Effect of perioperative hyperglycemia on surgical site infection in abdominal surgery: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Surgical site infection (SSI) remains one of the most frequent complications in abdominal surgery, and hyperglycemia prevention is recommended as a measure to reduce this type of infection. The aims of this study were to estimate the incidence of SSI and to identify the effect of perioperative hyperglycemia on the incidence of this type of infection in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. METHODS: We enrolled 484 abdominal surgery patients ≥ 18 years of age, recruited between July 2016 and May 2017. Data were collected through structured interviews and patient assessments in the perioperative period and at the surgical outpatient clinic (30th day after surgery). Crude and adjusted models were built to identify the effect of hyperglycemia on SSI. RESULTS: The incidence rate of SSI was 20.25%. The attributable fraction for patients exposed to hyperglycemia was >60%. In the multivariable analysis, patients with hyperglycemia, at the end of the surgery and 12 hours later, were more likely to develop this type of infection (relative risk = 1.89 and 2.17, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative hyperglycemia was identified as an independent risk factor for SSI. The evidence generated reinforces the importance of proper glycemic control management in the perioperative period for the prevention of SSI.

Percutaneous injuries correlates in the nursing team of a Brazilian tertiary-care university hospital.

The study aims to identify percutaneous injuries correlates in the nursing team from a Brazilian tertiary-care hospital. A case-control study was conducted from January 2003 to July 2004, including 200 cases and 200 controls. Cases and controls were paired by gender, professional category, and work section. To evaluate the relationship between potential risk/protective factors and the outcome, odds ratios were estimated, using multivariate logistic regression methods. The results shown six predictors of percutaneous injuries: "recapping needles" (OR 9.48; CI(95%): 5.29-16.96); "hours worked per week > 50 hours" (OR 2.47; CI(95%): 1.07-5.67); "years in nursing practice < 5 years" (OR 6.70; CI(95%): 2.42-18.53); "work shift in night" (OR 2.77; CI(95%): 1.35-5.70); "low self evaluation of risk" (OR 10.19; CI(95%): 3.67-28.32) and "previous percutaneous injuries" (OR 3.14; CI(95%): 1.80-5.48). The results support the recommendation of applying effective strategies to prevent percutaneous injuries in the nursing team working on tertiary-care institutions.

Impact of the Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination program on HIB meningitis in Brazil.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB) in Brazil on the morbidity, mortality, and case fatality of HIB meningitis, using the Ministry of Health database and population data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística--IBGE). Impact was evaluated through a time series analysis (1983-2002), using regression forecasting (RF) by dividing the time series into two periods: (a) historical (1983-1998) and (b) validation (1999-2002). Impact of the vaccination was positive, although more significant for incidence and mortality than for case fatality rates.

Role of Primary Health Care in child hospitalization due to pneumonia: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE:: to evaluate the association of primary health care and other potential factors in relation to hospitalization due to pneumonia, among children aged under five years. METHOD:: epidemiological study with a case-control, hospital-based design, which included 345 cases and 345 controls, matched according to gender, age and hospital. Data were collected using a pre-coded questionnaire and the Primary Care Assessment Tool, analyzed by means of multivariate logistic regression, following the assumptions of a hierarchical approach. RESULTS:: the protective factors were: family income >US$216.12 (OR=0.68), weight gain during pregnancy ≥10 kg (OR=0.68), quality of Primary Health Care (OR for scores >3.41=0.57; OR for scores >3.17 and ≤3.41=0.50), gastro-esophageal reflux (OR=0.55), overweight (OR=0.37) and birth interval ≥48 months (OR=0.28). The risk factors included: parity (2 childbirths: OR=4.60; ≥3 childbirths: OR=3.25), out-of-date vaccination (OR=2.81), undernutrition (OR=2.53), history of wheezing (≥3 episodes OR=2.37; 1 episode: OR=2.13), attendance at daycare center (OR=1.67), and use of medicines over the past month (OR=1.67). CONCLUSION:: primary health care and its child health care practices, such as nutritional monitoring, immunization, care to prevalent illnesses, prenatal care and family planning need to be prioritized to avoid child hospitalization due to pneumonia.

