[THE CAUSES OF ACUTE COUGH: A SINGLE-CENTER STUDY IN JAPAN].

BACKGROUND: Cough is the most frequent presenting complaint in clinics, and is classified into the following three groups: acute, subacute and chronic. The major causes of acute cough are infectious diseases, however, few observations on acute cough have been reported. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed the causes of acute cough among patients who had visited the respiratory clinic of our hospital because of acute cough from September 2014 to August 2015. RESULTS: Of 374 patients (195 females, mean age 60.3 years) who visited the clinic complaining of cough, 129 patients (63 females, mean age 61.5 years) suffered from acute cough. All acute cases were stratified into two groups based on the presence (n=43) or absence (n=86) of abnormal findings on the chest X-ray. The main causes of acute cough with abnormal findings were pneumonia (46.5%), interstitial pneumonia (18.6%) and lung cancer (16.3%). The main causes of acute cough without abnormal findings were respiratory tract infection (39.5%), post infectious cough (18.6%) and bronchial asthma (17.4%). Acute cough was the primary complaint in 29.5% and 19.6% of all patients diagnosed with bronchial asthma and cough variant asthma, respectively. CONCLUSION: Non-infectious diseases including asthma as well as infectious diseases could be the causes in acute cough without abnormal findings on the chest X-ray.

Co-Treatment with Steroid and Dupilumab for Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis after Eosinophilic Pneumonitis Caused by Dupilumab.

Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is a Type 2 inflammatory disease that manifests as chronic inflammation of the paranasal sinus. IL-4/IL-13 receptor monoclonal antibodies (dupilumab) to suppress Type 2 inflammation have become a good treatment option for patients who are refractory to surgery. Most patients respond normally, although significant side effects such as eosinophilic pneumonia may occur, requiring discontinuation of dupilumab. Here, we present a case in which dupilumab administration caused a side-effect of eosinophilic pneumonia. A 65-year-old woman presented with nasal obstruction and olfactory dysfunction due to a nasal polyp. Her symptoms temporarily improved with dupilumab; however, dupilumab was discontinued due to eosinophilic pneumonia. Discontinuation of dupilumab resulted in the rapid resolution of eosinophilic pneumonia and reappearance of nasal polyps. We, therefore, resumed dupilumab treatment in combination with low-dose steroids; eosinophilic pneumonia did not flare up, and the nasal polyps shrank steadily. There is no established treatment strategy in cases where a side effect of eosinophilic pneumonia arises while treating ECRS with dupilumab. Based on the described case, we recommend that a combination of a low-dose steroids and dupilumab be considered as a treatment option to counter the side-effect of eosinophilic pneumonia induced by dupilumab alone.

Bilateral pleural empyema by Enterobacter infection secondary to pancreaticopleural fistula.

Pleural empyema secondary to pancreaticopleural fistula can be caused by ascending infection of enteric organisms from infected pancreatic pseudocysts. This unique route of infection should be noted for appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy.