Renal biomarkers, clinical parameters, and renal Doppler velocimetry in bitches with cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex.

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)-pyometra complex is the most common uterine infection in adult and elderly bitches and can cause renal dysfunction. The aim of this study was to measure and compare urinary creatinine, urea, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), urinary protein-creatinine ratio (UPC), measurement of systolic blood pressure (SBP), and Doppler velocimetry of renal arteries in patients with CEH-pyometra complex before and after an average of 6 months of treatment, evaluating the possibility of the changes persisting. The evaluation was conducted at two moments: M1 (at the diagnosis of CEH-pyometra, n = 36) and M2 (after an average of six months of treatment, n = 16). For the control group, eight bitches with no changes in blood tests or history of conditions underwent Doppler ultrasound evaluation of the renal arteries. At both M1 and M2, we measured creatinine, urea, and serum SDMA, UPC, SBP, and Doppler ultrasound of the renal arteries. Patients were evaluated according to the following groups: azotemic (AZO) and non-azotemic (NAZO), and open and closed cervix pyometra. The parameters were compared between animals present in both moments presented as M1R (bitches that were in M1 and M2) and M2. Statistical significance was considered when p < .05. The medians found for creatinine in M1 were as follows: 1.15 mg/dL, being 1.8 mg/dL for AZO (12/36) and 0.95 mg/dL for NAZO (24/36); and in M2: 0.85 mg/dL (16/16), being 1.15 mg/dL for AZO (4/16) and 0.8 mg/dL for NAZO (12/36). For urea, in M1 it was 36 mg/dL (32/36), with AZO being 103 mg/dL (11/32) and 33 mg/dL in NAZO (21/32); and in M2 32 mg/dL (16/ 16), being 29 mg/dL for AZO (4/36), and 31 mg/dL for NAZO (3/15). The median SDMA measured in M1R was 17 µg/dL (15/16), with AZO being 31 µg/dL (3/15), and NAZO being 16.5 µg/dL (12/15); and in M2, SDMA was 12 µg/dL (16/16), with AZO being 12.5 µg/dL (4/16), and NAZO being 12 µg/dL (12/16). The median UPC measured in M1 was 1.15 (10/36), with AZO being 0.25 (1/10), and NAZO being 1.38 (9/10); and in M2, it was 0.2 (13/16), being 0.1 in AZO (4/13), and 0.2 (9/16) in NAZO. For SBP, in M1, it was 118 mmHg (30/36), with AZO being 102 mmHg (10/30) and 133 mmHg in NAZO (20/30); and in M2 142.5 mmHg (12/16), being 155 mmHg for AZO (4/12), and 140 mg/dL for NAZO (8/12). When comparing animals with open and closed cervixes, a difference was found between SDMA measurements (p = .001). There was a distinction between PI and RI of the left and right kidneys consecutively (p = .007; p = .033; p = .019; p = .041). Correlations found in M1: SDMA × PI RIM DIR (r = 0.873; p = .002), SDMA × PSV RIM ESQ (r = 0.840; p = .004), SDMA × EDV RIM ESQ (r = 0.675; p = .046). With this study, we conclude a return to normality of renal biomarkers and clinical parameters after six months. Yet, there is a persistence of Doppler velocimetric measurements between the two moments. Thus, this parameter is not suitable for identifying and classifying chronic kidney injury in bitches with pyometra.

Evaluation of hepatic and renal effects in rat dams and their offspring after exposure to paracetamol during gestation and lactation.

Paracetamol (PAR) is the analgesic and antipyretic of choice for pregnant and nursing women. PAR may reach the fetus and/or neonate through the placenta and/or milk and effect development. This study evaluated possible hepatic and renal effects in rat dams and their offspring exposed to PAR using a human-relevant route of administration and doses from Gestational Day 6 to Postnatal Day (PND) 21. Dams were gavaged daily with PAR (35 or 350mg kg-1) or water (CON). Dams and pups were killed on PND21 and 22 respectively, and blood was collected for biochemical analysis (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea and creatinine). The kidneys and liver were isolated and processed for histopathological assessment and evaluation of oxidative stress markers. Compared with the CON groups, pups exposed to 350mg kg-1 PAR had increased renal reduced glutathione (GSH), whereas dams exposed to both doses of PAR increased serum AST. PAR administration did not affect parameters of general toxicity or renal and hepatic oxidative stress. In conclusion, maternal exposure to human-relevant doses of PAR by gavage was not associated with hepatic or renal toxicity in the pups or dams, but PAR was not devoid of effects. Exposure to PAR increased renal GSH in pups, which could suggest an adaptive antioxidant response, and affected maternal serum AST activity.

