Non-adaptive evolutionary processes governed the diversification of a temperate conifer lineage after its migration into the tropics.

Constructing phylogenetic relationships among closely related species is a recurrent challenge in evolutionary biology, particularly for long-lived taxa with large effective population sizes and uncomplete reproductive isolation, like conifers. Conifers further have slow evolutionary rates, which raises the question of whether adaptive or non/adaptive processes were predominantly involved when they rapidly diversified after migrating from temperate regions into the tropical mountains. Indeed, fine-scale phylogenetic relationships within several conifer genus remain under debate. Here, we studied the phylogenetic relationships of endemic firs (Abies, Pinaceae) discontinuously distributed in the montane forests from the Southwestern United States to Guatemala, and addressed several hypotheses related to adaptive and non-adaptive radiations. We derived over 80 K SNPs from genotyping by sequencing (GBS) for 45 individuals of nine Mesoamerican species to perform phylogenetic analyses. Both Maximum Likelihood and quartets-inference phylogenies resulted in a well-resolved topology, showing a single fir lineage divided in four subgroups that coincided with the main mountain ranges of Mesoamerica; thus having important taxonomic implications. Such subdivision fitted a North-South isolation by distance framework, in which non-adaptive allopatric processes seemed the rule. Interestingly, several reticulations were observed within subgroups, especially in the central-south region, which may explain past difficulties for generating infrageneric phylogenies. Further evidence for non-adaptive processes was obtained from analyses of 21 candidate-gene regions, which exhibited diminishing values of πa/πs and Ka/Ks with latitude, thus indicating reduced efficiency of purifying selection towards the Equator. Our study indicates that non-adaptive allopatric processes may be key generators of species diversity and endemism in the tropics.

[Preventing violence by intimate partners in adolescence: an integrative review]. / A prevenção da violência por parceiro(a) íntimo(a) na adolescência: uma revisão integrative.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the scientific literature on preventing intimate partner violence among adolescents in the field of health based on gender and generational categories. METHOD: This was an integrative review. We searched for articles using LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE, and SciELO databases. RESULTS: Thirty articles were selected. The results indicate that most studies assessed interventions conducted by programs for intimate partner violence prevention. These studies adopted quantitative methods, and most were in the area of nursing, psychology, and medicine. Furthermore, most research contexts involved schools, followed by households, a hospital, a health center, and an indigenous tribe. CONCLUSION: The analyses were not conducted from a gender- and generation-based perspective. Instead, the scientific literature was based on positivist research models, intimately connected to the classic public healthcare model and centered on a singular dimension.

[Understanding child neglect in a gender context: a study performed in a Brazilian city]. / Compreendendo a negligência infantil na perspectiva de gênero: estudo em um município brasileiro.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the phenomenon of child neglect and understand it in a gender context. METHOD: Retrospective, quantitative, and exploratory study that analyzed reports of violence by a child and adolescent protection network in a Brazilian city. The theoretical and methodological basis applied was TIPESC (Theory of Nursing Praxical Intervention in Collective Health), with a gender emphasis. RESULTS: Neglect of children under the age of ten represents more than half the reports received over all the years studied; more boys than girls suffered neglect and 41.4% of the reports of neglect involved children under than age of three; women were identified as being solely responsible in 67.9%, and as accessories in 17.3% of the incidents reported. CONCLUSION: Child neglect is a complex matter, the gender subordinate status inflicted on these children and their mothers who are responsible for their care underscore the social vulnerability of this group.

[Educational group practices in primary care: interaction between professionals, users and knowledge]. / Práticas educativas grupais na atenção básica: padrões de interação entre profissionais, usuários e conhecimento.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the concept understood by Family Healthcare Strategy (ESF) professionals of knowledge, education and subjects participating in learning activities. METHOD: Qualitative study carried out with the ESF professionals with university degree, members of the healthcare staff who undertook educational health group activities at Basic Healthcare Units (UBS) in Belo Horizonte. The following triangulation techniques were used: participant observation, photos and field notes; interviews with professionals; and document analysis. RESULTS: We identified three interaction patterns that are different from each other. Firstly, the professional questions, listens and provides information to users, trusting in the transmission of knowledge; secondly, the professional questions and listens, trusting that users can learn from each other; thirdly, the professional questions, listens, discusses and produces knowledge with users, both teaching and learning from each other. CONCLUSION: There are educational practices that include unique methods capable of creating a militant space for citizenship engagement.

[Development and validation of an instrument for evaluating the ludicity of games in health education]. / Desenvolvimento e validação de instrumento para avaliar a ludicidade de jogos em saúde.

OBJECTIVE: Developing and validating an instrument to evaluate the playfulness of games in health education contexts. METHODOLOGY: A methodological, exploratory and descriptive research, developed in two stages: 1. Application of an open questionnaire to 50 graduate students, with content analysis of the answers and calculation of Kappa coefficient for defining items; 2. Procedures for construction of scales, with content validation by judges and analysis of the consensus estimate by Content Validity Index(CVI). RESULTS: 53 items regarding the restless character of the games in the dimensions of playfulness, the formative components of learning and the profiles of the players. CONCLUSION: Ludicity can be assessed by validated items related to the degree of involvement, immersion and reinvention of the subjects in the game along with the dynamics and playability of the game.

Violence as a research object and intervention in the health field: an analysis from the production of the Research Group on Gender, Health and Nursingi.

UNLABELLED: The study aimed to describe how violence is revealed in the production of the Research Group on Gender, Health and Nursing. This is a historical research of qualitative approach, which evaluated the production of the Research Group, through content analysis. The results show gender as a central category in determining violence and health practices. This aspect determines limitations on professional practices of coping, such as the invisibility of the problem. The female autonomy, the use of alcohol and drugs and social vulnerability play an important relation with the phenomenon and the bond is revealed as potentiality of health practices to address the problem. CONCLUSION: The gender perspective in nursing research is an innovative field and counter-hegemonic, a possibility to assume a meaning of praxis by transforming potential of understanding and modes of intervention in the phenomenon of gender violence.

Violence against adolescents: an analysis based on the categories gender and generation.

Exploratory and descriptive study based on quantitative and qualitative methods that analyze the phenomenon of violence against adolescents based on gender and generational categories. The data source was reports of violence from the Curitiba Protection Network from 2010 to 2012 and semi-structured interviews with 16 sheltered adolescents. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20.0 and the qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. The adolescents were victims of violence in the household and outside of the family environment, as victims or viewers of violence. The violence was experienced at home, mostly toward girls, with marked overtones of gender violence. More than indicating the magnitude of the issue, this study can give information to help qualify the assistance given to victimized people and address how to face this issue.

Violence suffered by Venezuelan immigrant female sex workers: an intersectional view.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize and analyze violence committed against Venezuelan immigrant female sex workers, from the perspective of an intersectional look at social class, gender and race-ethnicity. METHOD: Exploratory study with a qualitative approach. Data sources: interviews with 15 Venezuelan immigrant women sex workers and 37 Brazilian online media reports that addressed the topic. Data were submitted to thematic content analysis, with the support of Qualitative Data Analysis (WebQDA) software. RESULTS: Thematic analysis of data from reports and interviews allowed the emergence of three empirical categories: Structural violence and reasons that led to prostitution: a question of social class; Among the forms of violence, the most feared: physical violence; Violence based on gender and race-ethnicity. CONCLUSION: The study made it possible to recognize that Venezuelan immigrant women who are sex workers in Brazil are subject to different types of violence and exploitation. This scenario is due to a reality of life and work that is based on the exploitation of female workers who experience the consequences of the interweaving of subalternities characteristic of their social insertion of class, gender and race-ethnicity.

[Women working at university restaurants: life and work conditions and gender-based violence]. / Mulheres trabalhadoras de restaurantes universitários: condições de vida, trabalho e violência de gênero.

