Hospital cost savings and other advantages of sutureless vs stented aortic valves for intermediate-risk elderly patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes and hospital costs of using sutureless aortic valves vs conventional stented aortic valves. METHODS: Between 2007 and 2011, 52 elderly patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis in our center had a sutureless valve inserted. From among 180 patients who had a stented valve inserted during the same period, 52 patients were matched to the sutureless group, based on age, gender, and operation type. We compared clinical outcomes and hospital costs between the two groups. RESULTS: The sutureless group had a higher Euroscore (logistic Euroscore I) risk (12.8 vs 9.7; p = 0.02), with significantly shorter aortic cross-clamp (ACC) time (p < 0.01), cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time (p < 0.01), intensive care unit stay (p < 0.01), intubation time (p < 0.01), and overall hospital stay (p = 0.05). The sutureless group also revealed a significant hospital cost saving of approximately 8200€ (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical and hemodynamic outcomes of using the sutureless bioprosthesis were excellent. The reduced ACC and CPB times had a favorable effect on the duration of intubation and intensive care stay, resulting not only in faster recovery and discharge home, but also in a significant hospital cost reduction.

Long-term outcome after the ross procedure in 173 adults with up to 25 years of follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: The potential risk of autograft dilatation and homograft stenosis after the Ross procedure mandates lifelong follow-up. This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine long-term outcome of the Ross procedure, investigating autograft and homograft failure patterns leading to reintervention. METHODS: All adults who underwent the Ross procedure between 1991-2018 at the University Hospitals Leuven were included, with follow-up data collected retrospectively. Autograft implantation was performed using the full root replacement technique. The primary end-point was long-term survival. Secondary end-points were survival free from any reintervention, autograft or homograft reintervention-free survival, and evolution of autograft diameter, homograft gradient and aortic regurgitation grade over time. RESULTS: A total of 173 adult patients (66% male) with a median age of 32 years (range 18-58 years) were included. External support at both the annulus and sinotubular junction was used in 38.7% (67/173). Median follow-up duration was 11.1 years (IQR, 6.4-15.9; 2065 patient-years) with 95% follow-up completeness. There was one (0.6%) perioperative death. Kaplan-Meier estimate for 15-year survival was 91.1% and Ross-related reinterventionfree survival was 75.7% (autograft: 83.5%, homograft: 85%). Regression analyses demonstrated progressive neoaortic root dilatation (0.56 mm/year) and increase in homograft gradient (0.72 mmHg/year). CONCLUSIONS: The Ross procedure has the potential to offer excellent long-term survival and reintervention-free survival. These long-term data further confirm that the Ross procedure is a suitable option in young adults with aortic valve disease which should be considered on an individual basis.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and food restriction restore delayed preconditioning in diabetic mice.

BACKGROUND: Classical and delayed preconditioning are powerful endogenous protection mechanisms against ischemia-reperfusion damage. However, it is still uncertain whether delayed preconditioning can effectively salvage myocardium in patients with co-morbidities, such as diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. We investigated delayed preconditioning in mice models of type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome and investigated interventions to optimize the preconditioning potential. METHODS: Hypoxic preconditioning was induced in C57Bl6-mice (WT), leptin deficient ob/ob (model for type II diabetes) and double knock-out (DKO) mice with combined leptin and LDL-receptor deficiency (model for metabolic syndrome). Twenty-four hours later, 30 min of regional ischemia was followed by 60 min reperfusion. Left ventricular contractility and infarct size were studied. The effect of 12 weeks food restriction or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACE-I) on this was investigated. Differences between groups were analyzed for statistical significance by student's t-test or one-way ANOVA followed by a Fisher's LSD post hoc test. Factorial ANOVA was used to determine the interaction term between preconditioning and treatments, followed by a Fisher's LSD post hoc test. Two-way ANOVA was used to determine the relationship between infarct size and contractility (PRSW). A value of p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Left ventricular contractility is reduced in ob/ob compared with WT and even further reduced in DKO. ACE-I improved contractility in ob/ob and DKO mice. After ischemia/reperfusion without preconditioning, infarct size was larger in DKO and ob/ob versus WT. Hypoxic preconditioning induced a strong protection in WT and a partial protection in ob/ob mice. The preconditioning potential was lost in DKO. Twelve weeks of food restriction or ACE-I restored the preconditioning potential in DKO and improved it in ob/ob. CONCLUSION: Delayed preconditioning is restored by food restriction and ACE-I in case of type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and food restriction in diabetic mice do not correct the increased sensitivity for ischemia-reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND: The number of patients with diabetes or the metabolic syndrome reaches epidemic proportions. On top of their diabetic cardiomyopathy, these patients experience frequent and severe cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR) insults, which further aggravate their degree of heart failure. Food restriction and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACE-I) are standard therapies in these patients but the effects on cardiac IR injury have never been investigated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that 1° food restriction and 2° ACE-I reduce infarct size and preserve cardiac contractility after IR injury in mouse models of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. METHODS: C57Bl6/J wild type (WT) mice, leptin deficient ob/ob (model for type II diabetes) and double knock-out (LDLR-/-;ob/ob, further called DKO) mice with combined leptin and LDL-receptor deficiency (model for metabolic syndrome) were used. The effects of 12 weeks food restriction or ACE-I on infarct size and load-independent left ventricular contractility after 30 min regional cardiac ischemia were investigated. Differences between groups were analyzed for statistical significance by Student's t-test or factorial ANOVA followed by a Fisher's LSD post hoc test. RESULTS: Infarct size was larger in ob/ob and DKO versus WT. Twelve weeks of ACE-I improved pre-ischemic left ventricular contractility in ob/ob and DKO. Twelve weeks of food restriction, with a weight reduction of 35-40%, or ACE-I did not reduce the effect of IR. CONCLUSION: ACE-I and food restriction do not correct the increased sensitivity for cardiac IR-injury in mouse models of type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.

Prosthesis-patient mismatch predicts structural valve degeneration in bioprosthetic heart valves.

BACKGROUND: Prosthesis-patient mismatch (P-PtM) after aortic valve replacement results in disturbed valve performance associated with increased pressure gradients. However, it is unknown whether this can be related to future structural valve deterioration (SVD) of the bioprosthesis. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 564 patients (mean age, 74+/-5 years) receiving an aortic valve bioprosthesis, clinical follow-up (median, 6.1 years; maximum, 16.4 years) was analyzed including echocardiography. SVD was diagnosed in 40 patients (7%) as substantially increased stenosis (n=24) or regurgitation (n=16) of the operated valve over time. When patients with P-PtM (effective orifice area index <0.85 cm(2)/m(2); n=285) developed SVD, it was preferentially of the stenosis type, whereas when patients without P-PtM (n=279) developed SVD, the majority was of the incompetence type (P<0.05). Multivariable analysis including patient- and valve-related variables revealed that P-PtM and label size

Glucose tolerance and left ventricular pressure-volume relationships in frequently used mouse strains.

We investigated glucose tolerance and left ventricular contractile performance in 4 frequently used mouse strains (Swiss, C57BL/6J, DBA2, and BalbC) at 24 weeks. Glucose tolerance was tested by measuring blood glucose levels in time after intraperitoneal glucose injection (2 mg/g body weight). Left ventricular contractility was assessed by pressure-conductance analysis. Peak glucose levels and glucose area under the curve were higher (all P < .05) in C57BL/6J (418 ± 65 mg/dL and 813 ± 100 mg·h/dL) versus Swiss (237 ± 66 mg/dL and 470 ± 126 mg·h/dL), DBA2 (113 ± 20 mg/dL and 304 ± 49 mg·h/dL, P < .01), and BalbC mice (174 ± 55 mg/dL and 416 ± 70 mg·h/dL). Cardiac output was higher (all P < .05) in Swiss (14038 ± 4530 µL/min) versus C57BL/6J (10405 ± 2683 µL/min), DBA2 (10438 ± 3251 µL/min), and BalbC mice (8466 ± 3013 µL/min). Load-independent left ventricular contractility assessed as recruitable stroke work (PRSW) was comparable in all strains. In conclusion, glucose tolerance and load-dependent left ventricular performance parameters were different between 4 mice background strains, but PRSW was comparable.

Influence of Tissue Technology on Pannus Formation on Bioprosthetic Heart Valves.

