Impact of continuous vs. interval training on oxygen extraction and cardiac function during exercise in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE: Exercise training improves exercise capacity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It remains to be elucidated whether such improvements result from cardiac or peripheral muscular adaptations, and whether these are intensity dependent. METHODS: 27 patients with T2DM [without known cardiovascular disease (CVD)] were randomized to high-intensity interval training (HIIT, n = 15) or moderate-intensity endurance training (MIT, n = 12) for 24 weeks (3 sessions/week). Exercise echocardiography was applied to investigate cardiac output (CO) and oxygen (O2) extraction during exercise, while exercise capacity [([Formula: see text] (mL/kg/min)] was examined via cardiopulmonary exercise testing at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks of exercise training, respectively. Changes in glycaemic control (HbA1c and glucose tolerance), lipid profile and body composition were also evaluated. RESULTS: 19 patients completed 24 weeks of HIIT (n = 10, 66 ± 11 years) or MIT (n = 9, 61 ± 5 years). HIIT and MIT similarly improved glucose tolerance (pTime = 0.001, pInteraction > 0.05), [Formula: see text] (mL/kg/min) (pTime = 0.001, pInteraction > 0.05), and exercise performance (Wpeak) (pTime < 0.001, pInteraction > 0.05). O2 extraction increased to a greater extent after 24 weeks of MIT (56.5%, p1 = 0.009, pTime = 0.001, pInteraction = 0.007). CO and left ventricular longitudinal strain (LS) during exercise remained unchanged (pTime > 0.05). A reduction in HbA1c was correlated with absolute changes in LS after 12 weeks of MIT (r = - 0.792, p = 0.019, LS at rest) or HIIT (r = - 0.782, p = 0.038, LS at peak exercise). CONCLUSION: In patients with well-controlled T2DM, MIT and HIIT improved exercise capacity, mainly resulting from increments in O2 extraction capacity, rather than changes in cardiac output. In particular, MIT seemed highly effective to generate these peripheral adaptations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03299790, initially released 09/12/2017.

Comprehensive multicomponent cardiac rehabilitation in cardiac implantable electronic devices recipients: a consensus document from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC; Secondary prevention and rehabilitation section) and European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA).

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a multidisciplinary intervention including patient assessment and medical actions to promote stabilization, management of cardiovascular risk factors, vocational support, psychosocial management, physical activity counselling, and prescription of exercise training. Millions of people with cardiac implantable electronic devices live in Europe and their numbers are progressively increasing, therefore, large subsets of patients admitted in CR facilities have a cardiac implantable electronic device. Patients who are cardiac implantable electronic devices recipients are considered eligible for a CR programme. This is not only related to the underlying heart disease but also to specific issues, such as psychological adaptation to living with an implanted device and, in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients, the risk of arrhythmia, syncope, and sudden cardiac death. Therefore, these patients should receive special attention, as their needs may differ from other patients participating in CR. As evidence from studies of CR in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices is sparse, detailed clinical practice guidelines are lacking. Here, we aim to provide practical recommendations for CR in cardiac implantable electronic devices recipients in order to increase CR implementation, efficacy, and safety in this subset of patients.

Asymptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus display a reduced myocardial deformation but adequate response during exercise.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The development of myocardial fibrosis is a major complication of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), impairing myocardial deformation and, therefore, cardiac performance. It remains to be established whether abnormalities in longitudinal strain (LS) exaggerate or only occur in well-controlled T2DM, when exposed to exercise and, therefore, cardiac stress. We therefore studied left ventricular LS at rest and during exercise in T2DM patients vs. healthy controls. METHODS AND RESULTS: Exercise echocardiography was applied with combined breath-by-breath gas exchange analyses in asymptomatic, well-controlled (HbA1c: 6.9 ± 0.7%) T2DM patients (n = 36) and healthy controls (HC, n = 23). Left ventricular LS was assessed at rest and at peak exercise. Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) and workload (Wpeak) were similar between groups (p > 0.05). Diastolic (E, e's, E/e') and systolic function (left ventricular ejection fraction) were similar at rest and during exercise between groups (p > 0.05). LS (absolute values) was significantly lower at rest and during exercise in T2DM vs. HC (17.0 ± 2.9% vs. 19.8 ± 2% and 20.8 ± 4.0% vs. 23.3 ± 3.3%, respectively, p < 0.05). The response in myocardial deformation (the change in LS from rest up to peak exercise) was similar between groups (+ 3.8 ± 0.6% vs. + 3.6 ± 0.6%, in T2DM vs. HC, respectively, p > 0.05). Multiple regression revealed that HDL-cholesterol, fasted insulin levels and exercise tolerance accounted for 30.5% of the variance in response of myocardial deformation in the T2DM group (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Myocardial deformation is reduced in well-controlled T2DM and despite adequate responses, such differences persist during exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03299790, initially released 09/12/2017.

