Identification, evolution and alternative splicing profile analysis of the splicing factor 30 (SPF30) in plant species.

MAIN CONCLUSION: The work offers a comprehensive evaluation on the phylogenetics and conservation of splicing patterns of the plant SPF30 splicing factor gene family. In eukaryotes, one pre-mRNA can generate multiple mRNA transcripts by alternative splicing (AS), which expands transcriptome and proteome diversity. Splicing factor 30 (SPF30), also known as survival motor neuron domain containing protein 1 (SMNDC1), is a spliceosomal protein that plays an essential role in spliceosomal assembly. Although SPF30 genes have been well characterised in human and yeast, little is known about their homologues in plants. Here, we report the genome-wide identification and phylogenetic analysis of SPF30 genes in the plant kingdom. In total, 82 SPF30 genes were found in 64 plant species from algae to land plants. Alternative transcripts were found in many SPF30 genes and splicing profile analysis revealed that the second intron in SPF30 genome is frequently associated with AS events and contributed to the birth of novel exons in a few SPF30 members. In addition, different conserved sequences were observed at these putative splice sites among moss, monocots and dicots, respectively. Our findings will facilitate further functional characterization of plant SPF30 genes as putative splicing factors.

Time-dependent functional, morphological, and molecular changes in diabetic bladder dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

AIM: Diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) is one of the most common and bothersome complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aimed to investigate the functional, structural, and molecular changes of the bladder at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after DM induction by streptozotocin (STZ) in male C57BL/6 mice. METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were injected with STZ (130 mg/kg). Then, diabetic general characteristics, cystometry test, histomorphometry, and contractile responses to α, ß-methylene ATP, KCl, electrical-field stimulation, carbachol were performed at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after induction. Finally, protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of myosin Va and SLC17A9 were quantified. RESULTS: DM mice exhibited lower body weight, voiding efficiency and higher water intake, urine production, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, bladder wall thickness, maximum bladder capacity, residual volume, bladder compliance. In particular, nonvoiding contractions has increased more than five times at 6 weeks. And the amplitudes of spontaneous activity, contractile responses to all stimulus was about two times higher at 6 weeks but cut almost in half at 12 weeks. The protein and mRNA expressions of myosin Va and SLC17A9 were about two times higher at 6 weeks, but myosin Va was reverted nearly 40% while SLC17A9 is still higher at 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: DBD transitioned from a compensated state to a decompensated state in STZ-induced DM mice at 9 to 12 weeks after DM induction. Our molecular data suggest that the transition may be closely related to the alterations of myosin Va and SLC17A9 expression levels in the bladder with time.

[Mechanism of anti-Helicobacter pylori urease activity of patchouli alcohol].

To investigate the effect of patchouli alcohol on inhibiting Helicobater pylori urease activity, and its effect on expression levels of related genes, and lay the foundation for further research on the effect of patchouli alcohol on H. pylori colonization and infection. H. pyloriwas cultured and identified by gram staining, rapid urease test (RUT) and PCR method. Then agar dilution method was used to detect the bacterial survival after 1 h intervention by different concentrations of patchouli alcoholin the acidic (pH 5.3) and neutral (pH 7.0) conditions; berthelot method was used to detect urease activity and RT-qPCR method was used to detect the expression changes of ureA, ureB, ureE, ureH, ureI, and nixA related urease genes. The results showed that the survival rate of H. pyloriwas not significantly changed but the urease activity was obviously decreased after intervention by different concentrations of patchouli alcohol; meanwhile, the expression levels of ureA, ureB, ureE, ureH, ureI, and nixA were decreased to different degrees. Therefore, patchouli alcohol could inhibit H. pylori urease activity in both acidic and neutral conditions, and the mechanism may be related to down-regulation of urease gene expression.

Flexible change and cooperation between mitochondrial electron transport and cytosolic glycolysis as the basis for chilling tolerance in tomato plants.