Correlation of testicular artery Doppler velocimetry with kinetics and morphologic characteristics of epididymal sperm in dogs.

Sperm quality can be affected by a reduction in testicular blood flow, which can be measured by Doppler ultrasonography. The aim of this study was to correlate the Doppler velocimetry of the testicular artery with kinetics of the epididymal spermatozoa in dogs. Twenty-two dogs (44 testicles) were evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography in five regions of the testicular artery before orchiectomy. Spermatozoa were recovered by the epididymal tail compression technique and analysed for kinetics on a computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA system). Morphology (modified Karras) and sperm membrane integrity were analysed by eosin-nigrosine staining. Data were analysed by Pearson's correlation test (p < .01). The mean total motility was 69.0% ± 17.7, progressive motility was 43.7% ± 14.7, average path velocity (VAP) was 127.0 µm/s ± 20.7, curvilinear velocity (VCL) was 221.0 µm/s ± 31.1, and sperm velocity index (SVI) was 389.9 ± 56.1. There were positive correlations between the peak systolic velocity (PSV) in the proximal supratesticular region with the SVI (r = .529), VCL (r = .555) and VAP (r = .473), and a negative correlation with the percentage of slow spermatozoa (r = -.463). The results suggest that the testicular artery blood flow velocity can positively affect the speed of spermatozoa movement. For the first time, we have correlated sperm kinetics with the Doppler evaluation of the testicular artery in dogs.

Effects of two oral electrolyte solutions in healthy newborn lambs.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two oral electrolyte solutions (OES), commercialized for the hydration of calves, on the water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of newborn lambs. Twenty healthy crossbred Santa Inês lambs, 10 days old, 4-5 kg of body weight (BW), and fed on mother's milk, were included. The OES tested were slightly hyposmolar (OES 1: 279 mOsm/L; and OES 2: 283 mOsm/L) and had an alkalizing potential with an effective strong ion difference (SID3) of 76 mmol/L (OES 1) and 58 mmol/L (OES 2). In a crossover design, all lambs received the two OES, one at a time, with an interval of 7 days. On the day of treatment, the lambs received a volume corresponding to 5% of BW administered by esophageal tube at 0 and 6 h. Physical examinations were performed and venous blood samples were taken at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Packed cell volume, total plasma protein, pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate ion, base excess, sodium (Na+), potassium, chloride (Cl-), SID3, L-lactate, glucose, anion gap, total concentration of non-volatile weak acids, and percentage change in plasma volume were measured. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA. OES caused iatrogenic imbalances characterized by expansion of plasma volume, change in the Na+ and Cl- ratio with increase in plasma SID3, and strong ion metabolic alkalosis. These imbalances were mostly reversed 24 h after the start of treatment and did not differ (P > 0.05) between the two tested OES. The absence of side effects indicates that the tested commercial OES are safe for use in newborn lambs. Further studies are needed to prove the therapeutic efficacy of these OES in dehydrated sick lambs with metabolic acidosis.

Evaluation of the testicular artery Doppler velocimetry and its correlation with sperm defects in domestic cats.

Several studies have demonstrated the correlation between Doppler velocimetric parameters of testicular artery and semen quality in domestic species, but in felines data are scarce. This study aimed to correlate the Doppler velocimetry of the testicular artery with sperm kinetics and sperm defects, in sedated and non-sedated cats. Forty tomcats were divided into two groups: sedated (SG; n=20) with dexmedetomidine (10 µm/kg) and ketamine (12 mg/kg), and non-sedated (NSG; n=20). The animals were subjected to ultrasound Doppler velocimetry of the distal supratesticular and marginal region of the testicular artery and subsequently orchiectomized. Epididymal tail spermatozoa were recovered and analyzed using a CASA system for motility, and morphology took place. Animals of SG presented a significantly higher velocity in the marginal region of the cat's testicular artery [peak systolic velocity (PSV) 11.51 cm/s; end-diastolic velocity (EDV) 7.72 cm/s] compared to NSG (PSV 7.72 cm/s, P < 0.001; EDV 4.93 cm/s, P < 0.001). Sedated cats presented higher pulsatility and resistivity indexes than non-sedated cats. The supratesticular PSV of NSG was moderately correlated with major (rs = 0621; P < 0.001) and total sperm defects (rs = 0614; P < 0001). Doppler velocimetry was fairly correlated with minor, major, and total sperm defects. In conclusion, Doppler velocimetric evaluation emerges as an important possibility in the reproductive evaluation of tomcats, once the testicular artery hemodynamics were associated with sperm defects. However, it is advisable to carry out this evaluation in non-sedated animals. If sedation is necessary, peripheral vasoconstriction should be considered.

