Emergency delivery in case of suspected placenta accreta spectrum: Can it be predicted?

INTRODUCTION: The main goal of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) screening is to enable delivery in an expert center in the presence of an experienced team at an appropriate time. Our study aimed to identify independent risk factors for emergency deliveries within the IS-PAS 2.0 database cohort and establish a multivariate predictive model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected PAS cases from the IS-PAS database between January 2020 and June 2022 by 23 international expert centers was performed. All PAS cases (singleton and multiple pregnancies) managed according to local protocols were included. Individuals with emergent delivery were identified and compared to those with scheduled delivery. A multivariate analysis was conducted to identify the possible risk factors for emergency delivery and was used to establish a predictive model. Maternal outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Overall, 315 women were included in the study. Of these, 182 participants (89 with emergent and 93 with scheduled delivery) were included in the final analysis after exclusion of those with unsuspected PAS antenatally or who lacked information about the urgency of delivery. Gestational age at delivery was higher in the scheduled group (34.7 vs. 32.9, p < 0.001). Antenatal bleeding (OR 2.9, p = 0.02) and a placenta located over a uterine scar (OR 0.38, p = 0.001) were the independent predictive factors for emergent delivery (AUC 0.68). Ultrasound (US) markers: loss of clear zone (p = 0.001), placental lacunae (p = 0.01), placental bulge (p = 0.02), and presence of bridging vessels (p = 0.02) were more frequently documented in the scheduled group. None of these markers improved the predictive values of the model. Higher PAS grades were identified in the scheduled group (p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in maternal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Antenatal bleeding and the placental location away from the uterine scar remained the most significant predictors for emergent delivery among patients with PAS, even when combining more predictive risk factors, including US markers. Based on these results, patients who bleed antenatally may benefit from transfer to an expert center, as we found no differences in maternal outcomes between groups delivered in expert centers. Earlier-scheduled delivery is not supported due to the low predictive value of our model.

Prevalence of fetal anomalies, stillbirth, neonatal morbidity, or mortality in pregnancies complicated by placenta accreta spectrum disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Placenta accreta spectrum disorders (PAS) lead to major complications in pregnancy. While the maternal morbidity associated with PAS is well known, there is less information regarding neonatal morbidity in this setting. The aim of this study is to describe the neonatal outcomes (fetal malformations, neonatal morbidity, twin births, stillbirth, and neonatal death), using an international multicenter database of PAS cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a prospective, multicenter cohort study based on prospectively collected cases, using the international multicenter database of the International Society for PAS, carried out between January 2020 and June 2022 by 23 centers with experience in PAS care. All PAS cases were included, regardless of whether singleton or multiple pregnancies and were managed in each center according to their own protocols. Data were collected via chart review. Local Ethical Committee approval and Data Use Agreements were obtained according to local policies. RESULTS: There were 315 pregnancies eligible for inclusion, with 12 twin pregnancies, comprising 329 fetuses/newborns; 2 cases were excluded due to inconsistency of data regarding fetal abnormalities. For the calculation of neonatal morbidity and mortality, all elective pregnancy terminations were excluded, hence 311 pregnancies with 323 newborns were analyzed. In our cohort, 3 neonates (0.93%) were stillborn; of the 320 newborns delivered, there were 10 cases (3.13%) of neonatal death. The prevalence of major congenital malformations was 4.64% (15/323 newborns), most commonly, cardiovascular, central nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract malformations. The overall prevalence of major neonatal morbidity in pregnancies complicated by PAS was 47/311 (15.1%). There were no stillbirths, neonatal deaths, or fetal malformations in reported twin gestations. CONCLUSIONS: Although some outcomes may be too rare to detect within our cohort and data should be interpreted with caution, our observational data supports reassuring neonatal outcomes for women with PAS.