To find if cytosolic glycolysis dynamical metabolism plays a role in mediating respiration homeostasis and its relationship with mitochondrial electron transport chain (miETC) flexibility, we selected two tomato genotypes that differ in chilling tolerance and compared the responses of miETC, cytosolic glycolysis and respiratory homeostasis at 7 °C. Our results showed that the transcripts of both classical and bypass component genes for miETC and glycolysis were comparable for both genotypes when grown at 25 °C. However, there was a rapid global increase in the expression of most respiratory genes in response to chilling at 7 °C for both genotypes. When normally grown plant was set as the control for each genotype, the transcripts of most COX family members, ATP synthase, AOX1b, and UCP are highly up-regulated in chilling-tolerant Zhefen No. 208 plants in contrast to the sensitive Zhefen No. 212 plants. Both genotypes mobilized the energy-saving sucrose synthase pathway for sucrose degradation by cytosolic glycolysis, but this mechanism is evidently more effective in tolerant Zhefen No. 208 plants. Furthermore, only Zhefen No. 208 plants were able to partially switch from low-energy efficiency pathways to ATP conserving pathways to carry out fructose-6-phosphate conversion and pyruvate production. This metabolic flexibility in miETC and cytosolic glycolysis were coupled to higher ATP synthesis and lower ROS accumulation, which may be essential for sustaining the higher leaf respiration and homeostasis of chilling-tolerant plants.

[Clinical characteristics and prognosis of infantile-onset glycogen storage disease type II in 16 Chinese patients].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis of infantile-onset glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII) in Chinese patients. METHODS: Sixteen children diagnosed as infantile-onset GSDII in Shanghai Children's Medical Center during Jan 2005 to Dec 2012 were recruited. Their disease history, presenting symptom, physical signs, biochemical tests and examinations of electrocardiogram and echocardiography were analyzed retrospectively. Follow-up data on motor development and survival were also collected and analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: 16 cases were diagnosed as infantile-onset GSDII (10 males, 6 females), in which the peripheral blood levels of acidic α-glucosidase were remarkably low or completely absent. All of them were complicated with cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricular mass index was 161-616 g/m(2). Severe muscular weakness, hypotonia and development lag were found in all during the follow-up. Creatine kinase was detected in 15 patients and its level became significantly elevated in 14 of them. Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were detected in 15 patients and their levels became significantly elevated in all of them. The median age was 3.6 (2.0-6.8) months at symptom onset and 6.5 (3.8-9.3) months at diagnosis. And 14 of them died during the follow-up and the median age at death was 9.0 (4.7-18.7) months. CONCLUSIONS: As a fatal disease, infantile-onset GSDIIhas the prominent clinical manifestations of progressive cardiac hypertrophy and muscular weakness or hypotonia. The clinical features and nature history of Chinese patients are similar as those reported in other countries. Detection of acidic α-glucosidase activity in peripheral blood is an effective way of screening for infantile-onset GSDII.

Cost-of-illness of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus in Chinese children less than 5 years.

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) caused by rotavirus (RV) remains a public health issue in China. To accelerate the mass rotavirus vaccination, it is important to inform the policy maker, and the public of the economic burden caused by rotavirus infection. A meta-analysis was conducted applying standardized algorithms. Articles published before January 1, 2023, in English and Chinese were searched through PubMed, CNKI, and WanFang Data. Studies with cost analysis of RV AGE were included. A random-effects model was applied to synthesize the total cost of RV AGE from the societal perspective. A prospective survey aimed to measure the cost of RV AGE was conducted in 2021 and 2022 in Shaoxing city, Zhejiang province, that can represent the developed region. The cost data was applied as deviation indicator, in comparison with the pooled estimate generated from meta-analysis. Totally 286 articles were identified, and eventually 12 studies were included. The pooled total social cost of RV AGE was US$282.1 (95%CI: US$213.4-350.7). The pooled private cost of RV AGE was US$206.4 (95%CI: US$155.2-257.5). RV AGE hospitalized and RV AGE incurred in developed regions caused remarkable higher burden (US$631.2 [95%CI: US$512.6-749.8], and US$333.6 [95%CI: US$234.1-433.2] respectively), compared to RV AGE treated at outpatient, and incurred in less developed regions. Our study demonstrates that RV AGE causes a significant economic burden in China. Given the promising effectiveness and highly cost-effective, introduction of rotavirus vaccines in national immunization programs could substantially reduce the economic burden in China.

The reduction of reactive oxygen species formation by mitochondrial alternative respiration in tomato basal defense against TMV infection.