[Trends in Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in Brazil in children under five years of age from 1983 through 2002]. / Tendência das meningites por Haemophilus influenzae tipo b no Brasil, em menores de 5 anos, no período de 1983 a 2002.

The study was based on an ecological design using a historical time series (1983-2002), related to Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in Brazil. Incidence, mortality and case-fatality rates, as well as trends in incidence and morbidity-mortality were estimated in children less than 5 years of age. Polynomial regression analysis was used to analyze trends, adopting a significance level of 0.05. 43.9% of confirmed cases occurred in infants less than 1 year old and 38.7% in children 1-4 years old. The observed rates were also highest in these two age strata. The incidence and mortality rates showed an increasing trend, until approximately 1999, when a quick decline was observed. The study results reinforce the effectiveness of the Vaccination Program against HIB in Brazil, which benefited age ranges that did not receive the vaccine (Herd Immunity).

[Prevalence of overweight and obesity, and associated factors in school children from urban area in Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico, 2004]. / Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade e fatores associados em escolares de área urbana de Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México, 2004.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rates for overweight and obesity among Mexican schoolchildren, identifying factors associated with the outcomes. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample consisting of 700 schoolchildren. Prevalence rates were calculated according to age and gender, and odds ratios were estimated by point and intervals, using multivariate logistic regression. Overweight and obesity prevalence were 28.1% and 13.7%, respectively. Risk factors for overweight were: mother's schooling (in years); eating while studying or watching TV; scores for risk food items > or = 12 points; sedentary activities > or = 1.6 hours/day, and birth weight > or = 2,890 grams. Obesity risk factors were similar to those related to overweight. Higher frequency of sport activities was detected as a protective factor in both outcomes. The associated factors for overweight and obesity highlighted the focus for health programs to prevent chronic diseases in this population, for which risk factors can already be identified in childhood.

Social vulnerability effect over obesity anthropometric indexes: results from population-based epidemiological study. / O efeito da vulnerabilidade social sobre indicadores antropométricos de obesidade: resultados de estudo epidemiológico de base populacional.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed at evaluating the contextual effects of social vulnerability over anthropometric indexes related to global and central obesity in adults living in Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil, in 2006. METHODS: In a population-based cross-sectional study using multistage sampling, multilevel linear models were applied considering two levels: ecological and individual. The 81 census tracts drafted for sample composition were considered the ecological level and classified according to Paulista Social Vulnerability Index (IPVS). RESULTS: Individual correlates to body mass index (BMI) were age, familial and personal antecedents of overweight, and total fat consumption (direct relationship), exception to gender and schooling (inverse relationship). Individual correlates to waist circumference were age, familial antecedents of stroke, personal antecedent of overweight, BMI, number of medicines taken, time of smoking, and diet total energy (direct relationship), exception to gender (inverse relationship). Considering both outcomes (BMI and waist circumference), in the final models, the variance of IPVS showed statistical significance (p < 0.05), depicting the contextual effect (rho ≈ 8%) over global and central obesity, even after the adjustment for individual correlates. CONCLUSION: Results showed that interventions to promote healthy behaviors and to prevent obesity might be focused not only on individual factors but also on socioenvironmental context in which people are inserted.

The independent effect of chronic diseases, sociodemographic and behavioral factors related to disability in older people living in Ribeirão Preto, SP, 2007 - The EPIDCV Project.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence and correlates of functional disability in elderly people living in Ribeirão Preto, SP. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional population-based epidemiological study with multistage sampling. Design effect was corrected using a weighted sample composed by 536 elderly people. Disability based on daily living activities dependence (outcome) was assessed by using a validated questionnaire for population-based epidemiological studies. Points and 95% confidence intervals estimated crude and stratified prevalence rates of the outcome according to sociodemographic, behavioral, health-related, and self-reported morbidity variables. To identify the correlates, the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The crude prevalence of disability was 50.31%. In the multivariate models, after simultaneous intra-group adjustment (final models), the following variables remained independently associated with the outcome: sociodemographic (age, education, and contribution to familiar income); behavioral (daily mean of sitting time); health-related factors (hypertension, ischemic heart disease, medicines taken, and low cognitive performance); and self-reported morbidity (number of diseases and low hearing performance). CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of disability among elderly people in Ribeirão Preto and the presence of modifiable variables impose the need for specific health promotion and prevention measures, aiming a better quality of life for this population group, which is already well represented in the city's most recent population pyramids.