External validation of and improvement upon a model for the prediction of placenta accreta spectrum severity using prospectively collected multicenter ultrasound data.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to validate the Sargent risk stratification algorithm for the prediction of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) severity using data collected from multiple centers and using the multicenter data to improve the model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a multicenter analysis using data collected for the IS-PAS database. The Sargent model's effectiveness in distinguishing between abnormally adherent placenta (FIGO grade 1) and abnormally invasive placenta (FIGO grades 2 and 3) was evaluated. A new model was developed using multicenter data from the IS-PAS database. RESULTS: The database included 315 cases of suspected PAS, of which 226 had fully documented standardized ultrasound signs. The final diagnosis was normal placentation in 5, abnormally adherent placenta/FIGO grade 1 in 43, and abnormally invasive placenta/FIGO grades 2 and 3 in 178. The external validation of the Sargent model revealed moderate predictive accuracy in a multicenter setting (C-index 0.68), compared to its higher accuracy in a single-center context (C-index 0.90). The newly developed model achieved a C-index of 0.74. CONCLUSIONS: The study underscores the difficulty in developing universally applicable PAS prediction models. While models like that of Sargent et al. show promise, their reproducibility varies across settings, likely due to the interpretation of the ultrasound signs. The findings support the need for updating the current ultrasound descriptors and for the development of any new predictive models to use data collected by different operators in multiple clinical settings.

Opportunities for, and barriers to, uterus-preserving surgical techniques for placenta accreta spectrum.

INTRODUCTION: Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) can lead to major peripartum morbidity. Appropriate management approaches depend on the clinical severity, each individual's preference, and the treating team's expertise. Peripartum hysterectomy is the most frequently used treatment option. However, it can impact psychological well-being and fertility. We investigated whether conservative treatment with focal resection or leaving the placenta in situ is associated with comparable or lower maternal morbidity than hysterectomy in centers of excellence within the International Society for placenta accreta spectrum (IS-PAS). Furthermore, a survey was conducted to explore potential barriers to conservative management in antenatal counseling and intraoperative decision-making. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Confirmed PAS cases in the prospective IS-PAS database from 22 registered centers between January 2020 and June 2022 were included in the analysis. A separate online survey with 21 questions was answered by the IS-PAS center experts about indications, diagnostic criteria, patient counseling, surgical practice, changes from the preoperative treatment plan, and why conservative management may not be offered. RESULTS: A total of 234 cases were included in the analysis: 186 women received hysterectomy and 38 women were treated by focal resection, and 10 by leaving the placenta in situ. Blood loss was lower in the focal resection group and in the placenta in situ group compared to the hysterectomy group (p = 0.04). 46.4% of the women initially planned for focal resection, and 35.7% of those initially planned for leaving the placenta in situ were ultimately treated by hysterectomy. Our survey showed that the IS-PAS centers preferred hysterectomy according to a woman's wishes (64%) and when they expected less blood loss and morbidity (41%). Eighteen percent of centers did not offer focal resection at all due to a lack of experience with this technique. Reasons for not offering to leave the placenta in situ were avoidance of unexpected reoperation (36%), puerperal infection (32%), or skepticism about the method (23%). CONCLUSIONS: Uterus-preserving treatment strategies such as focal resection appear to be safe alternatives to peripartum hysterectomy. However, less than half of the IS-PAS centers perform them. Acceptance of conservative treatments could be increased by standardized criteria for their implementation and by systematic training for PAS experts.

Point of care maternal ultrasound in obstetrics.

Ultrasound is the hallmark imaging modality traditionally used by obstetricians for fetal diagnosis and surveillance. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the role of point of care ultrasound for expeditious assessment of the maternal cardiopulmonary status. The familiarity of obstetricians with ultrasound, coupled with the availability of ultrasound equipment without the need to transport the patient, make point of care ultrasound particularly valuable in the labor and delivery unit. The rising contribution of cardiopulmonary disorders to maternal morbidity and mortality carves out many potential applications for point of care ultrasound during labor and delivery. Obstetricians have access to the technology and the skills to obtain the basic views required to assess for the presence of pulmonary edema, ventricular dysfunction, or intra-abdominal free fluid. Point of care ultrasound can be used routinely for the evaluation of pulmonary complaints or in the assessment of hypotension and may play an essential role in the diagnosis and management of life-threatening emergencies such as shock, an amniotic fluid embolism, or cardiac arrest. We reviewed the currently established point of care ultrasound protocols for the evaluation of cardiopulmonary complaints through the lens of the obstetrician. We call on educators and academic leaders to incorporate maternal point of care ultrasound teachings into existing curricula. Point of care ultrasound is of enormous value for providers with limited access to diagnostic imaging or subspecialty providers. With the growing complexity of the obstetrical population, acquiring the clinical skills to meet these evolving needs is a requisite step in the ongoing efforts to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality.

Perinatal assessment of complex cesarean delivery: beyond placenta accreta spectrum.

Multiple cesarean deliveries are known to be associated with long-term postoperative consequences because of a permanent defect of the lower uterine segment wall and the development of thick pelvic adhesions. Patients with a history of multiple cesarean deliveries often present with large cesarean scar defects and are at heightened risk in subsequent pregnancies of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy, uterine rupture, low-lying placenta or placenta previa, and placenta previa accreta. Moreover, large cesarean scar defects will lead to progressive dehiscence of the lower uterine segment with the inability to effectively reapproximate hysterotomy edge and repair at birth. Major remodeling of the lower uterine segment associated with true placenta accreta spectrum at birth, whereby the placenta becomes inseparable from the uterine wall, increases the rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality, especially when undiagnosed before delivery. Ultrasound imaging is currently not routinely used to evaluate the surgical risks of patients with a history of multiple cesarean deliveries, beyond the risk assessment of placenta accreta spectrum. Independent of accreta placentation, a placenta previa under a scarred, thinned partially disrupted lower uterine segment, covered by thick adhesions with the posterior wall of the bladder, poses a surgical risk and requires fine dissection and surgical expertise; however, data on the use of ultrasound to evaluate uterine remodeling and adhesions between the uterus and other pelvic organs are scarce. In particular, transvaginal sonography has been underused, including in patients with a high probability of placenta accreta spectrum at birth. Based on the best available knowledge, we discuss the role of ultrasound imaging in identifying the signs suggestive of major remodeling of the lower uterine segment and in mapping the changes in the uterine wall and pelvis, to enable the surgical team to prepare for all different types of complex cesarean deliveries. The need for postnatal confirmation of the prenatal ultrasound findings for all patients with a history of multiple cesarean deliveries, regardless of the diagnosis of placenta previa and placenta accreta spectrum, is discussed. We propose an ultrasound imaging protocol and a classification of the level of surgical difficulty at elective cesarean delivery to stimulate further research toward the validation of ultrasound signs by which these signs may be applied to improve surgical outcomes.

Delivery outcomes in the subsequent pregnancy following the conservative management of placenta accreta spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Cesarean hysterectomy is generally presumed to decrease maternal morbidity and mortality secondary to placenta accreta spectrum disorder. Recently, uterine-sparing techniques have been introduced in conservative management of placenta accreta spectrum disorder to preserve fertility and potentially reduce surgical complications. However, despite patients often expressing the intention for future conception, few data are available regarding the subsequent pregnancy outcomes after conservative management of placenta accreta spectrum disorder. Thus, we aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess these outcomes. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to September 2022. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included all studies, with the exception of case studies, that reported the first subsequent pregnancy outcomes in individuals with a history of placenta accreta spectrum disorder who underwent any type of conservative management. METHODS: The R programming language with the "meta" package was used. The random-effects model and inverse variance method were used to pool the proportion of pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: We identified 5 studies involving 1458 participants that were eligible for quantitative synthesis. The type of conservative management included placenta left in situ (n=1) and resection surgery (n=1), and was not reported in 3 studies. The rate of placenta accreta spectrum disorder recurrence in the subsequent pregnancy was 11.8% (95% confidence interval, 1.1-60.3; I2=86.4%), and 1.9% (95% confidence interval, 0.0-34.1; I2=82.4%) of participants underwent cesarean hysterectomy. Postpartum hemorrhage occurred in 10.3% (95% confidence interval, 0.3-81.4; I2=96.7%). A composite adverse maternal outcome was reported in 22.7% of participants (95% confidence interval, 0.0-99.4; I2=56.3%). CONCLUSION: Favorable pregnancy outcome is possible following successful conservation of the uterus in a placenta accreta spectrum disorder pregnancy. Approximately 1 out of 4 subsequent pregnancies following conservative management of placenta accreta spectrum disorder had considerable adverse maternal outcomes. Given such high incidence of adverse outcomes and morbidity, patient and provider preparation is vital when managing this population.