The role of mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) and the relationship between systemic AOX induction, ROS formation, and systemic plant basal defense to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were investigated in tomato plants. The results showed that TMV inoculation significantly increased the level of AOX gene transcripts, ubiquinone reduction levels, pyruvate content, and cyanide-resistant respiration (CN-resistant R) in upper, un-inoculated leaves. Pretreatment with potassium cyanide (KCN, a cytochrome pathway inhibitor) greatly increased CN-resistant R and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, while application of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, an AOX inhibitor) blocked the AOX activity and enhanced the production of ROS in the plants. Furthermore, TMV systemic infection was enhanced by SHAM and reduced by KCN pretreatment, as compared with the un-pretreated TMV counterpart. In addition, KCN application significantly diminished TMV-induced increase in antioxidant enzyme activities and dehydroascorbate/total ascorbate pool, while an opposite change was observed with SHAM-pretreated plants. These results suggest that the systemic induction of the mitochondrial AOX pathway plays a critical role in the reduction of ROS to enhance basal defenses. Additional antioxidant systems were also coordinately regulated in the maintenance of the cellular redox homeostasis.

[Efficacy of percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty for severe aortic valve stenosis in four infants under three months of age].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (PBAV) for severe aortic valve stenosis in infants younger than 3 months of age. METHODS: Four infants under the age of 3 months (ranged from 34 to 87 days) underwent PBAV for severe aortic stenosis between June 2010 and March 2011 were included in this study. The weight of infants ranged from 2.8 to 4.8 kg. The peak systolic valve gradient, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and aortic regurgitation were measured in all patients just before and immediately after balloon dilation respectively. Patients were followed-up up to 1 month after PBAV. RESULTS: The aortic annulus diameter ranged from 7.0 to 8.8 mm. The ratio of balloon to aortic annulus diameter ranged from 0.86 to 1.00. PBAV was successful in all cases. The peak systolic valve gradient measured by Doppler echocardiography was (60.6 ± 15.2) mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) and LVEF was (47.6 ± 7.5)% before PBAV. Immediately after PBAV, the peak systolic valve gradient decreased to (29.5 ± 8.0) mm Hg (P < 0.01) and LVEF increased to (52.2 ± 18.9)% (P > 0.05). Two patients experienced significant bradycardia during PBAV and restored normal cardiac rhythm after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. At 1 month after PBAV, the peak systolic valve gradient measured by Doppler echocardiography was (36.5 ± 11.0) mm Hg (P < 0.05 vs. pre-PBAV) and LVEF was (81.0 ± 1.1)% (P < 0.01 vs. pre-PBAV). Only trivial to mild aortic regurgitation was detected post PBAV in the 4 patients. CONCLUSION: PBAV is a feasible palliative procedure for infants with isolated aortic valve stenosis without annular or ventricular hypoplasia.

[Efficacy of the transcatheter closure of perimembranous and muscular ventricular septal defects with the Amplatzer duct occluder II].

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects (pmVSD) with aneurysmatic formation and muscular ventricular septal defects (mVSD) with Amplatzer duct occluder II. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included 48 cases received transcatheter closure of pmVSD aneurysmatic formation or mVSD from February 2011 to March 2012 in our hospital (42 pmVSD with aneurysmatic formation and 6 mVSD). Median age was 5.2 years (range: 1.8 - 15 years), and median weight was 20.2 kg (range: 12 - 44 kg). Amplatzer duct occluder II was selected depending on the condition of ventricular septal defect. The device was implanted by antegrade or retrograde approach. Complications such as residual shunt, valvular regurgitation and arrhythmia were evaluated by echocardiography or angiography. Median follow-up was 9.5 months (range: 1 - 13 months). RESULTS: The mean ratio of pulmonary (Qp) to systemic (Qs) blood flow was 1.35 ± 0.15 before transcatheter closure. The diameter of exit hole of ventricular septal defects was (2.46 ± 0.53) mm measured by transthoracic echocardiography, and (2.35 ± 0.40) mm by angiography. Successful implantation of the device was achieved in 46 patients (96%) and unsuccessful in two cases due to acute aortic insufficiency. Forty-two (92%) patients were closed successfully, and trivial residual leak was evidenced in four patients and remained unchanged during follow-up. One patient with mVSD still had trivial residual shunt at 6 months post procedure. New trivial tricuspid insufficiency was observed in 1 patient (2.1%) during follow-up. Two patients developed procedural related left anterior fascicular block and remained unchanged during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: pmVSD with aneurysm and mVSD could be successfully treated with Amplatzer duct occluder II. However, the long waist and large disc of the device could interfere with tricuspid valve function and cause tricuspid insufficiency.

