Comparison of phrenic nerve injury and its effect on the extrapulmonary vein structures with cryoballoon and hot-balloon ablation systems: considering the lesion created on the superior vena cava as a surrogate marker.

Preventing phrenic nerve injury (PNI) during balloon-based ablation is essential. The superior vena cava-right atrial (SVC-RA) junction is located just opposite the balloon position during right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV) ablation, and the phrenic nerve runs nearby on the lateral side. We compared the occurrence of PNI between the two balloon-based ablation systems and also the lesions created at the SVC-RA junction, which were expected to represent the effect on extra-PV structures. Cryoballoon ablation (CBA, n = 110) and hot-balloon ablation (HBA, n = 90) were performed in atrial fibrillation patients. High-density maps of the SVC-RA junction were created in 93 patients (CBA = 53, HBA = 40), and the damaged area (< 1.0 mV) was determined as an "SVC lesion". CBA had a higher occurrence of transient PNI (7.3% vs 1.1%, p = 0.035), but all recovered during the 6-month follow-up. An apparent SVC lesion was documented in 43% of the patients (40/93), and all patients with PNI had this lesion. CBA created a frequent (CBA vs HBA = 55% vs 28%, p = 0.008) and wider (0.8[0.4-1.7] cm2 vs 0.5[0.3-0.7] cm2, p = 0.005) SVC lesion than HBA. A multivariate analysis revealed that the use of a CBA system was a predictive factor of the occurrence of SVC lesions. CBA had a higher occurrence of transient PNI but not a permanent form. Every patient with PNI had lesions on the SVC-RA junction, and CBA revealed more substantial ablation effects at the SVC-RA junction than HBA. This may be caused by the different characteristics of the two balloon-based ablation systems and their balloon positions.

Cryofreezing for slow-pathway modification in patients with slow-fast AVNRT: Efficacy, safety, and electroanatomical relation between sites of transient AV block and sites of successful cryoablation.

INTRODUCTION: Cryoablation has emerged as an alternative to radiofrequency ablation for treating atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cryoapplication at sites within the mid/high septal region of Koch's triangle and the relation between sites of transient AV block (AVB) and sites of successful cryoablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Included were 45 consecutive patients undergoing slow-fast AVNRT cryoablation. Initial delivery of cryoenergy was to the mid-septal to high septal region of Koch's triangle. Transient AVB occurred during cryoenergy delivery in 62% (28/45) of patients. Median distance between sites at which cryofreezing successfully eliminated slow pathway conduction and sites of AVB was 4.0 (3.25-5.0) mm. Sites of successful cryoablation tended to be to the left and inferior to the AVB sites. The atrial/ventricular electrogram ratio was significantly lower at sites of successful cryoablation than at AVB sites (0.25 [0.17-0.56] vs. 0.80 [0.36-1.25], p < .001). Delayed discrete or fractionated atrial electrograms were recorded more frequently at sites of successful cryoablation than at AVB sites (78% vs. 20%, p < .001). No persistent AV conduction disturbance occurred, and 96% (43/45) of patients showed absence of recurrence at a median follow-up time of 25.0 months. CONCLUSION: Cryoablation of slow-fast AVNRT and targeting the mid/high septal region of Koch's triangle was highly successful. AVB frequently emerged near the site at which the slow pathway was eliminated but always resolved by regulating the energy delivery under careful monitoring, and it may be distinguishable by its local electrogram features.

A porcine study of the area of heated tissue during hot-balloon ablation: Implications for the clinical efficacy and safety.

INTRODUCTION: Hot-balloon ablation depends solely on thermal conduction, and myocardial tissue is ablated by only conductive heating from the balloon surface. Despite growing clinical evidence of the efficacy and safety of hot-balloon ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF), the actual tissue temperature and the mechanism of heating during such ablation has not been clarified. To determine, by means of a porcine study, the temperatures of tissues targeted during hot-balloon ablation of AF performed with hot-balloon set temperatures of 73°C or 70°C, in accordance with the temperatures now used clinically. METHODS: After a right thoracotomy, thermocouples with markers were implanted epicardially on the superior vena cava (SVC) and pulmonary veins (PVs) in six pigs. The tissue temperatures during hot-balloon ablation (balloon set temperatures of 73°C and 70°C, 180 s/PV) were recorded, and the maximum tissue temperatures and fluoroscopically measured distance from the balloon surface to the target tissues were assessed. RESULTS: Sixteen SVC- and 18 PV-targeted energy deliveries were performed. Full-thickness circumferential PV lesions were created with all hot-balloon applications. A significant inverse relation was found between the recorded tissue temperatures and distance (r = -.67; p < .001) from the balloon surface. No tissue temperature exceeded either of the balloon set temperatures. The best distance cutoff value for achieving lethal tissue temperatures more than 50°C was 3.6 mm. CONCLUSION: The hot-balloon set temperature, energy delivery time, and tissue temperature data obtained in this porcine study supported the clinical efficacy and safety of the hot-balloon ablation as currently practiced in patients with AF.