The impact of preoperative ultrasound and intraoperative findings on surgical outcomes in patients at high risk of placenta accreta spectrum.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether preoperative ultrasound imaging and intraoperative features predict surgical outcomes in patients at high risk for placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Cairo University Maternity, Egypt. POPULATION OR SAMPLE: Pregnant patients with one or more prior caesarean deliveries presenting with a low-lying/placenta praevia with or without PAS confirmed by histopathology. METHODS: Logistic regression and multivariable analyses. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Need for primary caesarean hysterectomy, numbers of red blood cell (RBC) units transfused and patients requiring transfusion of >5 units. RESULTS: Ninety consecutive records were reviewed, including 58 (64.4%) PAS cases. Sixty (66.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 56-76) required hysterectomy. Odds of hysterectomy were significantly (p = 0.005) increased with complete praevia. Significantly higher odds of hysterectomy were associated with subplacental hypervascularity (7.23, 95% CI 2.72-19.2, p < 0.001), lacunar scores 2+ and 3+ (12.6, 95% CI 4.15-38.5, p < 0.001), lacunar feeder vessels (5.69, 95% CI 1.77-18.3, p = 0.004) or bridging vessels (2.00, 95% CI 1.29-3.10, p = 0.002) on ultrasound, and increased lower segment vascularization at laparotomy (5.42, 95% CI 2.09-14.1, p = 0.001). Transfusion >5 RBC units was associated with number of lacunae (odds ratio [OR] 1.48, 95% CI 1.14-1.93, p = 0.004) and presence of feeder vessels (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.24-2.11, p = 0.001). The multivariable analysis indicated that parity, placental location and PAS were significantly (p = 0.007; p = 0.01; p < 0.001, respectively) associated with hysterectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative ultrasound imaging can assist in triaging and counselling patients regarding the odds of PAS, intraoperative blood losses and need for hysterectomy, and intraoperative features can assist the surgeon in evaluating the need for multidisciplinary support.

Impact of Pelvic Rest Recommendations on Follow-Up and Resolution of Placenta Previa and Low-Lying Placenta.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of resolution of placenta previa and low-lying placenta (LLP) and the effect of pelvic rest recommendations on the timing of follow-up imaging. METHODS: Retrospective review of pregnancies with previa/LLP detected on mid-trimester exam at our ultrasound unit from 2019 to 2021. LLP was defined as the lower edge of placenta located within 2 cm of the internal cervical os. Previa was defined as any portion of the placenta touching with the internal os. Demographics, placental location, activity restrictions, and delivery outcomes were analyzed. Timing of follow-up imaging was stratified by individuals advised and not advised pelvic rest. RESULTS: Exactly 144 patients had previa and 266 had LLP on the mid-trimester exam with complete records. Previa resolution happened in 51.4% (74/144) of cases. Exactly 62% (46/74) of previa resolutions occurred by the 28-week ultrasound. Exactly 45% (65/144) of previa patients were advised pelvic rest. Most pelvic rest and non-pelvic rest patients had a 28-week scan. Even when clearance occurred, most patients in both groups had a repeat ultrasound at 32 weeks. Exactly 75% of LLP resolved by the 28-week scan, and the remainder by delivery. Exactly 12% (32/259) of LLP patients were advised pelvic rest. CONCLUSION: Most societies recommend follow-up imaging at 32 weeks; however, our results suggest this may be done sooner and closer to 28 weeks. Pelvic rest did not affect timing of repeat imaging or delivery.

A Retrospective Review of Social Deprivation Index and Maternal Outcomes with Placenta Accreta Spectrum from a Single Referral Center.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about how community characteristics influence placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) outcomes. Our objective was to evaluate whether adverse maternal outcomes among pregnant people (gravidae) with PAS delivering at a single referral center differ by community-level measures of social deprivation. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of singleton gravidae with histopathology confirmed PAS delivering from January 2011 to June 2021 at a referral center. Data abstraction collected relevant patient information, including resident zip code, which was linked to Social Deprivation Index (SDI) score (a measure of area-level social deprivation). SDI scores were divided into quartiles for analysis. Primary outcome was a composite of maternal adverse outcomes. Bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: Among our cohort (n = 264), those in the lowest (least deprived) SDI quartile were older, had lower body mass index, and were more likely to identify as non-Hispanic white. Composite maternal adverse outcome occurred in 81 (30.7%), and did not differ significantly by SDI quartile. Intraoperative transfusion of ≥4 red blood cell units occurred more often among those living in deprived areas (31.2% in the highest [most deprived] vs. 22.7% in the lowest [least deprived] SDI quartile, p = 0.04). No other outcomes differed by SDI quartile. In multivariable logistic regression, a quartile increase in SDI was associated with 32% increased odds of transfusion of ≥4 red blood cell units (adjusted odds ratio: 1.32, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.75). CONCLUSION: Within a cohort of gravidae with PAS delivered at a single referral center, we found that those living in more socially deprived communities were more likely to receive transfusion of ≥4 red blood cell units, but other maternal adverse outcomes did not differ. Our findings highlight the importance of considering how characteristics of the surrounding community can impact PAS outcomes and may assist with risk stratification and resource deployment. KEY POINTS: · Little is known about how community characteristics influence PAS outcomes.. · In a referral center, transfusion was more common in gravidae living in socially deprived areas.. · Future research should consider how community characteristics can impact PAS outcomes..

Graduate and Continuing Medical Education of Placenta Accreta Spectrum.

Surgical training experience in obstetrics-gynecology (OB-GYN) residency and fellowship training, particularly in open abdominal surgeries has declined over the last 2 decades. This is due, in part, due to a universal trend toward non-invasive treatments for gynecologic conditions once treated surgically. Management of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) often requires complex surgical skills, including, but not limited to highly complex hysterectomy. The decline in surgical case numbers has fallen as the incidence of PAS has risen, which we anticipate will lead to a gap in critical skills needed for graduating obstetrician-gynecologists to able to safely care for people with PAS.

Placenta Accreta Spectrum: Correlation between FIGO Clinical Classification and Histopathologic Findings.

OBJECTIVE: Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) covers a wide spectrum of placental adherence/invasion with varied clinical significance. Histopathologic examination is considered the confirmatory gold standard, but is only obtained sometime after definitive treatment. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) has published a new clinical classification that can be assigned at delivery, and we aimed to investigate the association between this new FIGO classification and histopathology and also to assess its correlation with maternal outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: We studied a retrospective cohort of 185 patients with histopathologically proven PAS managed at our referral center between September 2012 and January 2019. Two experienced surgeons retrospectively reviewed charts and assigned the FIGO grading based on findings reported at delivery. A third experienced reviewer adjudicated to determine the classification used for final analysis. Categorical outcomes were compared with the use of chi-squared and the Fisher exact test, as appropriate. A multivariate model was designed to adjust outcomes in different FIGO groups for the involvement of a formal multidisciplinary management team. RESULTS: Among 185 patients, there were 41 (22%) placenta accreta, 44 (24%) placenta increta, and 100 (54%) placenta percreta on histopathology. The inter-rater reliability was found to be substantial with Kappa = 0.661 (p < 0.001), and 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.449-0.872. There was a significant association between all histopathology groupings and the FIGO clinical classification (p < 0.001). However, we found no association between FIGO classifications and maternal complications. CONCLUSION: The new FIGO clinical classification is strongly associated with histopathologic findings. A better understanding of the depth and extent of invasion as afforded by the clinical classification system will help standardize reporting and future research. KEY POINTS: · PAS includes a wide spectrum of placental invasion with varied clinical significance.. · Histopathological examination is considered the confirmatory gold standard.. · The new FIGO clinical classification is strongly associated with histopathologic findings..