The independent effect of central obesity on hypertension in adults living in Ribeirão Preto, SP, 2007. EPIDCV Project.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of hypertension and evaluate the independent effect of central obesity on this outcome in adults living in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based epidemiological study using three stage cluster sampling. The variability introduced in the third stage was corrected by attributing probability weights, resulting in a weighted sample of 2,471 participants. Hypertension was defined according to the disease history, the use of anti-hypertensive drugs or the mean of three consecutive measures, in mm/Hg, ≥ 140 for systolic and ≥ 90 for diastolic blood pressure. Prevalence of hypertension was estimated according to anthropometric, sociodemographic, behavioral and dietetic variables, as well as biochemical dosages and medication use. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios for central obesity indices were estimated using Poisson regression. All the estimates were calculated taking into account the sampling design effect. RESULTS: The results showed high prevalence of hypertension: 32.8 (males) and 44.5% (females). In the final models, central obesity indexes were consistently associated with the outcome, in both genders. CONCLUSION: The results pointed out the need of planning health promotion and prevention, in order to control hypertension and central obesity aiming to reduce end-point events like coronary heart disease and stroke.

Control of diabetes and fibrinogen levels as well as improvement in health care might delay low cognitive performance in societies aging progressively.

OBJECTIVE: To know the prevalence and factors associated to low cognitive performance in a representative sample of the adult population in a society aging progressively. METHOD: Cross-sectional population-based study carried out in a three-stage sampling: 81 census tracts (primary sampling unity) were randomly selected, followed by 1,672 households and 2,471 participants (weighted sample) corresponding to the second and third stages, respectively. The outcome prevalence was calculated according sociodemographic, behavioral and health related variables. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of low cognitive performance was high, mainly among females, and indicated linear trends into categories of age, schooling, income, plasma fibrinogen and self-reported health status. In multivariate models, gender, diabetes, fibrinogen and self-reported health status presented positive associations, while schooling, employment and sitting time presented negative associations with the outcome. CONCLUSION: Interventions related to diabetes and fibrinogen levels control as well as improvement in health care might delay low cognitive performance in societies aging progressively as such the study population.

[Low-income senior citizens in the Municipality of São Carlos, São Paulo State, Brazil: an epidemiological survey]. / O perfil do idoso de baixa renda no Município de São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil: um estudo epidemiológico.

This study focuses on the health profile of the elderly population in Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, in 2003. The study population consisted of a sample over 60 years of age (n = 523) registered with the Family Health Program and the Unified National Health System. Point and interval prevalence of disabilities and chronic non-communicable diseases and cognitive status were estimated (95%CI). The study population was predominantly female with low education; 24.8% lacked any kind of retirement pension; 43.6% presented a low level of social integration; 46.7% required some form of help for 1 to 3 routine activities; 74.9% presented 1 to 5 chronic non-communicable diseases; and 56.2% scored under 24 on a cognitive test. Some 87.0% had sought health care and 22.4% required some kind of inpatient care. The results confirmed the need for improved professional training, adequacy of health services, and effective public policy to provide qualified health care for the elderly population.

Sex-specific differences in prevalence and in the factors associated to the search for health services in a population based epidemiological study.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the access to health care services and associated factors in adults living in the city of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, in 2007. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based epidemiological study with a sample developed in three stages. The variability introduced in the third sampling fraction was corrected by the attribution of weights, resulting in a sample of 2,471 participants. The outcome prevalence was estimated according to socio-demographic, behavioral and health-related variables. In order to identify associated factors, the regression of Poisson was used, obtaining crude and adjusted prevalence ratios. All estimates were calculated taking into account the effect of the sampling design. RESULTS: The outcome prevalence increased according to the age, being higher in female individuals. A different set of variables remained in the final models, considering each gender separately. Among men, the monthly income > R$ 1,400.00; scores > 823.6 to the Economic Indicator of Ribeirão Preto (IERP) and daily average of sitting down time (154.4 - 240 min/day) constituted themselves into protective factors, whereas the increase of age and scholarship, hospitalization, diabetes and hypertension constituted risk factors for the use of the services. Among women, health self-reported as regular, hospitalization, diabetes and hypertension characterized factors positively associated to the outcome at matter. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the need for planning actions aimed at capturing male individuals, as well as the revaluation of detection and control of diabetes and hypertension programs, aimed at the primary prevention of terminal cardiovascular events.

Comparison between the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the American College of Sports Medicine/American Heart Association criteria to classify the physical activity profile in adults.

OBJECTIVE: the study aims to evaluate the reproducibility between the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the American College of Sports Medicine/American Heart Association criteria to classify the physical activity profile in an adult population living in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. METHODS: population-based cross-sectional study, including 930 adults of both genders. The reliability was evaluated by Kappa statistics, estimated according to socio-demographic strata. RESULTS: the kappa estimates showed good agreement between the two criteria in all strata. However, higher prevalence of "actives" was found by using the American College of Sports Medicine/American Heart Association. CONCLUSIONS: although the estimates have indicated good agreement, the findings suggest caution in choosing the criteria to classify physical activity profile mainly when "walking" is the main modality of physical activity.

[Dyslipidemia and correlates in adults living in Ribeirão Preto, SP: results of the EPIDCV Project]. / Dislipidemia e fatores associados em adultos residentes em Ribeirão Preto, SP: resultados do Projeto EPIDCV.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and correlates of dyslipidemia in adults living in the city of Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, in 2007. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based epidemiological study was carried out using a three-stage cluster sampling. The variability introduced in the third sampling fraction was corrected, resulting in a weighted sample of 2,471 participants. Dyslipidemia prevalence, defined as abnormal values in at least one of four lipid fractions was estimated in both genders, according sociodemographic, behavioral, and health-related variables. To identify correlates, prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression, in crude and adjusted models. All the estimates were calculated taking into account the sampling design effect. RESULTS: High prevalence of dyslipidemia was found (61.9%; CI(95%): 58.5%-65.3%). Income and fiber consumption, in males, and sitting time and saturated fatty acids, in females, were kept in the final models, as well as age and central obesity, which were consistently associated with the outcome, in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Public intervention policies toward the adoption of healthy food consumption, as well as control central obesity and sedentary behavior might contribute to decrease the prevalence of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Ribeirão Preto.

[Ischemic heart disease and correlates in adults from Ribeirão Preto, Brazil]. / Doença isquêmica do coração e fatores associados em adultos de Ribeirão Preto, SP.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and correlates in an adult population. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based epidemiological study including a weighted sample of 2,471 adults of both sexes and with age 30 years or older residing in Ribeirão Preto, Southeastern Brazil, in 2007. The Rose Questionnaire was administered, and IHD prevalence was calculated with point estimates and 95% confidence intervals. To identify correlates (sociodemographic, cardiovascular risk factors, and those related to access to health services and to physical activity level), crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: IHD prevalence was higher in females than males at all age strata. In the final model, the following variables were independently associated with IHD: work status (PR= 0.54 [0.37;0.78]); family history of IHD (PR=1.55 [1.12;2.13]); hypertension (PR= 1.70 [1.18;2.46]); self-reported health status (PR=2.15 [1.40;3.31]); smoking duration (third tertile) (PR= 1.73 [1.08;2.76]); adjusted waist circumference (PR=1.79 [1.21;2.65]) and hypertriglyceridemia (PR=1.48 [1.05;2.10]). Linear trend test of PR across self-reported health status categories was statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of IHD was found, and the factors associated with the outcome are almost all modifiable and potentially influenced by public policy interventions.

Role of Primary Health Care in child hospitalization due to pneumonia: a case-control study / Papel da Atenção Primária à Saúde na hospitalização de crianças por pneumonia: um estudo caso-controle / El papel de la Atención Primaria de Salud en la hospitalización de niños debido a neumonía: un estudio caso-control

Objective: to evaluate the association of primary health care and other potential factors in relation to hospitalization due to pneumonia, among children aged under five years. Method: epidemiological study with a case-control, hospital-based design, which included 345 cases and 345 controls, matched according to gender, age and hospital. Data were collected using a pre-coded questionnaire and the Primary Care Assessment Tool, analyzed by means of multivariate logistic regression, following the assumptions of a hierarchical approach. Results: the protective factors were: family income >US$216.12 (OR=0.68), weight gain during pregnancy ≥10 kg (OR=0.68), quality of Primary Health Care (OR for scores >3.41=0.57; OR for scores >3.17 and ≤3.41=0.50), gastro-esophageal reflux (OR=0.55), overweight (OR=0.37) and birth interval ≥48 months (OR=0.28). The risk factors included: parity (2 childbirths: OR=4.60; ≥3 childbirths: OR=3.25), out-of-date vaccination (OR=2.81), undernutrition (OR=2.53), history of wheezing (≥3 episodes OR=2.37; 1 episode: OR=2.13), attendance at daycare center (OR=1.67), and use of medicines over the past month (OR=1.67). Conclusion: primary health care and its child health care practices, such as nutritional monitoring, immunization, care to prevalent illnesses, prenatal care and family planning need to be prioritized to avoid child hospitalization due to pneumonia.

Objetivo: avaliar a associação da atenção primária à saúde e de outros potenciais fatores em relação à hospitalização por pneumonia, em crianças menores de cinco anos de idade. Método: Estudo epidemiológico tipo caso-controle de base hospitalar, que incluiu 345 casos e 345 controles, pareados de acordo com sexo, idade e hospital. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário pré-codificado e do Instrumento de Avaliação da Atenção Primária à Saúde, sendo analisados por meio da regressão logística multivariada, seguindo os pressupostos da abordagem hierarquizada. Resultados: os fatores de proteção identificados foram: renda familiar >US $ 216,12 (OR=0,68), ganho de peso durante a gravidez ≥10 kg (OR=0,68), qualidade da atenção primária à saúde (OR para escores >3,4 =0,57; e ≤3,41=0,50), refluxo gastro-esofágico (OR=0,55), excesso de peso (OR=0,37) e intervalo interpartal ≥48 meses (OR=0,28). Os fatores de risco consistiram em: paridade (2 partos: OR=4,60; ≥3 partos: OR=3,25), situação vacinal desatualizada (OR=2,81), desnutrição (OR=2,53), história de sibilância (≥3 episódios OR=2,37; 1 episódio: OR=2,13), frequência à creche (OR=1,67) e uso de medicamentos no último mês (OR=1,67). Conclusão: a atenção primária à saúde e suas práticas de cuidado da criança - como seguimento nutricional, imunização, atenção às doenças prevalentes, assistência pré-natal e planejamento familiar - constituem ações prioritárias para evitar hospitalizações de crianças por pneumonia.

Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre la atención primaria de salud y otros factores potenciales relacionados a la hospitalización debido a neumonía entre niños menores de cinco años. Método: estudio epidemiológico con diseño caso-control hospitalario, abarcando 345 casos y 345 controles, pareados según género, edad y hospital. Para la recolecta de datos fue utilizado un cuestionario pre-codificado y el Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT), siendo analisados con regresión logística multivariada, siguiendo las premisas de una aproximación jerárquica. Resultados: los factores de protección fueron: renta familiar >US$216,12 (OR=0,68), gaño de peso durante el embarazo ≥10 kg (OR=0,68), calidad de la Atención Primaria de Salud (OR para puntuaciones >3,41=0,57; OR para puntuaciones >3,17 y ≤3,41=0,50), reflujo gastroesofágico (OR=0,55), sobrepeso (OR=0,37) y intervalo de nacimiento ≥48 meses (OR=0,28). Los factores de riesgo abarcaron: paridad (2 nacimientos: OR=4,60; ≥3 nacimientos: OR=3,25), vacunación expirada (OR=2,81), subnutrición (OR=2,53), historia de sibilancias (≥3 episodios OR=2,37; 1 episodio: OR=2,13), asistencia a jardín maternal (OR=1,67) y uso de medicamentos en el último mes (OR=1,67). Conclusión: la atención primaria de salud y sus prácticas de atención a la salud del niño, tales como el monitoreo nutricional, inmunización, cuidado a las enfermedades prevalentes, atención prenatal y planificación familiar deben ser priorizadas para evitar la hospitalización de niños debido a la neumonía.

[Alcohol addiction and associated factors in adults in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2006: the OBEDIARP project]. / Dependência de álcool e fatores associados em adultos residentes em Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil, 2006: projeto OBEDIARP.

This study aims to estimate the prevalence and severity of alcohol addiction and to identify associated factors. A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil, in 2006. Prevalence estimates were based on AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test). Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated, and the outcome variable was classified in two levels: (1) scores = 0-7; and (2) scores = 8-40. Overall prevalence of alcohol addiction was 20.18% (43.47% in men and 10.18% in women). In the final model, the following variables were associated with alcohol addiction: gender, age, schooling, marital and work status, smoking, religion, and self-rated health. Prevalence of alcohol addiction was high, especially among men. The results should contribute to the adoption of health promotion and prevention strategies, considering the consequences of alcohol addiction.

O efeito da vulnerabilidade social sobre indicadores antropométricos de obesidade: resultados de estudo epidemiológico de base populacional / Social vulnerability effect over obesity anthropometric indexes: results from population-based epidemiological study

RESUMO: Objetivo: O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da vulnerabilidade social sobre os indicadores antropométricos de obesidade global e central em adultos (30 anos ou mais) de Ribeirão Preto (SP), 2006. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra complexa, desenvolvida em três estágios. Modelos lineares multinível foram construídos em dois níveis: ecológico e individual. Os 81 setores censitários sorteados para a amostra compuseram o nível ecológico e foram classificados segundo o Índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social (IPVS). Resultados: Fatores de nível individual que apresentaram relação direta com o índice de massa corporal (IMC): idade, antecedentes familiares e pessoais de excesso de peso e consumo de lipídios, com exceção de sexo e escolaridade (relação inversa). Fatores de nível individual que apresentaram relação direta com a circunferência da cintura (Ccint): idade, antecedentes familiares de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), história pessoal de excesso de peso, IMC, número de medicamentos, tempo de tabagismo e energia total da dieta, com exceção da variável sexo (relação inversa). Para ambos os desfechos (IMC e Ccint), a variância do IPVS nos modelos finais apresentou significância estatística (p < 0,05) revelando o efeito contextual (rho ≈ 8%) da vulnerabilidade social sobre os indicadores de obesidade, mesmo após ajustamento para variáveis de nível individual. Conclusão: Os achados apontam para a necessidade de ações de promoção de hábitos saudáveis e de prevenção da obesidade, direcionadas não apenas aos fatores de nível individual, mas ao contexto socioambiental onde os indivíduos estão inseridos.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: The study aimed at evaluating the contextual effects of social vulnerability over anthropometric indexes related to global and central obesity in adults living in Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil, in 2006. Methods: In a population-based cross-sectional study using multistage sampling, multilevel linear models were applied considering two levels: ecological and individual. The 81 census tracts drafted for sample composition were considered the ecological level and classified according to Paulista Social Vulnerability Index (IPVS). Results: Individual correlates to body mass index (BMI) were age, familial and personal antecedents of overweight, and total fat consumption (direct relationship), exception to gender and schooling (inverse relationship). Individual correlates to waist circumference were age, familial antecedents of stroke, personal antecedent of overweight, BMI, number of medicines taken, time of smoking, and diet total energy (direct relationship), exception to gender (inverse relationship). Considering both outcomes (BMI and waist circumference), in the final models, the variance of IPVS showed statistical significance (p < 0.05), depicting the contextual effect (rho ≈ 8%) over global and central obesity, even after the adjustment for individual correlates. Conclusion: Results showed that interventions to promote healthy behaviors and to prevent obesity might be focused not only on individual factors but also on socioenvironmental context in which people are inserted.