Animal Welfare Assessment and Meat Quality through Assessment of Stress Biomarkers in Fattening Pigs with and without Visible Damage during Slaughter.

The study aimed to investigate the physiological and meat quality differences between Non-Ambulatory, Non-Injured (NANI), and without apparent abnormalities (non-NANI) pigs in a commercial slaughterhouse setting, focusing on the impact of stress and health conditions on the overall well-being and meat quality of the animals. A total of 241 surgically castrated crossbred male pigs from Southern Brazil were analyzed, with 131 non-NANI pigs and 110 NANI pigs. Infrared orbital temperature, rectal temperature, hematological parameters, and meat quality measurements were collected. Statistical analysis included ANOVA tests and principal component analysis (PCA). NANI pigs exhibited significantly higher infrared orbital temperatures and rectal temperature (p < 0.01). Hematological analysis revealed higher levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cells in NANI pigs (p < 0.05). White blood cell count and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly elevated in NANI pigs (p < 0.01), indicating potential infections or inflammatory responses. Meat quality parameters showed that NANI pigs had lower pH values, higher luminosity, and increased drip loss (p < 0.01), reflecting poorer water retention and potential muscle glycogen depletion. The study highlights the physiological and meat quality differences between NANI and non-NANI pigs, emphasizing the impact of stress, health conditions, and handling procedures on the animals. Blood biomarkers proved valuable in assessing physiological stress, immune response, and potential health issues in pigs, correlating with meat quality abnormalities. Utilizing these biomarkers as predictive tools can enhance animal welfare practices and contribute to improving meat quality in the swine industry.

Effect of Parity, Body Condition Score at Calving, and Milk Yield on the Metabolic Profile of Gyr Cows in the Transition Period.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of parity, body condition score (BCS) at calving, and milk yield on the metabolic profile of Gyr (Zebu) cows. Healthy cows in late pregnancy were grouped according to parity (primiparous, biparous, and multiparous); to BCS scale at calving (high-HBCS and normal-NBCS); and to milk yield (high-HP and moderate-MP production). BCS was assessed, and blood samples were collected on -21, -7, 0, 7, 21, and 42 days relative to parturition. The concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cholesterol, glucose, total protein (TP), albumin, total calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg); and activities of aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase were measured. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA. The frequencies of high lipomobilization, subclinical ketosis, subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH), and the occurrence of diseases during early lactation were established. Regardless of grouping, NEFA, BHB, and cholesterol increased during early lactation; glucose showed higher values at calving; TP and albumin were higher at 21 and 42 DIM; and Ca, P, and Mg were lower at calving. Parity had little effect on the metabolic profile, HBCS did not differ from NBCS cows, and HP did not differ from MP cows in most metabolites. High lipomobilization in early lactation and SCH at calving were the most common imbalances but were not related to postpartum diseases. High-yielding Gyr cows have a balanced metabolic profile during the transition period, with few biologically relevant effects of parity, BCS at parturition, or milk yielded.

Does postprandial lipemia interfere with blood gas analysis and assessment of acid-base status in dogs?

To evaluate the interference of postprandial lipemia on blood gas parameters and to assess the acid-base status by the quantitative approach of the strong ion model blood samples of 15 healthy dogs were collected during fasting (0 h) and at one (1 h), three (3 h) and five (5 h) hours after the induction of lipemia with a hypercaloric diet. Total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels were used to assess lipemia and these were correlated with the parameters evaluated accordingly. Anion gap decreased at 5 h without correlation with TC and TG, whereas other parameters measured by the blood gasometer did not change. In the evaluation of the acid base state, the apparent strong ion difference (SIDa) and the strong ion gap (SIG) showed a decrease at 5 h without correlation with lipemia. Lipid levels correlated with the effective strong ion difference (SIDe), the concentration of total non-volatile weak acids (Atot), albumin, phosphate, and magnesium. The SIDe increased at 1 h and at 3 h; the Atot at 1 h, 3 h, and 5 h; albumin increased at 1 h and 3 h; phosphate increased at 1 h, 3 h and 5 h; and magnesium decreased at 5 h. Though postprandial lipemia does not interfere with blood gas analysis, it can cause errors in the variables used to assess the acid-base status, which are dependent on biochemical analytes. Therefore, caution is required when interpreting electrolyte disturbances that result from the postprandial state.

Enteral hydration in cows: Comparison between continuous flow and bolus administration.