Cardiac function in adolescents with obesity: cardiometabolic risk factors and impact on physical fitness.

OBJECTIVE: To gain greater insights in the etiology and clinical consequences of altered cardiac function in obese adolescents. Therefore, we aimed to examine cardiac structure and function in obese adolescents, and to examine associations between altered cardiac function/structure and cardiometabolic disease risk factors or cardiopulmonary exercise capacity. METHODS: In 29 obese (BMI 31.6 ± 4.2 kg/m², age 13.4 ± 1.1 years) and 29 lean (BMI 19.5 ± 2.4 kg/m², age 14.0 ± 1.5 years) adolescents, fasted blood samples were collected to study hematology, biochemistry, liver function, glycemic control, lipid profile, and hormones, followed by a transthoracic echocardiography to assess cardiac structure/function, and a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) to assess cardiopulmonary exercise parameters. Regression analyses were applied to examine relations between altered echocardiographic parameters and blood parameters or CPET parameters in the entire group. RESULTS: In obese adolescents, left ventricular septum thickness, left atrial diameter, mitral A-wave velocity, E/e' ratio were significantly elevated (p < 0.05), as opposed to lean controls, while mitral e'-wave velocity was significantly lowered (p < 0.01). Elevated homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and blood insulin, c-reactive protein, and uric acid concentrations (all significantly elevated in obese adolescents) were independent risk factors for an altered cardiac diastolic function (p < 0.01). An altered cardiac diastolic function was not related to exercise tolerance but to a delayed heart rate recovery (HRR; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In obese adolescents, an altered cardiac diastolic function was independently related to hyperinsulinemia and whole-body insulin resistance, and only revealed by a delayed HRR during CPET. This indicates that both hyperinsulinemia, whole-body insulin resistance, and delayed HRR could be regarded as clinically relevant outcome parameters.

The effect of minimally invasive surgical aortic valve replacement on postoperative pulmonary and skeletal muscle function.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? How does surgical aortic valve replacement affect cardiopulmonary and muscle function during exercise? What is the main finding and its importance? Early after the surgical replacement of the aortic valve a significant decline in pulmonary function was observed, which was followed by a decline in skeletal muscle function in the subsequent weeks of recovery. These date reiterate, despite restoration of aortic valve function, the need for a tailored rehabilitation programme for the respiratory and peripheral muscular system. ABSTRACT: Suboptimal post-operative improvements in functional capacity are often observed after minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (mini-AVR). It remains to be studied how AVR affects the cardiopulmonary and skeletal muscle function during exercise to explain these clinical observations and to provide a basis for improved/tailored post-operative rehabilitation. Twenty-two patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) (aortic valve area (AVA) <1.0 cm²) were pre-operatively compared to 22 healthy controls during submaximal constant-workload endurance-type exercise for oxygen uptake ( V̇O2 ), carbon dioxide output ( V̇CO2 ), respiratory gas exchange ratio, expiratory volume ( V̇E ), ventilatory equivalents for O2 ( V̇E / V̇O2 ) and CO2 ( V̇E / V̇CO2 ), respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (Vt ), heart rate (HR), oxygen pulse ( V̇O2 /HR), blood lactate, Borg ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and exercise-onset V̇O2 kinetics. These exercise tests were repeated at 5 and 21 days after AVR surgery (n = 14), along with echocardiographic examinations. Respiratory exchange ratio and ventilatory equivalents ( V̇E / V̇O2 and V̇E / V̇CO2 ) were significantly elevated, V̇O2 and V̇O2 /HR were significantly lowered, and exercise-onset V̇O2 kinetics were significantly slower in AS patients vs. healthy controls (P < 0.05). Although the AVA was restored by mini-AVR in AS patients, V̇E / V̇O2 and V̇E / V̇CO2 further worsened significantly within 5 days after surgery, accompanied by elevations in Borg RPE, V̇E and RR, and lowered Vt . At 21 days after mini-AVR, exercise-onset V̇O2 kinetics further slowed significantly (P < 0.05). A decline in pulmonary function was observed early after mini-AVR surgery, which was followed by a decline in skeletal muscle function in the subsequent weeks of recovery. Therefore, a tailored rehabilitation programme should include training modalities for the respiratory and peripheral muscular system.

