP1 displayed impaired cell motility and invasiveness. Flow cytometry showed increased F-actin. However, mutant LCP1-expressing 32D cells exhibited normal oxidative burst upon stimulation. Confocal imaging and subcellular fractionation revealed diffuse intracellular localization of LCP1, but only the mutant form was found in the nucleus. We conclude that LCP1 is a new gene involved in granulopoiesis, and the missense variant LCP1 I232F leads to neutropenia and granulocytic dysplasia with aberrant actin dynamics. Our work supports a model of neutropenia due to aberrant actin regulation.

Severe megaloblastic anemia: Vitamin deficiency and other causes.

Megaloblastic anemia causes macrocytic anemia from ineffective red blood cell production and intramedullary hemolysis. The most common causes are folate (vitamin B9) deficiency and cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency. Megaloblastic anemia can be diagnosed based on characteristic morphologic and laboratory findings. However, other benign and neoplastic diseases need to be considered, particularly in severe cases. Therapy involves treating the underlying cause-eg, with vitamin supplementation in cases of deficiency, or with discontinuation of a suspected medication.

Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Patients Who Develop Mucosal Barrier Injury-Laboratory Confirmed Bloodstream Infections in the First 100 Days After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant.

Importance: Patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) are at risk for bloodstream infection (BSI) secondary to translocation of bacteria through the injured mucosa, termed mucosal barrier injury-laboratory confirmed bloodstream infection (MBI-LCBI), in addition to BSI secondary to indwelling catheters and infection at other sites (BSI-other). Objective: To determine the incidence, timing, risk factors, and outcomes of patients who develop MBI-LCBI in the first 100 days after HSCT. Design, Setting, and Participants: A case-cohort retrospective analysis was performed using data from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research database on 16 875 consecutive pediatric and adult patients receiving a first allogeneic HSCT from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2016. Patients were classified into 4 categories: MBI-LCBI (1481 [8.8%]), MBI-LCBI and BSI-other (698 [4.1%]), BSI-other only (2928 [17.4%]), and controls with no BSI (11 768 [69.7%]). Statistical analysis was performed from April 5 to July 17, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures: Demographic characteristics and outcomes, including overall survival, chronic graft-vs-host disease, and transplant-related mortality (only for patients with malignant disease), were compared among groups. Results: Of the 16 875 patients in the study (9737 [57.7%] male; median [range] age, 47 [0.04-82] years) 13 686 (81.1%) underwent HSCT for a malignant neoplasm, and 3189 (18.9%) underwent HSCT for a nonmalignant condition. The cumulative incidence of MBI-LCBI was 13% (99% CI, 12%-13%) by day 100, and the cumulative incidence of BSI-other was 21% (99% CI, 21%-22%) by day 100. Median (range) time from transplant to first MBI-LCBI was 8 (<1 to 98) days vs 29 (<1 to 100) days for BSI-other. Multivariable analysis revealed an increased risk of MBI-LCBI with poor Karnofsky/Lansky performance status (hazard ratio [HR], 1.21 [99% CI, 1.04-1.41]), cord blood grafts (HR, 2.89 [99% CI, 1.97-4.24]), myeloablative conditioning (HR, 1.46 [99% CI, 1.19-1.78]), and posttransplant cyclophosphamide graft-vs-host disease prophylaxis (HR, 1.85 [99% CI, 1.38-2.48]). One-year mortality was significantly higher for patients with MBI-LCBI (HR, 1.81 [99% CI, 1.56-2.12]), BSI-other (HR, 1.81 [99% CI, 1.60-2.06]), and MBI-LCBI plus BSI-other (HR, 2.65 [99% CI, 2.17-3.24]) compared with controls. Infection was more commonly reported as a cause of death for patients with MBI-LCBI (139 of 740 [18.8%]), BSI (251 of 1537 [16.3%]), and MBI-LCBI plus BSI (94 of 435 [21.6%]) than for controls (566 of 4740 [11.9%]). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, MBI-LCBI, in addition to any BSIs, were associated with significant morbidity and mortality after HSCT. Further investigation into risk reduction should be a clinical and scientific priority in this patient population.

Sporadic Burkitt Lymphoma with Orbital Extramedullary Infiltration.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma is rarely associated with orbital involvement. METHODS: We present a case of sporadic Burkitt lymphoma with extramedullary subperiosteal leukemic infiltrates of the orbit and facial bones. RESULTS: Follow-up examination after chemotherapy and disease remission reveals resolution of the subperiosteal infiltrates. CONCLUSION: Despite an aggressive presentation, cure is common with appropriate, intensive treatment. To our knowledge, this report is the first to photographically depict the resolution of extramedullary orbital subperiosteal leukemic infiltrates after appropriate chemotherapy.

Ovarian Torsion in an Adolescent with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome and Unilateral Tubo-ovarian Hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is the most common pediatric overgrowth syndrome. BWS has a broad phenotypic presentation along with an increased propensity to develop various embryonal tumors. There are very few reported cases of gonadal hyperplasia in BWS patients in the existing literature. CASE: We describe a 13-year-old girl with BWS who presented with an episode of abdominal pain and was found to have torsion and necrosis of a markedly hyperplastic right ovary and fallopian tube. We present a brief literature review on ovarian hyperplasia in BWS patients for which we used an online search of the databases PubMed, Embase, Ovid Medline, and Cochrane. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Through an extensive literature search, we only found 3 previous reports of ovarian hyperplasia in BWS patients, all in postmortem specimens. Our case highlights a potentially important aspect of visceral organ hyperplasia in patients with BWS that could remain indolent until adolescence and might present as an abrupt-onset abdominopelvic catastrophe.

Extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma: An unexpected complication in children with Sjögren's syndrome.

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the infiltration of lymphocytes into exocrine glands, resulting in the typical sicca symptoms. Unlike adults, primary SS is a very rare condition in childhood, and the risk of malignancy in juvenile SS (JSS) has not been defined. We report the detection of extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (EMZL) occurring in two children with SS. Fine needle aspiration of the salivary glands (SG) showed nonspecific findings that led to delayed diagnosis of SS. The diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma associated with JSS was based on morphologic and immunohistochemical staining done during the biopsy. To highlight awareness of EMZL as a timely and appropriate update of an unusual complication in children with SS.

Gimap5-dependent inactivation of GSK3ß is required for CD4+ T cell homeostasis and prevention of immune pathology.

GTPase of immunity-associated protein 5 (Gimap5) is linked with lymphocyte survival, autoimmunity, and colitis, but its mechanisms of action are unclear. Here, we show that Gimap5 is essential for the inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK3ß) following T cell activation. In the absence of Gimap5, constitutive GSK3ß activity constrains c-Myc induction and NFATc1 nuclear import, thereby limiting productive CD4+ T cell proliferation. Additionally, Gimap5 facilitates Ser389 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of GSK3ß, thereby limiting DNA damage in CD4+ T cells. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition and genetic targeting of GSK3ß can override Gimap5 deficiency in CD4+ T cells and ameliorates immunopathology in mice. Finally, we show that a human patient with a GIMAP5 loss-of-function mutation has lymphopenia and impaired T cell proliferation in vitro that can be rescued with GSK3 inhibitors. Given that the expression of Gimap5 is lymphocyte-restricted, we propose that its control of GSK3ß is an important checkpoint in lymphocyte proliferation.

Characteristics of bacteremia in pediatric oncology patients based on pathogen classification as associated with the gastrointestinal mucosa or skin.

Factors favoring blood stream infections associated with gastrointestinal mucosa versus skin organisms were explored. An observed difference was attributable to bacteremia from oral flora in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or mucositis. Our data do not support the conclusion that isolation of enteric Gram-negatives is unrelated to the central catheter.

Angular velocity: a new method to improve prediction of ventricular fibrillation duration.

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a leading cause of sudden death. Electrical defibrillation is the primary modality of treatment, but evidence is accumulating that its use in the late stage of VF prior to providing ventilation, chest compressions and the administration of appropriate medication is detrimental. In VF of <5 min duration a 'shock first' strategy is effective. In VF of 5> min duration a 'perfuse first' approach is more effective. Because of the difficulty in determining the duration of VF in the clinical setting we have sought to develop method which analyze 5 s intervals of VF waveform and quickly provide an estimate of duration. Such methods would be useful in directing clinical interventions. Using methods of nonlinear dynamics and fractal geometry we have previously derived a quantitative measure of VF duration, namely the scaling exponent (ScE). In this study we report on a novel method also based on nonlinear dynamics, the angular velocity (AV). By constructing a flat, circular disk-shaped structure in a three-dimensional phase space and measuring the velocity of rotation of the position vector over time, a statistic is developed which rises from 58 rad/s at 1 min to 79 rad/s at 4 min and then decreases in a linear manner to 32 rad/s at 12.5 min. Using ScE and AV probability density estimated, VF of <5 min duration can be identified with 90% sensitivity on the basis of a single 5 s recording of the waveform. The combination of ScE and AV can be used in developing strategies for the treatment of VF during the different clinical phases of VF.

Testicular myeloid sarcoma: a rare manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia in an infant.

Myeloid sarcoma manifesting in the testis is rare and may occur concomitantly with bone marrow disease or as a separate entity. We describe our experience with a 6-month-old boy who presented with painless scrotal swelling and was found to have bilateral testicular masses on ultrasonography. The patient underwent unilateral radical inguinal orchiectomy. Surgical pathology revealed myeloid sarcoma of the testicle. He developed peripheral blood involvement 1 week postoperatively. Bone marrow biopsy showed acute myeloid leukemia. He is in remission after 2 cycles of induction chemotherapy, local radiation therapy, and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Synchronous occurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.

Latent Epstein-Barr virus infection is associated with several lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. This is the first reported case of a patient presenting with synchronous nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin lymphoma associated with Epstein-Barr virus. A 17-year-old previously healthy African-American male presented with anterior mediastinal mass and a nasopharyngeal mass. Histology from biopsy of both lesions revealed evidence of Epstein-Barr virus. The patient successfully completed sequential therapies with chemo radiation with no evidence of active disease. Simultaneous occurrence of the two malignancies is undoubtedly a rare event, and their coexistence raises the question of a common etiologic factor.

Novel 2009 H1N1 influenza virus infection requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a pediatric heart transplant recipient.

The novel 2009 H1N1 influenza virus has been reported to have increased severity in patients with underlying cardiovascular and lung disease. Pediatric patients also appear to have an increased incidence of infection. The impact on cardiothoracic transplant recipients, especially in pediatric recipients, has not been established. We report the case of a 12-year-old boy with history of congenital heart disease who was transplanted in June 2001. In October 2009, it was found that he had developed severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to novel 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was given as support. Importantly, the initial specimen evaluated by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was negative for novel 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. The patient was successfully weaned from ECMO after 24 days, extubated at 6 weeks, and continues to make steady rehabilitative progress. Early suspicion for infection and initiation of treatment, even with negative testing, is essential for cardiothoracic transplant recipients during the current pandemic of novel 2009 H1N1 influenza virus.