General Management Considerations for Placenta Accreta Spectrum.

The ideal management of a patient with placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) includes close antepartum management culminating in a planned and coordinated delivery by an experienced multidisciplinary PAS team. Coordinated team management has been shown to optimize outcomes for mother and infant. This section provides a consensus overview from the Pan-American Society for the Placenta Accreta Spectrum regarding general management of PAS.

Basal Plate Myofibers and the Risk of Placenta Accreta Spectrum in the Subsequent Pregnancy: A Large Single-Center Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate whether there is a significant association between a placental pathology diagnosis basal plate myofibers (BPMF) in an index pregnancy with placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) in the subsequent pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective nested cohort study of all cases with a histopathological finding of BPMF between August 2012 and March 2020 at a single tertiary referral center. Data were collected for all subjects (cases and controls) with at least two consecutive pregnancies (the initial index pregnancy and at least one subsequent pregnancy) accompanied by a concomitant record of histopathological study of the placenta at our center. The primary outcome was pathologically confirmed PAS in the subsequent pregnancy. Data are presented as percentage or median, interquartile range accordingly. RESULTS: A total of n = 1,344 participants were included, of which n = 119 (index cases) carried a contemporaneous histopathological diagnosis of BPMF during the index pregnancy and n = 1,225 did not (index controls). Among the index cases, patients with BPMF were older (31.0 [20, 42] vs. 29.0 [15, 43], p < 0.001), more likely to have undergone in vitro fertilization (IVF) for conception (10.9 vs. 3.8%, p = 0.001) and were of a more advanced gestational age at delivery (39.0 [25, 41] vs. 38.0 [20, 42], p = 0.006). In the subsequent pregnancy, the rate of PAS was significantly higher among the BPMF index cases (6.7 vs. 1.1%, p < 0.001). After adjusting for maternal age and IVF, a histopathological diagnosis of BPMF in an index pregnancy was shown to be a significant risk factor for PAS in the subsequent gestation (hazard ratio: 5.67 [95% confidence interval: 2.28, 14.06], p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings support that a histopathological diagnosis of BPMF is an independent risk factor for PAS in the subsequent pregnancy. KEY POINTS: · BPMF may indicate morbid adherence of placenta.. · Patients with BPMF were older and more likely to have undergone IVF for conception.. · The BPMF in the current pregnancy is an independent risk factor for PAS in the subsequent pregnancy..

The Association between Placenta Accreta Spectrum Severity and Incidence of Small for Gestational Age Neonates.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to evaluate whether pathologic severity of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is correlated with the incidence of small for gestational age (SGA) and neonatal birthweight. STUDY DESIGN: This was a multicenter cohort study of viable, non-anomalous, singleton gestations delivered with histology-proven PAS. Data including maternal history, neonatal birthweight, and placental pathology were collected and deidentified. Pathology was defined as accreta, increta, or percreta. The primary outcome was rate of SGA defined by birth weight less than the 10th percentile. The secondary outcomes included incidence of large for gestational age (LGA) babies as defined by birth weight greater than the 90th percentile as well as incidence of SGA and LGA in preterm and term gestations. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and log-binomial regression. Increta and percreta patients were each compared with accreta patients. RESULTS: Among the cohort of 1,008 women from seven United States centers, 865 subjects were included in the analysis. The relative risk (RR) of SGA for increta and percreta did not differ from accreta after adjusting for confounders (adjusted RR = 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36-1.10 for increta and aRR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.45-1.16 for percreta). The results were stratified by placenta previa status, which did not affect results. There was no difference in incidence of LGA (p = 1.0) by PAS pathologic severity. The incidence of SGA for all PAS patients was 9.2% for those delivered preterm and 18.7% for those delivered at term (p = 0.004). The incidence of LGA for all PAS patients was 12.6% for those delivered preterm and 13.2% for those delivered at term (p = 0.8203). CONCLUSION: There was no difference in incidence of SGA or LGA when comparing accreta to increta or percreta patients regardless of previa status. Although we cannot suggest causation, our results suggest that PAS, regardless of pathologic severity, is not associated with pathologic fetal growth in the preterm period. KEY POINTS: · PAS severity is not associated with SGA in the preterm period.. · PAS severity is not associated with LGA.. · Placenta previa does not affect the incidence of SGA in women with PAS..