How to reliably diagnose arterial hypertension: lessons from 24 h blood pressure monitoring.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a common condition in modern society. As blood pressure fluctuates with time, a single blood pressure measurement is useless to diagnose hypertension. Nevertheless, no well-defined number of measurements is often used for this purpose. Diagnosis and therapeutic control of hypertension are therefore suboptimal. OBJECTIVE: To determine the number and timing of measurements needed to give a trustworthy approximation of an individual's average blood pressure. METHODS: In this observational study 306 clinically indicated 24h ABPM datasets were analysed. Hypertension was defined as a daytime blood pressure mean exceeding 135/85 mm Hg. Kappa coefficients determined the best time of day for measuring blood pressure. The optimal number of measurements was estimated using canonical correlation. RESULTS: 162 (53%) patients were diagnosed with hypertension. Kappa statistics indicated that measuring during the afternoon gave the best agreement with the 24h blood pressure mean (κ = 0.78). According to canonical correlation, about 8-10 blood pressure readings give enough information for hypertension diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Eight to ten blood pressure measurements between 01:00 and 05:00 p.m. are sufficient to give a clinically useful approximation of the daytime mean blood pressure and therefore for diagnosing hypertension accurately. Future research should determine the ideal dispersion of measurements and include patient characteristics which could influence the required number and timing of measurements. These results may increase the future importance of telemonitoring in diagnosing hypertension.

Adrenergically and non-adrenergically mediated human adipose tissue lipolysis during acute exercise and exercise training.

Obesity-related adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, in particular subcutaneous AT (SCAT) lipolysis, is characterized by catecholamine resistance and impaired atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) responsiveness. It remains unknown whether exercise training improves (non-)adrenergically mediated lipolysis in metabolically compromised conditions. We investigated the effects of local combined α-/ß-adrenoceptor blockade on abdominal SCAT lipolysis in lean insulin sensitive (IS) (n=10), obese IS (n=10), and obese insulin resistant (IR) (n=10) men. Obese men participated in a 12-week exercise training intervention to determine the effects on SCAT lipolysis. Abdominal SCAT extracellular glycerol concentration and blood flow (ATBF) were investigated using microdialysis, with/without locally combined α-/ß-adrenoceptor blockade at rest, during low-intensity endurance-type exercise and post-exercise recovery. In obese IR men, microdialysis was repeated after exercise intervention. The exercise-induced increase in SCAT extracellular glycerol was more pronounced in obese IS compared with lean IS men, possibly resulting from lower ATBF in obese IS men. The exercise-induced increase in extracellular glycerol was blunted in obese IR compared with obese IS men, despite comparable local ATBF. Abdominal SCAT extracellular glycerol was markedly reduced (remaining ~60% of exercise-induced SCAT extracellular glycerol) following the local α-/ß-adrenoceptor blockade in obese IS but not in IR men, suggesting reduced catecholamine-mediated lipolysis during exercise in obese IR men. Exercise training did not affect (non-)adrenergically mediated lipolysis in obese IR men. Our findings showed a major contribution of non-adrenergically-mediated lipolysis during exercise in male abdominal SCAT. Furthermore, catecholamine-mediated lipolysis may be blunted during exercise in obese IR men but could not be improved by exercise intervention, despite an improved metabolic profile and body composition.

Economic and social impact of increased cardiac rehabilitation uptake and cardiac telerehabilitation in Belgium - a cost-benefit analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac rehabilitation for ischaemic heart disease effectively reduces cardiovascular readmission rate and mortality. Current uptake rates however, remain low. This study assesses the social and economic impact of increasing centre-based cardiac rehabilitation uptake and the additional value of cardiac telerehabilitation using cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in Belgium. METHODS: Cost-benefit analysis was conducted to analyse three scenarios: (1) current situation: 20% uptake rate of cardiac rehabilitation; (2) alternative scenario one: 40% uptake rate of cardiac rehabilitation; and (3) alternative scenario two: 20% uptake of cardiac rehabilitation and 20% uptake of both cardiac rehabilitation and telerehabilitation. Impacts considered included cardiac (tele)rehabilitation programme costs, direct inpatient costs, productivity losses and burden of disease. RESULTS: Compared to the current situation, there was a net total monetised benefit of 9.18 M€ and 9.10 M€ for scenarios one and two, respectively. Disability Adjusted Life Years were 12,805-12,980 years lower than the current situation. This resulted in a benefit-cost ratio of 1.52 and 1.43 for scenarios one and two, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Increased cardiac rehabilitation uptake rates can reduce the burden of disease, and the resulting benefits exceed its costs. This research supports the necessity for greater promotion and routine referral to cardiac rehabilitation to be made standard practice. The implementation of telerehabilitation as an adjunct is to be encouraged, especially for those patients unable to attend centre-based cardiac rehabilitation.

