Agreement of central venous saturation and mixed venous saturation in cardiac surgery patients.

OBJECTIVE: Comparison of the bias and the limits of agreement (LOA; 2 SD) of the central venous saturation (S(cv)O(2)) before, during and after coronary artery bypass graft surgery with a simultaneous measurement of the mixed venous saturation (S(v)O(2)). DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective controlled study in a university hospital department of anaesthesiology. PATIENTS: 60 patients with coronary artery bypass surgery, 300 paired measurements of S(v)O(2) and S(cv)O(2). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: S(cv)O(2) and S(v)O(2) were analysed after induction of anaesthesia 15 min after cardiopulmonary bypass and 1, 6 and 18 h after admission to the intensive care unit. Regression analysis for the pooled measurements of S(cv)O(2) and S(v)O(2) showed a correlation R (2) = 0.52. After induction of anaesthesia 15 min after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass and 6 h after admission to the intensive care unit the correlation coefficient was R (2) = 0.46, on admission to the intensive care unit it was R (2) = 0.42, and at 18 h it was R (2) = 0.38. Bland-Altman analysis for the measurements of S(cv)O(2) and S(v)O(2) showed a mean bias and LOA of 0.3% and -11.9 to +12.4%. In patients with a low S(cv)O(2) there was a trend to overestimate the S(v)O(2) by using the S(cv)O(2). The only factor that influenced the DeltaS(v)O(2) - S(cv)O(2) was the oxygen extraction rate (R (2) = 0.16). In patients with S(cv)O(2) below 70% this association was more pronounced (R (2) = 0.60). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that oxygen extraction rate is the major factor in the difference between S(v)O(2) and S(cv)O(2). Under certain circumstances S(cv)O(2) differed substantially from S(v)O(2). Therefore in selected patients both parameters should be monitored to exclude general or focal hypoperfusion.

Prediction of volume response under open-chest conditions during coronary artery bypass surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Adequate fluid loading is the first step of hemodynamic optimization in cardiac patients undergoing surgery. Neither a clinical approach alone nor conventional parameters like central venous pressure (CVP) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) are thought to be sufficient for recognizing fluid deficiency or overload. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of CVP, PCWP, global end-diastolic volume index (GEDVI), pulse pressure variation (PPV), and stroke volume variation (SVV) for predicting changes in the cardiac index (CI) and stroke volume index (SVI) after sternotomy. METHODS: In 40 patients, CVP, PCWP, GEDVI, PPV, SVV, and the CI were measured at two points of time. One measurement was performed after inducing anesthesia and one after sternotomy. RESULTS: A significant increase in heart rate, CI, and GEDVI was observed during the study period. CVP, SVV, and PPV decreased significantly. There were no significant correlations between CVP and PCWP and changes in CI. In contrast, GEDVI, SVV, and PPV significantly correlated with CI changes. Only relative changes of GEDVI, SVV, and PPV predicted changes in SVI. CONCLUSION: During cardiac surgery and especially after sternotomy, CVP and PCWP are not suitable for monitoring fluid status. Direct volume measurement like GEDVI and dynamic volume responsive measurements like SVV and PPV may be more suitable for monitoring the volume status of patients, particularly under open-chest conditions.

Comparison of uncalibrated arterial waveform analysis in cardiac surgery patients with thermodilution cardiac output measurements.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac output (CO) monitoring is indicated only in selected patients. In cardiac surgical patients, perioperative haemodynamic management is often guided by CO measurement by pulmonary artery catheterisation (COPAC). Alternative strategies of CO determination have become increasingly accepted in clinical practice because the benefit of guiding therapy by data derived from the PAC remains to be proven and less invasive alternatives are available. Recently, a device offering uncalibrated CO measurement by arterial waveform analysis (COWave) was introduced. As far as this approach is concerned, however, the validity of the CO measurements obtained is utterly unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the bias and the limits of agreement (LOAs) (two standard deviations) of COWave at four specified time points prior, during, and after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery with a simultaneous measurement of the gold standard COPAC and aortic transpulmonary thermodilution CO (COTranspulm). METHODS: Data from 30 patients were analysed during this prospective study. COPAC, COTranspulm, and COWave were determined in all patients at four different time points prior, during, and after CABG surgery. The COPAC and the COTranspulm were measured by triple injection of 10 ml of iced isotone sodium chloride solution into the central venous line of the PAC. Measurements of COWave were simultaneously taken at these time points. RESULTS: The overall correlation showed a Spearman correlation coefficient between COPAC and COWave of 0.53 (p < 0.01) and 0.84 (p < 0.01) for COPAC and COTranspulm. Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean bias and LOAs of 0.6 litres per minute and -2.2 to +3.4 litres per minute for COPAC versus COWave and -0.1 litres per minute and -1.8 to +1.6 litres per minute for COPAC versus COTranspulm. CONCLUSION: Arterial waveform analysis with an uncalibrated algorithm COWave underestimated COPAC to a clinically relevant extent. The wide range of LOAs requires further evaluation. Better results might be achieved with an improved new algorithm. In contrast to this, we observed a better correlation of thermodilution COTranspulm and thermodilution COPAC measurements prior, during, and after CABG surgery.