BACKGROUND: Enteral hydration in cattle is most commonly performed as a bolus (B) via the ororuminal route, although continuous flow (CF) administration via the nasoesophageal route represents a viable alternative. Currently, no study has compared the effectiveness of these two methods. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of enteral hydration using CF and B to correct water, electrolyte and acid-base imbalances in cows. METHODS: Protocols for the induction of dehydration were applied twice to eight healthy cows, with an interval of 1 week. In a crossover design, two types of enteral hydration were performed using the same electrolyte solution and volume equal to 12% of bodyweight (BW): CF (10 mL/kg/h, between 0 and 12 hours) and B (6% BW, twice, at 0 and 6 hours). Clinical and blood variables were determined at -24, 0, 6, 12 and 24 hours and compared using repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Induced moderate dehydration and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis were corrected after 12 hours using the two hydration methods, with no differences observed between the methods. LIMITATIONS: The study was conducted with induced rather than natural imbalances, so the findings should be interpreted cautiously. CONCLUSION: Enteral CF hydration is as effective as B hydration in reversing dehydration and correcting electrolyte and acid-base imbalances.

Effects of postpartum treatment with oral calcium formate on serum calcium, serum metabolites, and the occurrence of diseases at the beginning of lactation of high-producing dairy cows.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of oral administration of calcium (Ca) formate in the postpartum of high-producing dairy cows on calcemia, on other blood biochemical markers, and on the occurrence of diseases at the beginning of lactation. One hundred and twenty healthy Holstein cows, distributed according to the lactation order (first, second, third and fourth to sixth), were treated or not with oral Ca formate (two doses: one after calving and one 24 h later; equivalent to 50 g of Ca per dose), comprising 8 groups (n = 15). The following variables were measured in the blood serum of samples collected after calving (0 h) and after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h: total Ca, phosphate (P), magnesium (Mg), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Blood BHB was also measured at 7, 14, and 21 DIM. For the assessment of disease occurrence, cows were distributed in treated (n = 60) and untreated (n = 60) groups and in hypocalcemic (n = 71) and normocalcemic (n = 49) groups. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and a chi-square test were used for comparisons. The lactation order did not influence the studied blood constituents, except for primiparous cows which had the highest calcemia. Serum Ca was lower up to 24 h and increased after 48 h and subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) ([Ca] < 2.125 mmol/L) was more frequent in cows with a higher number of lactations. Treatment with Ca formate had no effect on the variation of serum Ca and the other studied variables in the first days of lactation. Treated and untreated cows did not differ in terms of milk yield at 21 DIM, the presentation of diseases at the beginning of lactation, the rate of discard or death up to 60 DIM and the frequency of SCH (60 % and 58 %, respectively). Hypocalcemic cows became more ill (64.8 % vs. 42.9 %; P = 0.028) and had a higher frequency of retained placenta (43 % vs. 20.7 %; P < 0.001). Oral administration of Ca formate after calving and 24 h later is not justified as a preventive measure to be adopted indiscriminately in dairy herds. Studies involving larger number of animals may clarify whether the selective treatment of cows with a higher risk of hypocalcemia is advantageous.

Disseminated melanized fungal infection due to Cladosporium halotolerans in a dog coinfected with canine adenovirus-1 and canine parvovirus-2.

This report presents the pathologic findings associated with disseminated infection due to Cladosporium halotolerans in a dog that was simultaneously infected with canine adenovirus-1 (CAdV-1) and canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2). A 12-year-old, mixed breed dog, with a clinical history of neurological manifestations was submitted for routine autopsy due to poor prognosis. The principal pathologic findings were mycotic necrotizing nephritis, hepatitis, and splenitis with embolic dissemination to the brain resulting in mycotic necrotizing meningoencephalitis, ventriculitis, choroid plexitis, and obstructive hydrocephalus associated with intralesional and intravascular septate pigmented fungi. PCR and sequencing of the ITS region of fungi revealed that the intralesional fungal organisms had 82% nucleotide identity with members of the Cladosporium sphaerospermum complex of organisms. However, a PCR assay and sequencing of the beta tubulin gene confirmed that the organism identified in this dog had 100% nucleotide sequence identity with C. halotolerans. Using immunohistochemistry, intralesional antigens of CAdV-1 were identified within the epithelial cells of the liver and lungs; there was positive immunolabeling for CPV-2 antigens in degenerated cardiomyocytes. These findings confirmed the active participation of C. halotolerans in the development of disseminated cladosporiosis in this dog and represent a rare occurrence of concomitant infection with CAdV-1 and CPV-2.