PURPOSE: Bioprosthetic heart valves have several modes of failure. Tissue degeneration and calcification are the major modes of failure with the highest focus of attention, however pannus formation can also be problematic. We studied the effect of a new tissue technology with the absence of any glutaraldehyde-based storage solution and a stable aldehyde capping process on pannus formation. METHODS: Using a juvenile sheep model of mitral valve replacement, valves with the new tissue technology were compared to control valves with contemporary bovine pericardial tissue, regarding pannus formation. Valves were implanted for either a 5- or 8-month period. Explanted valves were examined macroscopically and histologically. Histological observations were made by an independent pathologist, blinded to group identity. RESULTS: Pannus area measured macroscopically on the test valves was significantly lower than the pannus on the control tissue. This was confirmed on the histological samples, where the total pannus overgrowth was significantly lower in the test group compared to the control. CONCLUSION: The new tissue technology leads to less pannus formation. This may beneficially influence both short- and long-term valve behavior of bioprosthetic valves.

Validation of Prosthetic Mitral Regurgitation Quantification Using Novel Angiographic Platform by Mock Circulation.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to validate a dedicated software for quantitative videodensitometric angiographic assessment of mitral regurgitation (QMR). BACKGROUND: Quantitative videodensitometric aortography of aortic regurgitation using the time-density principle is a well-documented technique, but the angiographic assessment of mitral regurgitation (MR) remains at best semi-quantitative and operator dependent. METHODS: Fourteen sheep underwent surgical mitral valve replacement using 2 different prostheses. Pre-sacrifice left ventriculograms were used to assess MR fraction (MRF) using QMR and MR volume (MRV). In an independent core lab, the CAAS QMR 0.1 was used for QMR analysis. In vitro MRF and MRV were assessed in a mock circulation at a comparable cardiac output to the in vivo one by thermodilution. The correlations and agreements of in vitro and in vivo MRF, MRV, and interobserver reproducibility for QMR analysis were assessed using the averaged cardiac cycles (CCs). RESULTS: In vivo derived MRF by QMR strongly correlated with in vitro derived MRF, regardless of the number of the CCs analyzed (best correlation: 3 CCs y = 0.446 + 0.994x; R = 0.784; p =0.002). The mean absolute difference between in vitro derived MRF and in vivo derived MRF from 3 CCs was 0.01 ± 4.2% on Bland-Altman analysis. In vitro MRV and in vivo MRV from 3 CCs were very strongly correlated (y = 0.196 + 1.255x; R = 0.839; p < 0.001). The mean absolute difference between in vitro MRV and in vivo MRV from 3 CCs was -1.4 ± 1.9 ml. There were very strong correlations of in vivo MRF between 2 independent analysts, regardless of the number of the CCs. CONCLUSIONS: In vivo MRF using the novel software is feasible, accurate, and highly reproducible. These promising results have led us to initiate the first human feasibility study comprising patients undergoing percutaneous mitral valve edge-to-edge repair.

Mid-term follow up of triple valve surgery in a western community: predictors of survival.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Triple valve surgery remains a challenge, although with an improved survival rate compared to historical data. Aws assessment was made as to whether the type of valve surgery, underlying valve lesion and pathology were independent predictors of outcome. The patient characteristics were also described according to the type of surgery performed. METHODS: A total of 166 consecutive patients underwent triple valve surgery and were followed up between October 1972 and June 2006. The clinical and operative variables were obtained retrospectively by physicians. The median follow up was 6.11 years (interquartile range 2.13-10.43). RESULTS: The overall 30-day mortality was 10%, five-year survival 70%, and 10-year survival 60%. In patients with three mechanical valves, survival at five years was 90%, and 85% at 10 years, compared to 40% at five years and 30% at 10 years in patients with three bioprostheses. Among all patients with a mechanical valve in the aortic and mitral positions, those with a tricuspid bioprosthesis were compared to patients with tricuspid repair. The survival rate at 10 years was 60%, and similar between groups. The survival rate of patients with aortic and mitral bioprostheses and tricuspid repair was comparable to that in patients with three bioprostheses. Multivariable analyses showed that the type of tricuspid surgery, age, and NYHA functional class were each significant and independent predictors of survival, with a tricuspid mechanical prosthesis favoring survival. According to the type of surgery, the patient groups differed in their cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular risk profiles. CONCLUSION: Triple-valve surgery is a difficult procedure, with greatly improved survival rates compared to historically reported data. The decision of prosthetic valve type and repair should be tailored to the individual patient, as both patient characteristics and chosen surgery appear to determine survival and morbidity. In young patients, a mechanical prosthesis should also be considered in the tricuspid position.

Carcinoid heart disease: case and literature review.

We present the case of a 69-year-old woman with a metastatic neuroendocrine tumour of the ileum and severe tricuspid valve regurgitation due to carcinoid valvulopathy. Carcinoid heart disease arises in the context of metastatic serotonin-producing neuroendocrine tumours and typically presents as structural and functional abnormalities of tricuspid (TV) or pulmonary valve (PV). Carcinoid heart disease arises from a low-grade neuroendocrine tumour derived from serotonin-producing enterochromaffin cells that reduces the mobility of the leaflets. Following the development of this type of heart failure, the prognosis is unfavourable and patients usually die as a result of heart failure and not because of the metastatic disease. Our patient was not considered a candidate for valvular surgery because of the progressive nature of the malignancy. However, surgical valve replacement is a therapeutic option that, although it has a significant mortality, needs to be considered in selected patients and leads to improvement in functional capacity and survival.

Long-term results with a stentless porcine aortic valve: the Edwards PRIMA model 2500.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aim was to evaluate the very long-term patient survival, clinical and hemodynamic status after aortic valve replacement (AVR) with the Edwards PRIMA model 2500 stentless porcine aortic valve. METHODS: A cohort of 50 patients was prospectively followed between September 1991 and November 2006, with clinical evaluation and echocardiography. The mean patient age at implantation was 72.2 +/- 5.2 years, and the mean valve size 24 mm (range: 19-29 mm). Most patients were in NYHA class II or III before valve implantation. RESULTS: The early mortality was 4% (n=2). Early morbidity included two revisions for bleeding, and thromboembolic events in four patients. A total of 41 patients died during the follow up period; death was cardiac-related or sudden in 19 patients (40%) and undefined in seven (15%). Prosthetic valve endocarditis was diagnosed in five patients, and late thromboembolic events were reported in nine. Bioprosthesis explantation was performed in four patients because of severe structural valve deterioration (SVD). After 10 years, the aortic regurgitation (AR) was grade 1+ or 2+ in 12 of the 17 survivors (71%), and grade > or = 3+ in three (18%); at this time the effective orifice area was 1.81 +/- 0.59 cm2. After 12 years, the aortic regurgitation was grade 1+ or 2+ in two of seven survivors (28%), and grade > or = 3+ in four (57%). Survival of the patients did not differ significantly from that of an age-matched Belgian population. CONCLUSION: Patient survival was comparable with that of an age-matched population after AVR with the Edwards PRIMA model 2500 valve. SVD was mainly characterized by the development of AR.

Sutureless Perceval S aortic valve replacement: a multicenter, prospective pilot trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: A European, multicenter, prospective, non-randomized, clinical pilot trial was designed to evaluate the feasibility of the Perceval S sutureless aortic valve prosthesis. A clinical and echocardiographic follow up was performed at the time of hospital discharge and subsequently after one, three, six, and 12 months. METHODS: The valve was implanted following sternotomy, extracorporeal circulation (ECC), aortic cross-clamping, cardioplegic arrest, and removal of the native valve. Implantation suturing was not required. Optimal annular sealing was obtained with brief low-pressure balloon dilation. If coronary bypass was indicated, a distal anastomosis was performed first. Between April 2007 and February 2008, 30 patients (mean age: 81 +/- 4 years) underwent aortic valve replacement. The prevalence of pure aortic stenosis was 76.7%, and that of mixed lesion 23.3%. The mean logistic EuroSCORE was 13.18%, and the NYHA class was III and IV in 93.3% and 6.7% of patients, respectively. The implanted valve size was 21 and 23 mm in 37% and 63% of patients, respectively, and 14 (46.7%) underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (11 internal mammary artery, nine vein grafts). RESULTS: The mean aortic cross-clamp and ECC times were 34 +/- 15 min and 59 +/- 21 min, respectively. There was one in-hospital death (3.3%), and three deaths occurred within 12 months of follow up (one death was valve-related, and two deaths were independent of the valve implantation). A total of 28 patients was assessed at one month post-implantation, and 23 after 12 months. No migration or dislodgement of the valve had occurred, but there were two mild paravalvular leakages and two mild intravalvular insufficiencies. CONCLUSION: The preliminary results of the trial confirmed the safety and efficacy of the Perceval S sutureless aortic valve. In this high-risk subset of patients, shortening the aortic cross-clamp and ECC times may help to reduce mortality and morbidity.

Use of a Codman microsensor intracranial pressure probe: effects on near infrared spectroscopy measurements and cerebral hemodynamics in rats.

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is indispensable in the assessment of neurotrauma in humans and animal models. It was shown that cerebellar ICP, leaving the cortical area intact, can replace cerebral ICP in rats. While cerebral probes may induce spreading depression, the effects of a miniature cerebellar probe on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements and cerebral hemodynamics are not known. We therefore compared a group with an ICP probe to a control group. Our experiments revealed decreased optical path lengths at 840 nm and 960 nm (both p=0.026) and a decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF, p=0.015). Despite these changes, the data found using NIRS agree with the blood sample analysis. An increased deoxyhemoglobin concentration (p=0.041) and a decreased sagittal sinus oxygen saturation (p=0.041), were found in the ICP probe group. Because the decreased CBF was accompanied by an increased arterio-venous oxygen difference (p=0.026) and unaltered cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (p=0.485), this suggests an uncoupling. These data suggest that a cerebellar miniature Codman ICP probe induces an uncoupling of cerebral metabolism and CBF. In addition, NIRS is found to be a robust technique: even when path lengths are altered after probe insertion, physiological alterations can still be examined.

Dyslipidaemia in type II diabetic mice does not aggravate contractile impairment but increases ventricular stiffness.

AIMS: Type II diabetes, often associated with abdominal obesity, frequently leads to heart failure. Clinical and epidemiological evidence suggests that supplemental dyslipidaemia and hypertension, as clustered in the metabolic syndrome, aggravate the cardiovascular outcome. The differential impact of type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome on left ventricular function, however, remains incompletely defined. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied left ventricular function in vivo using pressure-volume analysis in obese diabetic mice with leptin deficiency (ob/ob) and obese diabetic dyslipidemic mice with combined leptin and low-density lipoprotein-receptor deficiency (DKO). ob/ob and DKO mice developed a diabetic cardiomyopathy, characterized by impaired contractility and relaxation, from the age of 24 weeks onwards. This was-at least partially-explained by increased apoptosis and disturbed Ca(2+) reuptake in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in both mouse models. DKO, but not ob/ob, developed increased end-diastolic ventricular stiffness, paralleled by increased left ventricular myocardial fibrosis. Cardiac output was preserved in ob/ob mice by favourable loading conditions, whereas it decreased in DKO mice. CONCLUSIONS: Type II diabetes in mice leads to impaired contractility and relaxation due to disturbed Ca(2+) reuptake in the SR, but only when dyslipidaemia and hypertension are superimposed does vascular-ventricular stiffening increase and left ventricular myocardial fibrosis develop.

The recruitment of primitive Lin(-) Sca-1(+), CD34(+), c-kit(+) and CD271(+) cells during the early intraperitoneal foreign body reaction.

Implanted materials, such as medical devices, provoke the body to initiate an inflammatory reaction, known as the foreign body reaction (FBR), which causes several complications for example in hip prostheses, silicone implants, peritoneal dialysis catheters and left ventricular assist devices. FBR is initiated by macrophage adherence and results in granulation tissue formation. The early immunobiology and development of this tissue is not completely understood, but there are indications from related myofibroblast-forming diseases such as vascular repair and fibrosis that primitive stem cells also play a role in the formation of FBR-tissue. To investigate this, acellular photo-oxidized bovine pericardium patches were implanted intraperitoneally in rats and retrieved at time-points ranging from 6h to 7 days. A significant fraction of Sca-1(+) (6h-2 days), c-kit(+), CD34(+) and CD271(+) (2-3 days) stem/progenitor cells were detected. Colony-forming and differentiation capacity of the primitive stem cells into adipo-, osteo-, and myofibroblasts were shown. The presence of these primitive cells and their myofibroblastic differentiation potential were also confirmed at RNA level. The identification of specific primitive cells during FBR may have important implications for the inflammatory responses to inert materials and their use in tissue prostheses.

Increased cardiac expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 is related to cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction in the chronic pressure-overloaded human heart.

BACKGROUND: Alterations in the balance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their specific tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are involved in left ventricular (LV) remodeling. Whether their expression is related to interstitial fibrosis or LV dysfunction in patients with chronic pressure overload-induced LV hypertrophy, however, is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: Therefore, cardiac biopsies were taken in 36 patients with isolated aortic stenosis (AS) and in 29 control patients without LV hypertrophy. Microarray analysis revealed significantly increased mRNA expression of collagen types I, III, and IV and transcripts involved in collagen synthesis, including procollagen endopeptidase and lysine and proline hydroxylases, in AS compared with control patients. Collagen deposition was greater in AS than in control patients and was most pronounced in AS patients with severe diastolic dysfunction. Cardiac mRNA expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 was significantly increased in AS compared with control patients (mRNA transcript levels normalized to GAPDH: TIMP-1, 0.67+/-0.1 in AS versus 0.37+/-0.08 in control patients; TIMP-2, 9.5+/-2.6 in AS versus 1.6+/-0.4 in control patients; P<0.05 for both) but did not differ significantly for MMP-1, -2, or -9. Cardiac TIMP-1 and -2 transcripts were significantly related to the degree of interstitial fibrosis and proportional to diastolic dysfunction in AS patients. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 is significantly increased in chronic pressure-overloaded human hearts compared with controls and is related to the degree of interstitial fibrosis.

Type II diabetic mice exhibit contractile dysfunction but maintain cardiac output by favourable loading conditions.

BACKGROUND: Cardiomyopathy in type II diabetes is incompletely understood. The leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mouse is a well-accepted model of type II diabetes. To date, left ventricular contractility has not been studied in animal models of type II diabetes with in vivo load-independent parameters. AIM: To determine cardiac function in db/db mice in vivo. METHODS: Cardiac function in 12- and 24-week-old db/db and wild-type mice was assessed using a microtip-pressure-conductance catheter. RESULTS: Left ventricular contractile dysfunction, measured by load-independent parameters (preload recruitable stroke work, end-systolic elastance, dP/dt-V(ed)), is present in diabetic mice from age 24 weeks onwards. Despite this contractile dysfunction, the conventional parameters cardiac output, ejection fraction and dP/dt(max) were maintained, which was due to an increased preload and decreased afterload. Ventriculo-arterial coupling was increased and mechanical efficiency significantly reduced in db/db mice. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that, despite impaired cardiac contractility and mechanical efficiency, cardiac output is maintained in db/db mice by favourable loading conditions and that in vivo load-independent measurements are necessary to fully characterize cardiac performance in animal models of pathophysiological states.

Migration of two venous stents into the right ventricle in a patient with May-Thurner syndrome.

May-Thurner syndrome is an uncommon process in which the right common iliac artery compresses the left common iliac vein, possibly resulting in pain, severe edema of the left leg or in left iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis [May R, Thurner J. The cause of the predominately sinistral occurrence of thrombosis of the pelvic veins. Angiology 1957; 8: 419-427 .]. Corrective surgical treatment requires extensive dissection. Therefore, endovascular venous stenting is currently used in these patients [Lamont JP, Pearl GJ, Patetsios P, Warner MT, Gable DR, Garrett W, et al. Prospective evaluation of endoluminal venous stents in the treatment of the May-Thurner syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg. 2002 Jan; 16(1): 61-4. Epub 2002 Jan 17 .]. We present a case of migration of two iliacal vein stents into the right ventricle in a patient with May-Thurner syndrome.

Simultaneous valve replacement and venous patch repair of superior mesenteric artery aneurysm due to infective endocarditis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral mycotic aneurysm development is a rare systemic complication of infective endocarditis. CASE REPORT: We report on a case of a mycotic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery in a 66-year-old man with infective endocarditis of the mitral valve. After the mitral valve was replaced by a mechanical valve, a laparotomy was performed. The mycotic aneurysm was excised and the vessel was repaired by sewing an autologous venous patch at the neck of the aneurysm. Five years after the operation, the patient is doing fine, with a normal morphology and patency of the superior mesenteric artery. CONCLUSION: Our case demonstrates that simultaneous valve surgery and repair of a superior mesenteric artery mycotic aneurysm by sewing a vein patch in the neck of the artery is a viable treatment option.