The impact of an hematocrit of 20% during normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass for elective low risk coronary artery bypass graft surgery on oxygen delivery and clinical outcome--a randomized controlled study [ISRCTN35655335].

INTRODUCTION: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces hemodilutional anemia, which frequently requires the transfusion of blood products. The objective of this study was to evaluate oxygen delivery and consumption and clinical outcome in low risk patients who were allocated to an hematocrit (Hct) of 20% versus 25% during normothermic CPB for elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. METHODS: This study was a prospective, randomized and controlled trial. Patients were subjected to normothermic CPB (35 to 36 degrees C) and were observed until discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU). Outcome measures were calculated whole body oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption and clinical outcome. A nonparametric multivariate analysis of variance for repeated measurements and small sample sizes was performed. RESULTS: In a total of 54 patients (25% Hct, n = 28; 20% Hct, n = 26), calculated oxygen delivery (p = 0.11), oxygen consumption (p = 0.06) and blood lactate (p = 0.60) were not significantly different between groups. Clinical outcomes were not different between groups. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that an Hct of 20% during normothermic CPB maintained calculated whole body oxygen delivery above a critical level after elective CABG surgery in low risk patients. The question of whether a transfusion trigger in excess of 20% Hct during normothermic CPB is still supported requires a larger prospective and randomized trial.

Pulse contour analysis after normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery patients.

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring of the cardiac output by continuous arterial pulse contour (COPiCCOpulse) analysis is a clinically validated procedure proved to be an alternative to the pulmonary artery catheter thermodilution cardiac output (COPACtherm) in cardiac surgical patients. There is ongoing debate, however, of whether the COPiCCOpulse is accurate after profound hemodynamic changes. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the COPiCCOpulse after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with a simultaneous measurement of the COPACtherm. METHODS: After ethical approval and written informed consent, data of 45 patients were analyzed during this prospective study. During coronary artery bypass graft surgery, the aortic transpulmonary thermodilution cardiac output (COPiCCOtherm) and the COPACtherm were determined in all patients. Prior to surgery, the COPiCCOpulse was calibrated by triple transpulmonary thermodilution measurement of the COPiCCOtherm. After termination of CPB, the COPiCCOpulse was documented. Both COPACtherm and COPiCCOtherm were also simultaneously determined and documented. RESULTS: Regression analysis between COPACtherm and COPiCCOtherm prior to CPB showed a correlation coefficient of 0.95 (P < 0.001), and after CPB showed a correlation coefficient of 0.82 (P < 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean bias and limits of agreement of 0.0 l/minute and -1.4 to +1.4 l/minute prior to CPB and of 0.3 l/minute and -1.9 to +2.5 l/minute after CPB, respectively. Regression analysis of COPiCCOpulse versus COPiCCOtherm and of COPiCCOpulse versus COPACtherm after CPB showed a correlation coefficient of 0.67 (P < 0.001) and 0.63 (P < 0.001), respectively. Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean bias and limits of agreement of -1.1 l/minute and -1.9 to +4.1 l/minute versus -1.4 l/minute and -4.8 to +2.0 l/minute, respectively. CONCLUSION: We observed an excellent correlation of COPiCCOtherm and COPACtherm measurement prior to CPB. Pulse contour analysis did not yield reliable results with acceptable accuracy and limits of agreement under difficult conditions after weaning from CPB in cardiac surgical patients. The pulse contour analysis thus should be re-calibrated as soon as possible, to prevent false therapeutic consequences.

Peri-operative plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green after coronary artery bypass surgery.

Splanchnic ischaemia and hepatic dysfunction are severe complications after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Non-invasive determination of the indocyanine green (ICG) plasma disappearance rate (PDR) offers an opportunity for the early diagnosis of hepato-splanchnic hypoperfusion. The aim of this study was to establish the postoperative time course of the ICG PDR in elective uncomplicated CABG surgery. After ethical approval and written informed consent, the data of 40 patients were analysed during this prospective study. Measurements of the ICG PDR and cardiac index (CI) in 40 patients undergoing elective CABG surgery were performed immediately after induction of anaesthesia, on admission to the ICU, six hours after admission to the ICU, and on the first postoperative day. Prior to surgery, baseline ICG PDR was 17.7 %/min (13.6-20.4) and baseline CI was 2.2 l/min/m(2) (1.9-2.4). All measurements after surgery showed a significantly higher PDR and cardiac index compared to the baseline measurements. The only patient with prolonged ICU treatment failed to show this increase in ICG PDR, although the CI did increase after surgery. We established normal values of ICG PDR after uncomplicated CABG surgery. The elevated ICG PDR observed in our patients was assumed to be an effect of an increased hepato-splanchnic blood flow due to an increase in the CI. Patients at risk of hepato-splanchnic hypoperfusion, displaying a missed increase or even a decrease in their ICG PDR after surgery might be at risk of hepatic hypoperfusion and in these selected patients the ICG PDR could serve as a tool to guide therapy or to select patients who might benefit from more invasive devices to monitor hepatosplanchnic perfusion and function.