Surgical Techniques for the Management of Placenta Accreta Spectrum.

The surgical management of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is often challenging. There are a variety of techniques and management options described in the literature ranging from uterine sparing to cesarean hysterectomy. Following the inaugural meeting of the Pan-American Society for Placenta Accreta Spectrum a multidisciplinary group collaborated to describe collective recommendations for the surgical management of PAS. In this manuscript, we outline individual components of the procedure and provide suggested direction at key points of a cesarean hysterectomy in the setting of PAS. KEY POINTS: · The surgical management of PAS requires careful planning and expertise.. · Multidisciplinary team care for pregnancies complicated by PAS can decrease morbidity and mortality.. · Careful surgical techniques can minimize risk of significant hemorrhage by avoiding pitfalls..

Imaging the Uterus in Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorder.

Antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) improves maternal and neonatal outcomes by allowing for multidisciplinary planning and preparedness. Ultrasound is the primary imaging tool. Simplification and standardization of placental evaluation and reporting terminology allows improved communication and understanding between teams. Prior to 10 weeks of gestation, gestational sac position and least myometrial thickness surrounding the gestational sac help PAS diagnosis very early in pregnancy. Late first-, second-, and third-trimester evaluation includes comprehensive evaluation of the placenta, transabdominal and transvaginal with partially full maternal urinary bladder, and by color Doppler. Subsequently, the sonologist should indicate whether the evaluation was optimal or suboptimal; the level of suspicion as low, moderate, or high; and the extent as focal, global, or extending beyond the uterus. Other complementary imaging modalities such as 3D-power Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and vascular topography mapping strive to improve antenatal placental evaluation but remain investigational at present. KEY POINTS: · Antenatal imaging, primarily using ultrasound with partially full maternal urinary bladder, is an essential means of evaluation of those at risk for PAS.. · Simplification and standardization of placental evaluation and reporting will allow improved communication between the multidisciplinary teams.. · Gestational sac location prior to 10 weeks of gestation and four markers after that (placental lacunae and echostructure, myometrial thinning, hypoechoic zone with or without bulging between placenta and myometrium, and increased flow on color Doppler)..

The Society for Pediatric Pathology Task Force grading system for placenta accreta spectrum and its correlation with clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The terminology and diagnostic criteria presently used by pathologists to report placenta accreta spectrum is inconsistent and does not reflect current knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease. OBJECTIVE: In 2020, the perinatal subcommittee of the Society for Pediatric Pathology Placenta Accreta Task Force proposed a new pathologic grading system for placenta accreta spectrum. We sought to correlate the clinical outcomes with the classification into each group in the new placenta accreta spectrum grading system. STUDY DESIGN: The pathology reports of patients with histopathologic confirmation of placenta accreta spectrum were reviewed in 2 academic referral centers by placental pathologists. Pathologic grading was assigned based on the new grading system according to which placenta accreta spectrum is categorized into 5 groups depending on the depth of invasion, from grade p1 with no invasion into the uterine wall to grade p3E with invasion beyond the uterine wall to the adjacent organs. Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes were compared among these groups. A univariate analysis was performed, and a multivariate linear or binomial regression was employed when needed. RESULTS: A total of 683 patients with placenta accreta spectrum were identified. Of those, 407 were included for histology review. There were 92 patients (23%) categorized into the grade p1 group, 74 (18%) in the grade p2 group, 84 (20%) in the grade p3A group, 121 (30%) in the grade p3D group, and 36 (9%) in the grade p3E group. There was a significant association between the pathology grading and the number of red blood cells transfused (ß=1.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.48-1.79) and the postoperative complications including the rate of readmission (risk ratio, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-2.94) and bladder injury (risk ratio, 1.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-2.68) after adjustment for antenatal diagnosis and other variables. The pathology grading was not associated with the estimated blood loss (P=.072). CONCLUSION: The new pathology grading system accurately reflects maternal outcomes and complications of placenta accreta spectrum. We encourage the utilization of this new pathologic grading system because it is designed to omit discrepancies in placenta accreta spectrum reporting and to standardize communication.