This is an exploratory and descriptive study with a quantitative approach that aimed to understand the social production and reproduction processes of women working at university restaurants and the occurrence and the magnitude of gender-based violence committed against them by their intimate partners. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The analysis categories used were social production and reproduction, gender and gender-based violence. The interviewees held a subordinate social position during the productive and reproductive periods of their lives. Approximately 70% reported having experienced gender-based violence from an intimate partner (66% psychological violence, 36.3% physical violence and 28.6% sexual violence). Most of the health problems resulting from violence were related to mental health. The results indicate that the situation requires immediate interventions, mostly guided by the instrumentalization of these women and the support by the state and the university as appropriate to address violence.

[The evaluative limits and possibilities in the family health strategy for gender-based violence]. / Limites e possibilidades avaliativas da estratégia saúde da família para a violência de gênero.

The study aimed to understand the evaluative limits and possibilities of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in acknowledging and confronting the health needs of women experiencing gender-based violence. This was a case study with a qualitative approach, conducted in a Basic Health Unit that operated under the FHS in São Paulo (SP). Data were collected through interviews with health professionals of the multidisciplinary teams, and women users of the service who experienced gender-based violence. The results were analyzed according to the analytical categories: gender, gender-based violence and health needs. Medicalization was seen as the most significant limitation of professional practice. Moreover, there were opportunities related to the bond afforded by the logic of attention brought by the FHS. Such possibilities, however, were still curtailed by the limitations of the biomedical model and the absence of specific technologies to deal with violence.

Critical-emancipatory educational intervention through games to face gender violence.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze an educational intervention, through game "Violetas", for the qualification of professionals who work in the fight against gender violence. METHODS: a qualitative study, involving 28 professionals from intersectoral services to assist women in situations of violence, located in three Brazilian capitals. Data were collected through Critical-Emancipatory Workshops, being submitted to thematic content analysis through software. RESULTS: sexist patterns, pornography and sexual diversity were topics listed by participants for intervention in reality. To this end, they suggested orientation actions on gender violence, promotion of individual and group assistance and service network consolidation. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the intervention proved to be playful, due to the use of games, critical, due to the fact that it allowed reflection on the theme, emancipatory, due to the possibility of professionals rethinking their practice and qualifying themselves to face the problem.

[Evidence-based practices published in Brazil: identification and analysis studies about human health prevention]. / Práticas baseadas em evidências publicadas no Brasil: identificação e reflexão na área da prevenção em saúde humana.

Integrative review of Brazilian studies about evidence-based practices (EBP) about prevention in human health, published in Web of Science/JCR journals, between October 2010 and April 2011. The aim was to identify the specialties that most accomplished these studies, their foci and methodological approaches. Based on inclusion criteria, 84 studies were selected, mainly published in public health journals, focusing on primary care and also addressing clinical issues and different specialties. Prevention foci and methodological approaches also varied, with a predominance of systematic reviews without meta-analysis. The results indicate that there is no single way to conceptualize and practice EBP in the field of prevention, and that its application may not only serve to obtain indisputable evidence to equip intervention actions. This endless knowledge area is under construction, with a view to the analysis and further understanding of health phenomena.

Health needs of women victims of sexual violence in search for legal abortion. / Necessidades em saúde de mulheres vítimas de violência sexual na busca pelo aborto legal.

OBJECTIVE: to understand the health needs that emerge on the path followed toward legal abortion by women who have suffered sexual violence. METHOD: an exploratory, descriptive and qualitative study, whose theoretical framework was the conceptual field of Collective Health, based on the Marxian conception of needs. The study participants were ten women who requested legal abortion at a reference service located in São Paulo. A semi-structured interview script was used for data collection. The data were submitted to content analysis with the support of the WebQDA software. The analytical categories used were health needs and gender. RESULTS: despite the fact that abortion was identified as a primary need, the data revealed other needs felt by women, related to the health-disease process and with an emphasis on mental health, work, financial situation, the exercise of motherhood, access to information, autonomy, sisterhood and welcoming in the health services. CONCLUSION: the properly human needs were in greater evidence in the study, surpassing merely biological needs. The results point to the importance of co-responsibility of the health services with women, aiming to minimize vulnerabilities and to effectively implement reproductive rights.

Legal abortion in childhood: the official discourse and the reality of a Brazilian case.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the ideological perspectives of official discourses in relation to sexual violence, childhood pregnancy and access to legal abortion based on a Brazilian case. METHODS: a qualitative documentary study. Data collection was carried out in documents published on official Brazilian websites, between August and December 2020. The analytical categories of gender and generation supported data analysis. RESULTS: a total of 39 documents were selected and three empirical categories were identified: Protection against violence in the legislation and the (re)production of injuries in reality; Facing sexual violence against children by the Brazilian State; Being a Brazilian girl: gender and generational oppressions. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the ideological perspectives of official discourses in relation to the case showed a lack of compliance with advances in Brazilian legislation on issues related to child violence and adult-centric authoritarianism, with the imposition of gender and generation subalternity.

Autonomy as a structural need to face gender violence. / A autonomia como necessidade estruturante para o enfrentamento da violência de gênero.

The objective if this article is to present a category regarding the needs related to autonomy, recognized by professionals working in the Family Health Strategy (FHS), in terms of the health care for women who experience violence. To produce the empirical material, interviews were performed with health care professionals that comprise the FHS teams and with women users of the service. The meanings confirm the need for autonomy related to women as subjects in making decisions. However, some meanings revealed the reductionism that is translated by the de-responsabilization of the service in relation to the problem. Financial autonomy was a converging aspect among the discourses between the health service professionals and users. In conclusion, in order to deal with violence, it is essential to include the gender perspective in the health policies as well as in the practices implemented in the working process. This condition would open windows of opportunity of answers to the practical and strategic needs of the gender, and, thus, contribute to reducing the inequity between men and women and promote female emancipation.

The gender research in nursing production: contributions of the Gender, Health and Nursing Research Group from the University of São Paulo School of Nursing. / Pesquisa de gênero na produção de enfermagem: contribuição do Grupo de Pesquisa Gênero, Saúde e Enfermagem da EEUSP.

The present study of the theses and dissertations produced by the Gender, Health and Nursing Research Group, at the University of São Paulo School of Nursing was performed with the objective to describe and analyze the knowledge production of the referred group, its produce and construction process. The outcomes indicate an expressive production in the collection of gender studies in the national setting, revealing that advancing the understanding of the social phenomenon from a gender perspective has improved not only the research, as well as the intervention domain. In the field of health and nursing care practices, it has been shown that it has proved capable of revealing the pervading limitations and strengths.

[Evidence-based practices published in Brazil: identification and analysis of their types and methodological approches]. / Práticas baseadas em evidências publicadas no Brasil: identificação e análise de suas vertentes e abordagens metodológicas.

This is an integrative review of Brazilian studies on evidence-based practices (EBP) in health, published in ISI/JCR journals in the last 10 years. The aim was to identify the specialty areas that most accomplished these studies, their foci and methodological approaches. Based on inclusion criteria, 144 studies were selected. The results indicate that most EBP studies addressed childhood and adolescence, infectious diseases, psychiatrics/mental health and surgery. The predominant foci were prevention, treatment/rehabilitation, diagnosis and assessment. The most used methods were systematic review with or without meta-analysis, protocol review or synthesis of available evidence studies, and integrative review. A strong multiprofessional expansion of EBP is found in Brazil, contributing to the search for more selective practices by collecting, recognizing and critically analyzing the produced knowledge. The study also contributes to the analysis itself of ways to do research and new research possibilities.