Impact of a Single Oral Acute Dose of Aflatoxin B1 on Liver Function/Cytokines and the Lymphoproliferative Response in C57Bl/6 Mice.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a mycotoxin found in food and feed, exerts harmful effects on humans and animals. The liver is the earliest target of AFB1, and its effects have been evaluated in animal models exposed to acute or chronic doses. Considering the possibility of sporadic ingestion of AFB1-contaminated food, this study investigated the impact of a single oral dose of AFB1 on liver function/cytokines and the lymphoproliferative response in mice. C57BL/6 mice were treated with a single oral AFB1 dose (44, 442 or 663 µg AFB1/kg of body weight) on the first day. Liver function (ALT, γ-GT, and total protein), cytokines (IL-4, IFN-γ, and IL-17), histopathology, and the spleen lymphoproliferative response to mitogens were evaluated on the 5th day. Although AFB1 did not produce any significant changes in the biochemical parameters, 663 µg AFB1/kg-induced hepatic upregulation of IL-4 and IFN-γ, along with liver tissue injury and suppression of the lymphoproliferative response to ConA (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a single oral dose of AFB1 exposure can induce liver tissue lesions, liver cytokine modulation, and immune suppression in C57BL/6 mice.

Iatrogenic alkalosis in goats with the use of intravenous electrolyte solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate / Alcalose iatrogênica em cabras após infusão intravenosa de solução eletrolítica contendo 84mEq/L de lactato

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the alkalinizing potential of an intravenous polyionic solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate on hydroelectrolyte and acid-base balances in healthy goats.Four solutions, containing 28 and 84 mEq/L of lactate (L28 and L84) or bicarbonate (B28 and B84), were formulated. Six healthy Saanen goats were used. All four solutions were infused intravenously in each animal, one at a time, with an interval of 4-5 days between the infusions, at a speed of 33.3 mL/kg/h and totaling a volume equivalent to 10% of their body weight, in 3 h of continuous administration. Samples of venous blood and urine were collected at 0h (start of the infusion), 1.5h (middle of the infusion), 3h (end of the infusion), and 4.5h, 6h, and 24 h from the start of the infusion. The laboratory tests includeddetermination of blood pH, pCO2,HCO3 -, base excess (BE), Na+, K+, Cl-, total plasmatic protein, L-lactate, and creatinine. In urine samples, pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, L-lactate, and creatinine were measured. The L28 solution, equivalent to lactated Ringer's solution, caused a slight increase in the alkaline reserve and did not change the electrolyte balance. The L84 solution resulted in a greater increase in the alkaline reserve, equivalent to the B84 solution, with return to baseline values within 24 h from the start of the infusion.The L84 solution proved to be safe and produced iatrogenic alkalization when infused into healthy goats, without causing side effects.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o potencial alcalinizante de uma solução poli-iônica intravenosa contendo 84mEq/L de lactato no equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico e ácido base de cabras saudáveis. Quatro soluções contendo 28 e 84 mEq/L de lactato (L28 e L84) ou bicarbonato (B28 e B84) foram formuladas. Seis cabras, adultas, da raça Saanen, saudáveis receberam as quatro soluções por via intravenosa, uma de cada vez, com intervalo de quatro a cinco dias entre as infusões, a velocidade de 33,3 ml/kg/h, totalizando um volume equivalente a 10% do seu peso corporal, em três horas de administração contínua. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso e urina antes do início da infusão (0h), na metade (1,5h), no fim (3h) e às 4,5h, 6h e 24h após o início da infusão. Os exames laboratoriais consistiram na determinação do pH sanguíneo, pCO2, HCO3 -, BE, Na+, K+, Cl-, proteína plasmática total, lactato L e creatinina. Nas amostras de urina foram medidos o pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, lactato L e creatinina. A solução L28, equivalente à solução de Ringer com lactato, causou um aumento leve na reserva alcalina e não alterou o equilíbrio eletrolítico. A solução L84 resultou em maior aumento da reserva alcalina, equivalente à solução B84, com retorno dos parâmetros avaliados aos valores basais em até 24 horas após o início da infusão. A solução L84 provou-se segura e produziu alcalose iatrogência em cabras sadias, sem causar qualquer efeito colateral.

Enteral fluid therapy in neonatal calves and features of commercially available electrolyte solutions in Brazil / Hidratação enteral em bezerros neonatos e características das soluções eletrolíticas disponíveis comercialmente no Brasil

ABSTRACT: According to the World Health Organization, the development of orally replacement fluids and electrolytes was one of the most significant advances of the twentieth century, markedly reducing mortality from diarrheal children. In veterinary medicine, oral electrolyte solutions (OES) are routinely used to treat diarrheic neonatal calves in order to correct water, electrolyte and acid base imbalances. In North America, the use of OES is routine and there are at least 20 commercial alternatives. Use of OES has increased in recent years in Brazil, but just five commercial products are currently available. The OES should contain, in suitable concentrations, electrolytes, glucose and an alkalizing agent to ensure its therapeutic efficacy. This review aimed to address the therapeutic importance of OES for neonatal calves and to evaluate the compositions and characteristics of those commercially available in Brazil.

RESUMO: De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde, o desenvolvimento da reposição de fluidos e eletrólitos por via oral foi um dos avanços mais significativos da medicina no século XX, reduzindo marcadamente a mortalidade de crianças diarreicas. Na medicina veterinária, as soluções eletrolíticas orais (SEO) são rotineiramente utilizadas no tratamento de bezerros neonatos diarreicos com o intuito de corrigir os desequilíbrios hidroeletrolíticos e ácido base. Na América do Norte, o emprego de SEO é habitual e existem, pelo menos, 20 alternativas comerciais. O uso das SEO se expandiu nos últimos anos, no Brasil, havendo, atualmente, cinco produtos disponíveis no comércio. As SEO devem veicular eletrólitos, glicose e um agente alcalinizante em concentrações apropriadas para garantir a sua eficácia terapêutica. Essa revisão tem o objetivo de abordar a importância e uso terapêutico das SEO para bezerros neonatos, além de avaliar as composições e características das disponíveis comercialmente no mercado brasileiro.

Effects of a new intravenous electrolyte solution for veterinary therapy on the electrolyte and acid-base balances of healthy horses / Efeito de uma nova solução eletrolítica intravenosa para uso veterinário sobre os equilíbrios eletrolítico e ácido base de equinos sadios

ABSTRACT: The effects of a new intravenous electrolyte solution for veterinary therapy on electrolyte and acid-base balances of horses were evaluated, assessing the potential of the use of this solution as a rational alternative in fluid therapy. Eight healthy adult horses, including 4 males and 4 females, received two treatments in a cross-over design: isotonic saline solution (IS) and a test solution (TS) containing 145mEq of Na+, 5mEq of K+, 4mEq of Ca++, 2mEq of Mg++, 96mEq of Cl-, 60mEq of lactate, 50g of dextrose, and 4mg of cyanocobalamin per liter. Solutions were IV infused in a volume corresponding to 5% of BW, over 3 hours. Venous blood samples were taken 5 times before and after the infusion (at 0, 3, 6, 9 e 24h), for pHv, pCO2v, HCO3 -v, BEv, Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca++, Ca, P, Mg, glucose and L-lactate measurements, and AG and SID calculations. The data were analyzed through repeated measures ANOVA. The IS caused mild acidifying effect by increasing Cl- and decreasing plasma SID. In contrast, the TS induced mild and transient hypochloremia without changes in acid-base balance. Hyperglycemia was present at the end of the TS infusion and reversed 6 hours later. The horses did not exhibit any clinical changes. We concluded that TS is an option for fluid therapy in horses.

RESUMO: Considerando a possibilidade de ser empregada como alternativa racional na terapia com fluidos, avaliaram-se os efeitos de uma nova solução eletrolítica intravenosa, desenvolvida para uso veterinário, sobre os equilíbrios eletrolítico e ácido base de equinos. Oito equinos adultos sadios, quatro machos e quatro fêmeas, foram submetidos a dois tratamentos em delineamento cross-over: solução salina isotônica (SI) e solução teste (ST), composta por 145mEq de Na+, 5mEq de K+, 4mEq de Ca++, 2mEq de Mg++, 96mEq de Cl-, 60mEq de lactato, 50g de dextrose e 4mg de cianocobalamina por litro. As soluções foram administradas por via intravenosa, em volume correspondente a 5% do peso corporal, durante três horas de infusão contínua. Amostras de sangue venoso foram colhidas em cinco momentos, antes e após a infusão (0, 3, 6, 9 e 24h), para determinações de pHv, pCO2v, HCO3 -v, BEv, Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca++, Ca, P, Mg, glicose e lactato L, e para cálculo de AG e SID. Os resultados foram analisados por análise de variância de medidas repetidas. Enquanto a SI gerou efeito acidificante discreto, com elevação da cloremia e redução da SID plasmática, a ST causou hipocloremia discreta e transitória e não interferiu com o equilíbrio ácido base. A hiperglicemia, presente ao final da infusão da ST, reverteu-se seis horas após. Os equinos não manifestaram alterações clínicas. Conclui-se que a ST é uma alternativa para a terapia com fluidos em equinos.

Efeito da solução de Ringer com lactato sobre os equilíbrios hidroeletrolítico e acidobase de equinos, ovelhas e bezerros sadios / Effect of lactated Ringer’s solution on fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balances of healthy horses, ewes and calves

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da solução de Ringer com lactato (SRL) sobre os equilíbrios hidroeletrolítico e acidobase de equinos, ovelhas e bezerros hígidos. Equinos adultos (n=6), ovelhas adultas (n=6) e bezerros (n=5) receberam a SRL em volume correspondente a 10% do peso corporal, administrada por infusão contínua intravenosa durante quatro (ovelhas e bezerros) ou seis (equinos) horas. Amostras de sangue venoso e de urina foram colhidas antes do início da infusão, na metade do volume infundido, ao término da infusão e duas (ovelhas e bezerros) ou três (equinos) horas após. Foram determinados valores de pH sanguíneo e urinário, de pCO2, HCO3- e BE no sangue, de Na+, K+, Cl- e SID no soro, de AG, PPT, Atot e lactato L no plasma e das excreções fracionadas urinárias de Na+, K+, Cl- e lactato L. A SRL provocou hemodiluição e não afetou os equilíbrios eletrolítico e acidobase nas três espécies estudadas, não sendo capaz de promover aumento da reserva alcalina. Por outro lado, deve ser considerada segura para a terapia de manutenção com infusão de grandes volumes porque não provoca desequilíbrios eletrolíticos.

The effects of lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) on fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balances were investigated in healthy horses, ewes and calves. LRS was intravenously infused in six adult horses, six adult ewes and five calves in a volume corresponding to 10% of body weight, continously during four (ewes and calves) or six (horses) hours. Venous blood and urine samples were taken before the beginning, in the middle, at the end of the infusion and two (ewes and calves) or three (horses) hours after. Blood and urine pH, blood pCO2, HCO3- and BE, serum Na+, K+ and Cl-, and plasma TP and L lactate were measured. Na+, K+, Cl- and L lactate fractional clearance and plasma SID, AG, and Atot were calculated. In all species LRS caused hemodilution but didn't change electrolyte and acid-base balances. It was not able to increase alkali reserve. On the other hand, LRS must be considered safe for maintenance therapy with large volume infusions because it doesn't induce electrolyte imbalances.

Transferência de imunidade passiva em cordeiros de corte manejados extensivamente em clima tropical / Passive transfer of immunity in meat lambs reared in the tropics on extensive management

Aspectos relacionados à transferência de imunidade passiva (TIP) foram estudados em 290 cordeiros recém-nascidos, cruzas Texel, manejados extensivamente em contato permanente com as suas mães, e criados em clima tropical. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas dos cordeiros uma única vez entre 24 e 36 horas de vida para obtenção do soro sanguíneo. Foram determinadas a atividade da gama glutamiltransferase e as concentrações de proteínas totais por refratometria e colorimetria, de albumina, alfa, beta e gamaglobulinas por eletroforese e de IgG estimada pela turvação pelo sulfato de zinco. Os cordeiros foram agrupados de acordo com o sexo, o número de partos das ovelhas, o escore de condição corporal (ECC) da ovelha, o número de cordeiros nascidos, o peso e a vitalidade ao nascimento. Os fatores de risco para a ocorrência de falha na transferência de imunidade passiva (FTIP) foram identificados e a sua associação com a mortalidade de cordeiros foi testada. Foram estabelecidas correlações entre as variáveis estudadas. A TIP não foi influenciada pelo sexo, pelo número de partos ou pelo ECC das ovelhas. Houve diferenças entre os cordeiros únicos e gêmeos e entre os que nasceram com peso ≥3 kg e < 3 kg. A FTIP foi pouco frequente (12,4%), mais provável em gêmeos (p=0,026) e em cordeiros leves (p<0,001) e esteve fortemente associada com a mortalidade dos cordeiros até os 60 dias de vida (p<0,001). A taxa de mortalidade geral foi de 11,3%; e 30,5% dos cordeiros com FTIP morreram, quase todos no primeiro mês de vida. A concentração de proteína total determinada por refratometria se correlacionou (p<0,001) com as concentrações de gamaglobulinas (r=0,816) e de IgG (r=0,810) e o valor crítico ≤ 5,0g/dL para a proteína total pode ser admitido como indicador de FTIP...