Urologic morbidity associated with placenta accreta spectrum surgeries: single-center experience with a multidisciplinary team.

BACKGROUND: Hysterectomy for placenta accreta spectrum may be associated with urologic morbidity, including intentional or unintentional cystostomy, ureteral injury, and bladder fistula. Although previous retrospective studies have shown an association between placenta accreta spectrum and urologic morbidities, there is still a paucity of literature addressing these urologic complications. OBJECTIVE: We sought to report a systematic description of such morbidity and associated factors. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective study of all histology-proven placenta accreta spectrum deliveries in an academic center between 2011 and 2020. Urologic morbidity was defined as the presence of at least one of the following: cystotomy, ureteral injury, or bladder fistula. Variables were reported as median (interquartile range) or number (percentage). Analyses were made using appropriate parametric and nonparametric tests. Multinomial regression analysis was performed to assess the association of adverse urologic events with the depth of placental invasion. RESULTS: In this study, 58 of 292 patients (19.9%) experienced urologic morbidity. Patients with urologic morbidity had a higher rate of placenta percreta (compared with placenta accreta and placenta increta) than those without such injuries. Preoperative ureteral stents were placed in 54 patients (93.1%) with and 146 patients (62.4%) without urologic injury (P=.003). After adjusting for confounding variables, multinomial regression analysis revealed that the odds of having adverse urologic events was 6.5 times higher in patients with placenta percreta than in patients with placenta accreta. CONCLUSION: Greater depth of invasion in placenta accreta spectrum was associated with more frequent and severe adverse urologic events. Whether stent placement confers any protective benefit requires further investigation.

Convalescent plasma in hospitalized pediatric and obstetric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.

BACKGROUND: Published data on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) use in children and obstetric patients are limited. We describe a single-center experience of hospitalized patients who received CCP for acute COVID-19. METHODS: A retrospective review of children 0-18-years-old and pregnant patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed acute COVID-19 who received CCP from March 1, 2020 to March 1, 2021 was performed. Clinical and laboratory data were collected to assess the safety of CCP administration. Antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were measured in the CCP products and in patients before transfusion and at various time points post-transfusion. Correlation between the administered SARS-CoV-2 administered versus the SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike immunoglobulin response in patient serum was assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-two children and ten obstetric patients were eligible. Twelve pediatric and eight obstetric patients had moderate disease and ten pediatric and two obstetric patients had severe disease. Five pediatric patients died. Eighteen of 37 (48.6%) CCP titers that were measured met US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria for high immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titer. There were no complications with transfusion. High-titer CCP showed a positive correlation with rise in patient total immunoglobulin levels only in obstetric patients but not in pediatric patients. Among pediatric patients, the median serum antibody level increased over time after transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Coronavirus 2019 convalescent plasma was administered safely to our patients. Our study suggested that CCP did not interfere with endogenous antibody production. The antibody titer of CCP correlated with post-transfusion response only in obstetric patients. Randomized trials in pediatric and obstetric patients are needed to further understand how to dose CCP and evaluate efficacy.