Investigation on the influence of AC electric filed and KCl on the structure and gel properties of Konjac glucomannan.

The influence of alternating current (AC) electric field and KCl on the structure and gel properties of Konjac Glucomannan (KGM) were studied in this work by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), acid-base titration, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry/thermo gravimetric analyzer (DSC/TGA) and a rheometer. HPGPC showed KGM was degraded by AC electric field and Acid-base titration showed that under the action of AC electric field and KCl KGM removed part of acetyl groups, which were consistent with the analysis of NMR. XRD and temperature sweep measurements respectively showed that the electrotreatment time and KCl concentration had important effects on the gel formation and its three-dimensional network. Simultaneous DSC/TGA and temperature sweep measurements both demonstrated the gel had good thermal stability.

Adult-onset hypoxaemia, diffuse lung lesions, and pulmonary hypertension in cobalamin C defect: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Cobalamin C (cbl-C) defect is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder that commonly affects the central nervous system of infants. Severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) and diffuse lung lesions are unusual clinical manifestations, especially among adults. CASE SUMMARY: A 25-year-old man with hypoxaemia, diffuse lung lesions, and PH, suddenly developed nausea, vomiting, headache, and worsening of dyspnoea. Metabolic screening showed elevated serum levels of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine, and genetic testing revealed MMACHC gene mutations. He was eventually diagnosed with severe PH secondary to cbl-C defect and was successfully managed with vitamin B12, betaine, L-carnitine, folate, as well as ambrisentan and sildenafil. DISCUSSION: cbl-C is a rare cause of PH and can present with severe PH and diffuse lung lesions in adults. Given that the condition is treatable, a careful metabolic screening should be considered when a diagnosis of PH is made.

Systemic induction and role of mitochondrial alternative oxidase and nitric oxide in a compatible tomato-Tobacco mosaic virus interaction.

The role of mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) and the relationship between AOX and nitric oxide (NO) in virus-induced systemic defense to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were investigated in susceptible tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. TMV inoculation to the lower leaves induced a rapid NO synthesis and AOX activation in upper uninoculated leaves as early as 0.5 day postinoculation. Application of exogenous potassium cyanide (KCN, a cytochrome pathway inhibitor) at nonlethal concentrations and NO donor diethylamine NONOate (DEA/NO) to the upper uninoculated leaves greatly induced accumulation of AOX transcript, reduced TMV viral RNA accumulation, and increased the leaf photochemical quantum yield at photosystem II. Pretreatment with NO scavenger almost completely blocked TMV-induced AOX induction and substantially increased TMV susceptibility. Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, an AOX inhibitor) pretreatment reduced the DEA/NO-induced cyanide-resistant respiration and partially compromised induced resistance to TMV. Conversely, KCN and SHAM pretreatment had very little effect on generation of NO, and pretreatment with NO scavenger did not affect KCN-induced AOX induction and TMV resistance. These results suggest that TMV-induced NO generation acts upstream and mediates AOX induction which, in turn, induces mitochondrial alternative electron transport and triggers systemic basal defense against the viral pathogen.

Possible Insecticidal Mechanism of Cry41-Related Toxin against Myzus persicae by Enhancing Cathepsin B Activity.

Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis are well known for their high insecticidal activities against Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera; however, their activities against Aphididae are very low. Recently, it has been reported that a Cry41-related toxin exhibited moderate activity against the aphid Myzus persicae, and thus, it is highly desirable to uncover its unique mechanism. In this paper, we report that Cathepsin B, calcium-transporting ATPase, and symbiotic bacterial-associated protein ATP-dependent-6-phosphofructokinase were pulled down from the homogenate of M. persicae as unique proteins that possibly bound to Cry41-related toxin. Cathepsin B has been reported to cleave and inactivate antiapoptotic proteins and plays a role in caspase-initiated apoptotic cascades. In this study, Cathepsin B was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified, and in vitro interaction between recombinant Cathepsin B and Cry41-related toxin was demonstrated. Interestingly, we found that addition of Cry41-related toxin obviously enhanced Cathepsin B activity. We propose a model for the mechanism of Cry41-related toxin as follows: Cry41-related toxin enters the aphid cells and enhances Cathepsin B activity, resulting in acceleration of apoptosis of aphid cells.