Aspects related to passive transfer of immunity (PTI) were studied in 290 newborn lambs, crosses of Texel, kept with their mothers on extensive management intropical weather. Blood samples were taken between 24 and 36 hours of life. Serum gamma glutamyltransferase activity, total protein concentration, measured by refractometry and colorimetry, albumin, alfa, beta and gammaglobulins concentrations, measured by agarose gel electrophoresis, and IgG concentration estimated by the zinc sulphate turbidity test were determined. The lambs were grouped according to sex, ewe number of parturitions and body condition scoring, number of lambs born, birth weight and vitality. The risk factors for failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPT) were identified and the association with lamb mortality was tested. Correlations between variables were established. There was no effect of sex, number of parturitions of ewes and ewe body condition scoring on PTI of lambs. However there were differences between singles and twins and between lambs born with good or lightweight (<3 kg). The FPT was infrequent (12.4%), more likely in twins (p=0.026) and in lightweight lambs (p<0.001), and was strongly associated with lamb deaths up to 60 days of age (p<0.001). The global mortality rate was 11.3%; and 30.5% of the lambs with FPT died, almost all in their first month of life. The total protein concentration, measured by refractometry, was correlated (p<0.001) with gammaglobulins (r=0.816) and IgG (r=0.810); and values < 5.0g/dL can be accepted for the diagnosis of FPT. Under tropical weather conditions FTP must be considered infrequent in crossbred meat lambs. However the surveillance and care must be intensified with twins and lambs with low birth weight.

Transferência de imunidade passiva em bezerros das raças Nelore e Limousin e proteinograma sérico nos primeiros quatro meses de vida / Passive transfer of immunity in Nelore and Limousin calves and serum proteinogram in the first four months of life

To study the passive transfer of immunity, 90 healthy calves, 45 Nelore and 45 Limousin, were grouped (n=15) according to their dam's parity: first, second or third or more calvings. Blood samples were draw from each calf with 24 to 36 hours of life and 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. The total serum (TSP) and plasma (TPP) proteins, gamaglutamiltransferase activity (GGT), serum albumin, alpha, beta and gammaglobulin by electrophoresis in agarose gel and IgG estimated by the zinc sulphate turbidity test were determined. Two-way-ANOVA was used to compare the data in the first age. The age behaviour was analysed through repeated measures ANOVA. Correlations were established between the variables. The passive transfer of immunity was successful in both breeds and the parity of the dam had no effect on the calves' serum gammaglobulin concentration. The levels of gammaglobulins were higher at the end of the first day of life, and decreased until 60 days. From there on, the increase due to the active production of antibodies was precocious in taurine calves and slower in Zebu calves. At the end of the first day of life, the gammaglobulin was correlated with IgG (r=0,859), TPP (r=0,807), TSP (r=0,811) and GGT (r=0,399). The variation of serum proteins followed the normal pattern throughout the first four months of life, with little differences between taurine and Zebu calves.

Com o objetivo de investigar alguns aspectos relacionados à transferência de imunidade passiva em bovinos de corte, foram selecionados 90 bezerros aparentemente sadios, 45 da raça Nelore e 45 da raça Limousin, distribuídos em 3 grupos (com 15 bezerros cada) de acordo com o número de parições de suas mães: primeira cria; segunda cria; e terceira ou mais crias. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas de cada bezerro entre 24 e 36 horas de vida e com 15, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias. Determinaram-se as concentrações de proteína total no soro (PT) e no plasma (PPT), a atividade sérica da gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT), e as concentrações séricas de albumina, alfa, beta e gamaglobulinas por eletroforese em gel de agarose e de IgG estimada por meio do método de turvação pelo sulfato de zinco. Empregou-se a análise de variância bifatorial para as variáveis mensuradas na primeira colheita. O comportamento das variáveis em função da idade foi estudado por meio da análise de variância de medidas repetidas. Correlações foram estabelecidas entre as variáveis. A transferência de imunidade passiva foi bem sucedida nos bezerros de ambas as raças e o número de parições das mães não interferiu no processo. As concentrações mais elevadas de gamaglobulinas ao término do primeiro dia de vida declinaram até valores mínimos aos 60 dias. A partir dessa idade, a elevação conseqüente à produção ativa de anticorpos foi mais precoce nos bezerros taurinos e mais lenta nos zebuínos. A gamaglobulina, ao término do primeiro dia de vida, correlacionou-se com as seguintes variáveis: IgG (r=0,859), PPT (r=0,807), PT (r=0,811) e GGT (r=0,399). O fator etário exerceu efeito sobre todas as variáveis mensuradas. As variações das proteínas séricas obedeceram a um padrão de comportamento fisiológico ao longo dos quatro primeiros meses de vida, de forma geral, não distinto em taurinos e zebuínos.