Board Game Violetas: the perspective of professionals addressing violence against women.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the potentialities and limits of the board game Violetas to address violence against women, from the perspective of the professionals who work in assisting the victims. METHOD: This is an interventional study with a qualitative approach. Thirty professionals from the Casas da Mulher Brasileira (Brazilian Women's Houses) in Brasília, Campo Grande and Curitiba participated. Data collection was carried out during Critical-Emancipatory Workshops. Data were subjected to thematic content analysis with the support of the software webQDA. RESULTS: As potentialities, the professionals mentioned the game design, the collaborative participation, and the ludicity as learning facilitators, stimulating reflections on the visibility of violence, assistance to victimized women, and the articulation of the supportive network services. As limitations of the study, the lack of familiarity with games, the understanding of the rules, and some issues contained in the game were mentioned. CONCLUSION: The game proved to be a powerful educational strategy for the training and qualification of the professionals involved in the supportive network.

Indicators of Good Nursing Practices for Vulnerable Groups in Primary Health Care: A Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVE: to map the indicators of Good Nursing Practices in Primary Health Care, from the perspective of Collective Health, reported to the vulnerable social groups. METHOD: this is a scoping review according to the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. The searches were carried out in2020 in six databases and in a virtual library. Independent reviewers performed the reading of the full texts, as well as treatment, analysis and synthesis of the content. RESULTS: a total of 13 articles were found, the first from 2007 and the last from 2020. The data were classified according to the following empirical categories: assessment and control of health conditions(3 indicators); assessment of knowledge about health(3 indicators); use of sociodemographic characteristics to estimate risks or vulnerabilities(3 indicators); assessment and monitoring of health needs(5 indicators); promotion of safety and trust in health services(6 indicators); and assessment of the care process(4 indicators). CONCLUSION: the articles showed a variety of indicators that assess the interventions carried out in the context of Nursing in Primary Care with vulnerable social groups. These indicators are related to health conditions, especially those of the biopsychological body, reported to vulnerable populations, especially women, children, adolescents and older adults.

Gameplay, learning and emotions in the board game Violets: cinema & action in combating violence against women. / Jogabilidade, aprendizados e emoções no jogo Violetas: cinema & ação no enfrentamento da violência contra a mulher.

The board game Violets: cinema and action in combating violence against women was developed prioritising the liberating features of play to offer a setting for struggles to secure citizenship. The objective of the article was to examine the gameplay of Violets as regards players' understanding of the rules and engagement, and the game's mechanics and design; and to evaluate gameplay, emotions and learning comparatively as dimensions of play. This mixed method study proceeded in stages: a) perfecting gameplay: a workshop with 12 experts, usability tests with 33 participants and content analysis; and b) evaluating play: questionnaires for 78 participants and non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test comparing groups of variables. Agreement among participants on aspects of gameplay was high. The group of gameplay variables returned values equal to those of the learning group; both differed significantly from the group for emotions felt while playing. In Violets, the interweave of gameplay with the formative, learning components set up a challenging, affective, symbolic field where players' imagination, interaction, tension and interest were expressed during play.

O jogo de tabuleiro Violetas: cinema & ação no enfrentamento da violência contra a mulher, forjado a partir da priorização das características libertárias do lúdico, ambienta lutas para a conquista da cidadania. O objetivo do artigo foi analisar a jogabilidade do Violetas quanto ao entendimento das regras, ao envolvimento das(os) jogadoras(es), à mecânica e ao design do jogo; e avaliar comparativamente as dimensões da jogabilidade, das emoções e da aprendizagem como expressões da ludicidade. Pesquisa de métodos mistos, em etapas: a) aperfeiçoamento da jogabilidade: oficina com 12 especialistas; testes de usabilidade (33 participantes); análise de conteúdo; b) avaliação da ludicidade: questionários a 78 participantes, teste não paramétrico U de Mann-Whitney para comparação dos grupos de variáveis. Os aspectos da jogabilidade obtiveram graus de concordância elevados entre as/os participantes. As variáveis da jogabilidade assumiram valor igual em relação ao grupo da aprendizagem, ambos significativamente diferentes de um grupo 2, das emoções sentidas na partida. No Violetas, o entrelaçamento da jogabilidade com os componentes formativos da aprendizagem viabilizam a criação de um campo simbólico, desafiador e afetivo em que a imaginação, a interação, a tensão e o interesse das(os) jogadoras(es) se manifestam durante as partidas.