Interlaced Pd-Ag nanowires rich in grain boundary defects for boosting oxygen reduction electrocatalysis.

Given the high cost and poisoning issues of Pt, developing Pd-based catalysts as substitutes is highly essential. Although substantial progress has been made, the synthesis of Pd-based electrocatalysts with both high activity and stability in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) remains a challenge. In this work, we prepared Pd-Ag nanowires with up to micro-sized length and a diameter of ∼17 nm via a facile modified polyol method. The obtained Pd-Ag nanowires (NWs) exhibit interlaced features and are rich in grain boundary defects. Due to the continuous grain boundaries in the one-dimensional (1D) structure and the optimized composition, the synthesized Pd1Ag1 NWs show half-wave potential of 0.897 V and mass activity of 0.103 A mg-1 in alkaline media toward ORR, higher than those of both state-of-the-art Pt/C and other Pd-Ag counterparts. Significantly, after stability tests over 5000 cycles, Pd1Ag1 NWs shows a 2 mV positive shift, much better than that of Pt/C, exhibiting striking stability for ORR. This work may provide an avenue to construct advanced catalysts by surface defect engineering.

Evaluation of MEDAG gene expression in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: associations with histological features, regional lymph node metastasis and prognosis.

Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma accounts for a large proportion of papillary thyroid carcinoma, especially among new cases. Many  PTMC patients have regional lymph node metastasis, with some experiencing recurrence and even death. However, the risk factors and mechanism by which PTMC relates to these factors are unknown. In this study, differentially expressed genes were identified with microarray from The Cancer Genome Atlas, followed by analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blot and Oil Red O staining were carried out to evaluate expression levels and functional alterations. Mesenteric Estrogen Dependent Adipogenesis expression was observed in almost all cases of papillary thyroid microcarcinomas, and the location of expression was associated with histological subtype. High expression was correlated with metastasis and poor disease-free survival. Furthermore, the enrichment analysis indicated that Mesenteric Estrogen Dependent Adipogenesis expression may be associated with metabolic reprogramming to influence metastasis and prognosis. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how Mesenteric Estrogen Dependent Adipogenesis affects metastasis and the prognosis of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients and suggest that Mesenteric Estrogen Dependent Adipogenesis expression may be a novel prognostic marker in these patients.

Effect of patchouli alcohol on Helicobacter pylori-induced neutrophil recruitment and activation.

Neutrophil infiltration typically occurs in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced acute gastritis; however, this immune response fails to eradicate H. pylori in vivo. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are generated by neutrophils, cause severe damage to gastric mucosa. Patchouli alcohol (PA) has been reported to have effective anti-oxidative and anti-H. pylori activities, and we investigated its effects on H. pylori-induced neutrophil recruitment and activation in this research. In neutrophil recruitment experiment, H. pylori was injected into rat air pouch to explore the effects of PA (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) on acute inflammatory response. The results revealed that PA significantly reduced the weight of exudate and the number of neutrophils in the air pouch. Meanwhile, remarkable decrements in TNF-α and IL-8 levels in exudates were observed. In neutrophil activation experiment, rat neutrophils were isolated and activated by using 50 µg/mL H. pylori water-soluble surface protein with or without the treatment of PA (5, 10 or 20 µmol/L). Results indicated that PA not only significantly inhibited the production of ROS, but also reduced the gene and protein expressions of p22/p47-phoxes, and the binding of p22/p47-phoxes. Furthermore, the influence of PA on the neutrophil activation genes of H. pylori (h-nap and sabA) was investigated, and the results showed that expressions of h-nap and sabA were remarkably decreased after PA treatment. In conclusion, PA reduced the recruitment and activation of neutrophils induced by H. pylori, as shown by its inhibition of pro-inflammatory factor generation, p22/p47-phoxes function and H. pylori neutrophil activation-related gene expression.