Physical activity and correlates among adults living in Ribeirão Preto, Southeastern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To identify physical activity patterns and associated factors among adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based epidemiological study was conducted in Ribeirão Preto, Southeastern Brazil, in 2006, with a three-stage sampling process. Physical activity patterns were assessed in a weighted sample of 2,197 adults aged 30 years and over, using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short version), which has been validated in Brazil. Associated factors were identified using Poisson regression. Prevalence ratios were estimated through points and 95% confidence intervals, in univariate and multiple models. Insufficient versus sufficient practice of physical activity was taken to be the outcome for calculating prevalence ratios. RESULTS: Sufficient practice of physical activity was presented by 37.5% of the men and 32.1% of the women. The prevalence of insufficient practice was higher than the prevalence of sufficient practice in practically all the categories of variables, for both sexes. Different variables remained in the final models when males and females were considered separately. For males, the following remained in the final model: working for more than ten hours/day [PR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.07;1.57]; three or more medications taken over the last 15 days [PR = 1.56; 95%CI: 1.16;2.08]; and poor/very poor self-reported health [PR = 1.54; 95%CI: 1.01;2.34]. For females, the following remained: education level of one to three years of schooling [PR = 1.20; 95%CI: 1.02;1.41]; not having any income [PR = 0.78; 95%CI: 0.66-0.93]; and income less than R$ 520.00 [PR = 0.74; 95%CI: 0.60;0.90]. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of insufficient practice of physical activity was high. The results suggest that there is a need to implement specific programs to promote physical activity, directed towards men who work for more than ten hours/day, take three or more medications and consider that their health is poor or very poor; and towards women of low income and schooling levels.

[Nutritional and socioeconomic status in adults living in Ribeirão Preto, SP, 2006. OBEDIARP Project]. / Estado nutricional e fatores sociodemográficos em adultos residentes em Ribeirão Preto, SP, 2006. Projeto OBEDIARP.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate overweight and obesity prevalence, and socioeconomic correlates in adults living in Ribeirão Preto city - SP, Brazil, in 2006. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based epidemiological study was carried out in adults aged 30 years and older using three-stage cluster sampling: 81 census tracts were firstly selected, followed by 1,671 households and 1,205 individuals. The variability introduced in the third sampling fraction (individuals assortment) was corrected, resulting in a weighted sample of 2,197 participants. The nutritional status was classified in three categories (normal, overweight and obesity) according the Body Mass Index (BMI) cut-offs recommended by World Health Organization-2000 criteria. To investigate the nutritional status correlates, prevalence ratios were estimated by points and 95% confidence intervals, using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Overweight prevalence was higher in male (49.7%) than female (33.7%), whereas the obesity prevalence was higher in female (27.5%) than male (19.1%). In the final model, considering "overweight" as the outcome, the following variables were positively associated: the last two strata of age: "50-59" and "60 and older"; the "1st tertile" of income, and living "with partner". Females presented a protective effect compared to males. Considering "obesity", all the "age categories" and "marital status" were positively associated to the outcome. CONCLUSION: Along with the high overweight and obesity prevalences in Ribeirão Preto, the detection of different sets of socioeconomic correlates pointed out the need of specific intervention strategies, focused on health promotion and chronic-degenerative diseases prevention in the population.