Electrical support during outdoor cycling in patients with coronary artery disease: impact on exercise intensity, volume and perception of effort.

BACKGROUND: Electrical assisted bicycles (EAB's) could be used to overcome barriers and difficulties to outdoor cycling and thus assist in achieving a sufficient physical activity level in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, but it is unknown whether sufficient exercise intensities and volumes could be elicited during cycling on EAB's. In this study we examined, for the first time, the acute physiological impact of electrical support during outdoor cycling in CAD patients (ISRCTN32238279). METHODS: Fifteen CAD patients (13 males), aged 64 ± 7 years executed a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test and afterwards cycled a predefined outdoor route of 10 km, in three different conditions: classical cycling (no support), EAB with low support (EABlow) and high support (EABhigh). Oxygen uptake (VO2) and carbon dioxide output (VCO2) was measured continuously by a portable gas-analysing system. Cycling time was recorded and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed at 3 and 7 km. RESULTS: Mean VO2 during EABhigh (1721 ± 537 ml•min-1) was significantly lower compared to EABlow (1890 ± 619 ml•min-1, p < .05), but no differences were found between EABlow and classical cycling (1846 ± 523 ml•min-1). EABlow and EABhigh elicited a sufficient volume and intensity (6.6 ± 2.0 MET's (74 ± 6% VO2peak) and 6.0 ± 1.8 MET's (68 ± 7% VO2peak), respectively) to adhere to the guidelines for secondary prevention in CAD. RPE was significantly lower p < .05) during EABhigh (9 ± 2), than during EABlow (11 ± 2) or classical cycling (11 ± 2). CONCLUSIONS: Outdoor cycling with electrical support leads to a sufficiently high exercise intensity and volume in CAD patients, and may be considered as an alternative exercise modality.

eEduHeart I: A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial Investigating the Effectiveness of a Cardiac Web-Based eLearning Platform - Rationale and Study Design.

OBJECTIVES: Cardiac telerehabilitation includes, in its most comprehensive format, telemonitoring, telecoaching, social interaction, and eLearning. The specific role of eLearning, however, was seldom assessed. The aim of eEduHeart I is to investigate the medium-term effectiveness of the addition of a cardiac web-based eLearing platform to conventional cardiac care. METHODS: In this prospective, multicenter randomized, controlled trial, 1,000 patients with coronary artery disease will be randomized 1:1 to an intervention group (receiving 1-month unrestricted access to the cardiac eLearning platform in addition to conventional cardiac care) or to conventional cardiac care alone. The primary endpoint is health-related quality of life, assessed by the HeartQoL questionnaire at the 1- and 3-month follow-ups. Secondary endpoints include pathology-specific knowledge and self-reported eLearning platform user experience. Data on the eLearning platform usage will be gathered through web logging during the study period. RESULTS: eEduHeart I will be one of the first studies to report on the added value of eLearning. CONCLUSIONS: If the intervention is proven effective, current cardiac telerehabilitation programs can be augmented by including eLearning, too. The platform can then be used as a model for other chronic diseases in which patient education plays a key role.

Telerehab III: a multi-center randomized, controlled trial investigating the long-term effectiveness of a comprehensive cardiac telerehabilitation program--rationale and study design.

BACKGROUND: Telerehabilitation has been proposed as an adjunct/alternative to standard center-based cardiac rehabilitation. Two recent systematic reviews showed non-inferiority and/or superiority of this remote approach for cardiac rehabilitation. However, these trials focused only on one core component of cardiac rehabilitation and telemonitoring, rather than implementing a more comprehensive approach. The aim of Telerehab III is to investigate the long-term effectiveness of the addition of a patient-tailored, internet-based telerehabilitation program implementing multiple cardiac rehabilitation core components and using both telemonitoring and telecoaching strategies to standard cardiac rehabilitation. METHODS/DESIGN: In this prospective, multi-center randomized, controlled trial 140 patients with coronary artery disease and/or chronic heart failure patients will be recruited between February 2013 and February 2015. Patients will be randomized 1:1 to an intervention group (receiving an internet-based telerehabilitation program in addition to standard cardiac rehabilitation) or to standard cardiac rehabilitation alone. The mean follow-up is at least 6 months. The primary endpoint is peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak). Secondary endpoints include measured and self-reported daily physical activity, cardiovascular risk factor control, health-related quality of life, days lost due to (non)cardiovascular rehospitalizations and time to first (non)cardiovascular rehospitalization. A clinical event committee blinded to treatment allocation assesses causes of rehospitalizations. DISCUSSION: Telerehab III will be one of the first studies to examine the added value of a more comprehensive cardiac telerehabilitation program, focusing on multiple cardiac rehabilitation core components. It has the potential to augment current standard center-based cardiac rehabilitation practices and to be used as a model for other disease prevention programs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current controlled trials ISRCTN29243064. Registration date 21 January 2015.

Medium-Term Effectiveness of a Comprehensive Internet-Based and Patient-Specific Telerehabilitation Program With Text Messaging Support for Cardiac Patients: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac telerehabilitation has been introduced as an adjunct or alternative to conventional center-based cardiac rehabilitation to increase its long-term effectiveness. However, before large-scale implementation and reimbursement in current health care systems is possible, well-designed studies on the effectiveness of this new additional treatment strategy are needed. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this trial was to assess the medium-term effectiveness of an Internet-based, comprehensive, and patient-tailored telerehabilitation program with short message service (SMS) texting support for cardiac patients. METHODS: This multicenter randomized controlled trial consisted of 140 cardiac rehabilitation patients randomized (1:1) to a 24-week telerehabilitation program in combination with conventional cardiac rehabilitation (intervention group; n=70) or to conventional cardiac rehabilitation alone (control group; n=70). In the telerehabilitation program, initiated 6 weeks after the start of ambulatory rehabilitation, patients were stimulated to increase physical activity levels. Based on registered activity data, they received semiautomatic telecoaching via email and SMS text message encouraging them to gradually achieve predefined exercise training goals. Patient-specific dietary and/or smoking cessation advice was also provided as part of the telecoaching. The primary endpoint was peak aerobic capacity (VO2 peak). Secondary endpoints included accelerometer-recorded daily step counts, self-assessed physical activities by International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and health-related quality of life (HRQL) assessed by the HeartQol questionnaire at baseline and at 6 and 24 weeks. RESULTS: Mean VO2 peak increased significantly in intervention group patients (n=69) from baseline (mean 22.46, SD 0.78 mL/[min*kg]) to 24 weeks (mean 24.46, SD 1.00 mL/[min*kg], P<.01) versus control group patients (n=70), who did not change significantly (baseline: mean 22.72, SD 0.74 mL/[min*kg]; 24 weeks: mean 22.15, SD 0.77 mL/[min*kg], P=.09). Between-group analysis of aerobic capacity confirmed a significant difference between the intervention group and control group in favor of the intervention group (P<.001). At 24 weeks, self-reported physical activity improved more in the intervention group compared to the control group (P=.01) as did the global HRQL score (P=.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that an additional 6-month patient-specific, comprehensive telerehabilitation program can lead to a bigger improvement in both physical fitness (VO2 peak) and associated HRQL compared to center-based cardiac rehabilitation alone. These results are supportive in view of possible future implementation in standard cardiac care.

The future of education in Preventive Cardiology. A Statement of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) of the ESC.

In recent years, major advances in our understanding of risk factors implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), in available tools for early detection of CVD, and in effective interventions to prevent subclinical or clinically manifest disease, have led to an increasing appreciation of prevention as a major pillar of cardiovascular medicine. Preventive cardiology has evolved into a dynamic sub-specialty focused on the promotion of cardiovascular health through all stages of life, and on the management of individuals at risk of developing CVD or experiencing recurrent cardiovascular events, through interdisciplinary care in different settings. As the level of knowledge, specialized skills, experience, and committed attitudes related to cardiovascular prevention has exceeded core cardiology training, the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) has placed major emphasis on continuous education and training of physicians and allied professionals involved in cardiovascular prevention, with the aim of setting standards for practice and improving quality of care. The EAPC recognizes the need for comprehensive educational offer across different levels of training (from core cardiology to sub-specialty to expert training) as well as the need for interdisciplinary approaches that will promote synergies among allied professionals involved in cardiovascular prevention. This statement by the EAPC aims to highlight current gaps and unmet needs, and to describe the framework to help standardize, structure, and deliver comprehensive, up-to-date, interactive, high-quality education using a combination of traditional and novel educational tools. The document aims to form the basis for ongoing refinements of the EAPC educational offer, with the ultimate goal to ensure that new evidence in the field will translate to better cardiovascular practice and improved outcomes for our patients.

Pulmonary hypertension during exercise underlies unexplained exertional dyspnoea in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

AIMS: To compare the cardiac function and pulmonary vascular function during exercise between dyspnoeic and non-dyspnoeic patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-seven T2DM patients with unexplained dyspnoea and 50 asymptomatic T2DM patients underwent exercise echocardiography combined with ergospirometry. Left ventricular (LV) function [stroke volume, cardiac output (CO), LV ejection fraction, systolic annular velocity (s')], estimated LV filling pressures (E/e'), mean pulmonary arterial pressures (mPAPs) and mPAP/COslope were assessed at rest, low- and high-intensity exercise with colloid contrast. Groups had similar patient characteristics, glycemic control, stroke volume, CO, LV ejection fraction, and E/e' (P > 0.05). The dyspnoeic group had significantly lower systolic LV reserve at peak exercise (s') (P = 0.021) with a significant interaction effect (P < 0.001). The dyspnoeic group also had significantly higher mPAP and mPAP/CO at rest and exercise (P < 0.001) with significant interaction for mPAP (P < 0.009) and insignificant for mPAP/CO (P = 0.385). There was no significant difference in mPAP/COslope between groups (P = 0.706). However, about 61% of dyspnoeic vs. 30% of non-dyspnoeic group had mPAP/COslope > 3 (P = 0.009). The mPAP/COslope negatively predicted V̇O2peak in dyspneic group (ß = -1.86, 95% CI: -2.75, -0.98; multivariate model R2:0.54). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary hypertension and less LV systolic reserve detected by exercise echocardiography with colloid contrast underlie unexplained exertional dyspnoea and reduced exercise capacity in T2DM.

How to optimize the adherence to a guideline-directed medical therapy in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases: a clinical consensus statement from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology.

A key factor to successful secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is optimal patient adherence to treatment. However, unsatisfactory rates of adherence to treatment for CVD risk factors and CVD have been observed consistently over the last few decades. Hence, achieving optimal adherence to lifestyle measures and guideline-directed medical therapy in secondary prevention and rehabilitation is a great challenge to many healthcare professionals. Therefore, in this European Association of Preventive Cardiology clinical consensus document, a modern reappraisal of the adherence to optimal treatment is provided, together with simple, practical, and feasible suggestions to achieve this goal in the clinical setting, focusing on evidence-based concepts.

Impact of activity trackers on secondary prevention in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is related to high rates of morbidity and mortality among cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Activity trackers have been used in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in the last years. However, their effectiveness to influence outcomes after CAD is debated. This review summarizes the latest data of impact of activity trackers on CVD risk and outcomes: peak oxygen consumption (VO2), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), quality of life (QoL), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). METHODS AND RESULTS: Articles from 1986 to 2020 in English were searched by electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase). Inclusion criteria were: randomized controlled trials of CAD secondary prevention using an activity tracker which include at least peak VO2, MACE, QoL, or LDL-C as outcomes. Meta-analysis was performed. After removing duplicates, 604 articles were included and the screening identified a total of 11 articles. Compared to control groups, intervention groups with activity trackers significantly increased peak VO2 [mean difference 1.54; 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.50-2.57); P = 0.004] and decreased MACE [risk ratio 0.51; 95% CI (0.31-0.86); P = 0.01]. Heterogeneity was low (I2 = 0%) for MACE and high (I2 = 51%) for peak VO2. Intervention with an activity tracker also has positive impact on QoL. There was no between-group difference in LDL-C. CONCLUSION: CR using activity trackers has a positive and multi-faceted effect on peak VO2, MACE, and QoL in patients with CAD.

Efficacy of digital health interventions on depression and anxiety in patients with cardiac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aims: Depression and anxiety have a detrimental effect on the health outcomes of patients with heart disease. Digital health interventions (DHIs) could offer a solution to treat depression and anxiety in patients with heart disease, but evidence of its efficacy remains scarce. This review summarizes the latest data about the impact of DHIs on depression/anxiety in patients with cardiac disease. Methods and results: Articles from 2000 to 2021 in English were searched through electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase). Articles were included if they incorporated a randomized controlled trial design for patients with cardiac disease and used DHIs in which depression or anxiety was set as outcomes. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. A total of 1675 articles were included and the screening identified a total of 17 articles. Results indicated that telemonitoring systems have a beneficial effect on depression [standardized mean difference for depression questionnaire score -0.78 (P = 0.07), -0.55 (P < 0.001), for with and without involving a psychological intervention, respectively]. Results on PC or cell phone-based psychosocial education and training have also a beneficial influence on depression [standardized mean difference for depression questionnaire score -0.49 (P = 0.009)]. Conclusion: Telemonitoring systems for heart failure and PC/cell phone-based psychosocial education and training for patients with heart failure or coronary heart disease had a beneficial effect especially on depression. Regarding telemonitoring for heart failure, this effect was reached even without incorporating a specific psychological intervention. These results illustrate the future potential of DHIs for mental health in cardiology.

Exercise capacity is related to attenuated responses in oxygen extraction and left ventricular longitudinal strain in asymptomatic type 2 diabetes patients.

AIMS: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with reduced exercise capacity and cardiovascular diseases, both increasing morbidity and risk for premature death. As exercise intolerance often relates to cardiac dysfunction, it remains to be elucidated to what extent such an interplay occurs in T2DM patients without overt cardiovascular diseases. Design: Cross-sectional study, NCT03299790. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty-three T2DM patients underwent exercise echocardiography (semi-supine bicycle) with combined ergospirometry. Cardiac output (CO), left ventricular longitudinal strain (LS), oxygen uptake (O2), and oxygen (O2) extraction were assessed simultaneously at rest, low-intensity exercise, and high-intensity exercise. Glycaemic control and lipid profile were assessed in the fasted state. Participants were assigned according to their exercise capacity being adequate or impaired (EXadequate: O2peak <80% and EXimpaired: O2peak ≥80% of predicted O2peak) to compare O2 extraction, CO, and LS at all stages. Thirty-eight participants (EXimpaired: n = 20 and EXadequate: n = 18) were included in the analyses. Groups were similar regarding HbA1c, age, and sex (P > 0.05). At rest, CO was similar in the EXimpaired group vs. EXadequate group (5.1 ± 1 L/min vs. 4.6 ± 1.4 L/min, P > 0.05) and increased equally during exercise. EXimpaired patients displayed a 30.7% smaller increase in O2 extraction during exercise compared to the EXadequate group (P = 0.016) which resulted in a lower O2 extraction at high-intensity exercise (12.5 ± 2.8 mL/dL vs. 15.3 ± 3.9 mL/dL, P = 0.012). Left ventricular longitudinal strain was similar at rest but increased significantly less in the EXimpaired vs. EXadequate patients (1.9 ± 2.5% vs. 5.9 ± 4.1%, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: In asymptomatic T2DM patients, an impaired exercise capacity is associated with an impaired response in oxygen extraction and myocardial deformation (LS). TRIAL REGISTRY: Effect of High-intensity Interval Training on Cardiac Function and Regulation of Glycemic Control in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03299790).

Use of cardiac telerehabilitation during COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many cardiac rehabilitation centres to focus more on the remote delivery of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) components. This increased focus and the lessons learned from this period could enhance the implementation of telerehabilitation and increase the participation in CR in Belgium. METHODS: We conducted a survey between April and May 2020 about the implementation of telerehabilitation services during the COVID-19 pandemic. The electronic questionnaire was sent via email to the heads of 42 Belgian CR centres. Three reminders via email were sent during the study period. RESULTS: 27 CR centres (64%) returned completed questionnaires after three mailings. 52% of the CR centres provided remote CR services during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. All CR centres that provided remote CR services delivered exercise training. The most used medium to deliver the CR components were online videos (71%) followed by online information on the website (64%) and emails (64%). CONCLUSION: It is interesting that the COVID-19 pandemic has encouraged many CR centres to implement remote delivery of CR components. This can help to speed up the research and implementation of telerehabilitation in daily clinical practice. The COVID-19 pandemic could be the push for a large multicentre implementation study that could prove that telerehabilitation is feasible and effective in the Belgian setting.