Chemical Modulation of Alternative Splicing for Molecular-Target Identification by Potential Genetic Control in Agrochemical Research.

Alternative splicing (AS), the process of removing introns from pre-mRNA and the rearrangement of exons to produce several types of mature transcripts, is a remarkable step preceding protein synthesis. In particular, it has now been conclusively shown that up to ∼95% of genes are alternatively spliced to generate a complex and diverse proteome in eukaryotic organisms. Consequently, AS is one of the determinants of the functional repertoire of cells. Many studies have revealed that AS in plants can be regulated by cell type, developmental stage, environmental stress, and the circadian clock. Moreover, increasing amounts of evidence reveal that chemical compounds can affect various steps during splicing to induce major effects on plant physiology. Hence, the chemical modulation of AS can serve as a good strategy for molecular-target identification in attempts to potentially control plant genetics. However, the kind of mechanisms involved in the chemical modulation of AS that can be used in agrochemical research remain largely unknown. This review introduces recent studies describing the specific roles AS plays in plant adaptation to environmental stressors and in the regulation of development. We also discuss recent advances in small molecules that induce alterations of AS and the possibility of using this strategy in agrochemical-target identification, giving a new direction for potential genetic control in agrochemical research.

Suo Quan Wan Protects Mouse From Early Diabetic Bladder Dysfunction by Mediating Motor Protein Myosin Va and Transporter Protein SLC17A9.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Suo Quan Wan (SQW), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, on the overactive bladder (OAB) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mouse models, particularly on its function of mediating the gene and protein expression levels of myosin Va and SLC17A9. Materials and Methods: After 4 weeks high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, C57BL/6J mice were injected with streptozotocin (100 mg/kg) for four times. After 3 weeks, the diabetic mice were treated with SQW for another 3 weeks. Voided stain on paper assay, fasting blood glucose (FBG) test, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were conducted. Urodynamic test, tension test [α,ß-methylene ATP, electrical-field stimulation (EFS), KCl, and carbachol] and histomorphometry were also performed. Western blot analysis and qPCR assays were used to quantify the expression levels of myosin Va and SLC17A9. Results: The diabetic mice exhibited decreased weight but increased water intake, urine production, FBG, and OGTT. No significant changes were observed after 3 weeks SQW treatment. Urodynamic test indicated that the non-voiding contraction (NVC) frequency, maximum bladder capacity (MBC), residual volume (RV), and bladder compliance (BC) were remarkably increased in the diabetic mice, whereas the voided efficiency (VE) was decreased as a feature of overactivity. Compared with the model mice, SQW treatment significantly improved urodynamic urination with decreased NVC, MBC, RV, and BC, and increased VE. Histomorphometry results showed that the bladder wall of the diabetic mice thickened, and SQW effectively attenuated the pathological alterations. The contract responses of bladder strips to all stimulators were higher in the DSM strips of diabetic mice, whereas SQW treatment markedly decreased the contraction response for all stimuli. Moreover, the protein and gene expression levels of myosin Va and SLC17A9 were up-regulated in the bladders of diabetic mice, but SQW treatment restored such alterations. Conclusion: T2DM mice exhibited the early phase of diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) characterized by OAB and bladder dysfunction. SQW can improve the bladder storage and micturition of DBD mice by mediating the protein and gene expression levels of myosin Va and SLC17A9 in the bladder, instead of improving the blood glucose level.

Decreased energy synthesis is partially compensated by a switch to sucrose synthase pathway of sucrose degradation in restricted root of tomato plants.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersium L.) plants were grown hydroponically to investigate the changes of energy metabolism and adaptive mechanism in response to root restriction. Root restriction resulted in a significant increase in root lipid peroxidation and reduction in leaf net CO(2) assimilation rate, which was accompanied by increase of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; EC 1.1.1.1) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; EC 1.1.1.27) activities. Total, cytochrome pathway, and alternative pathway respirations were all decreased in the roots after 15 days of root restriction treatment. Accompanied with the decrease of ATP content, ratio of invertase/sucrose synthase activity was increased in the restricted roots together with a decrease in glucose content and an increase in fructose content. We concluded that the decreased energy synthesis under root restriction condition was partially compensated by the energy-conserving sucrose synthase pathway of sucrose metabolism.