Utility of hot-balloon-based pulmonary vein isolation under balloon surface temperature monitoring: First clinical experience.

INTRODUCTION: A new hot balloon system that registers balloon surface temperature (BST) during energy delivery is now available for clinical use in Japan. This study sought to investigate the utility of BST measurement for achievement of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) by a single-shot energy delivery strategy during hot balloon ablation (HBA). METHODS: We applied and tested the system in 30 consecutive patients undergoing HBA for paroxysmal or early-persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). We also performed real-time PV potential monitoring using a circular catheter. RESULTS: Acute PVI was achieved with single hot balloon shots in 88% (106/120) of the PVs. Real-time BSTs and PV potentials were recorded in all cases. Mean BST at documentation of PVI was 49.4°C, and acute reconnections were observed in most cases (86%, 12/14) in which the single-shot technique was ineffective. Time-to-isolation (TTI) (23.1 ± 8.7 s vs. 36.3 ± 9.3 s, p < .01) and median BST (59.9 ± 2.6°C vs. 55.7 ± 1.9°C, p < .01) differed significantly between cases in which PVI was achieved (vs. those in which PVI was not achieved). Multivariable analysis revealed strong association between both TTI and median BST and acute PVI. The best median BST cutoff value for achieving PVI with a single shot was >58.7°C (sensitivity 67.0%, specificity 100%). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that real-time BST monitoring during energy applications is useful for predicting achievement of acute PVI by a single shot during HBA.

Conduction slowing area during sinus rhythm harbors ventricular tachycardia isthmus.

INTRODUCTION: The voltage map during sinus rhythm (SR) is a cornerstone of substrate mapping (SM) in scar-related ventricular tachycardia (VT) and frequently used with pace mapping (PM). Where to conduct PM is unclear in cases of an extensive or unidentified substrate. Conduction properties are another aspect incorporated by SM, and conduction slowing has gained interest as being related to successful ablation, although its mechanism has not been elucidated. We aimed to investigate the relationship between SR conduction properties and VT isthmuses. METHODS: Nineteen patients (mean age, 62 years) who underwent VT ablation with voltage mapping and PM were reviewed. Isochronal late activation maps (ILAMs) with eight zones were reconstructed and sequentially named from one to eight according to the SR propagation. Good PM sites were superimposed on ILAMs, and the isthmus was defined using different pacing latencies. ILAM properties harboring isthmuses were investigated. RESULTS: Twenty-eight ILAMs (13 epicardium, 1 right ventricular [RV], and 14 left ventricular [LV] endocardium) were reviewed. Eighteen isthmuses of 24 target VTs were identified, in which the proximal ends were in a later zone than the distal ends (zone 6 vs 4; P < .001), suggesting a reverse isthmus vector to the SR. The conduction velocity of the zone involving the distal isthmus was significantly lower than that of the SR preceding zone (0.40 vs 1.30 m/s; P < .001). SR conduction velocity decelerated by 69.5% (range 59.7%-74.5%) before propagating into the isthmus area. CONCLUSION: Conduction slowing area during SR were related with the exit portion of the VT isthmuses.

Hot balloon versus cryoballoon ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation: Lesion area, efficacy, and safety.

INTRODUCTION: The clinical efficacy and safety of hot balloon ablation (HBA) for the treatment of persistent AF (PerAF) remain unclear. We aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of HBA versus cryoballoon ablation (CBA) as a treatment for PerAF. METHODS: Of 195 consecutive patients who underwent initial catheter ablation for PerAF (AF lasting for longer than 7 days but shorter than 12 months), 158 propensity score-matched (79 HBA and 79 CBA) patients were included in our retrospective study. All patients who underwent HBA received applications of energy to the upper posterior LA wall with a larger balloon in addition to single shots to each pulmonary vein (PV) ostium, whereas those who underwent CBA received simple single-shot applications. The electrically isolated surface area (ISA), including the PV antrum and part of the posterior LA wall, was assessed by high-resolution mapping. RESULTS: The success of the PV isolation with balloon shots alone did not differ between HBA and CBA (81% vs. 85%; p = .52). The ISA was generally wide in both groups and significantly larger in the HBA group than in the CBA group (61 ± 16% vs. 51 ± 12%; p < .001). The incidence of procedure-related complications did not differ significantly (HBA 4% vs. CBA 1%; p = .62) nor did the arrhythmia recurrence rate (HBA 11% vs. CBA 18% at 18 months; p = .26). CONCLUSION: Despite the difference in protocols, HBA and CBA performed for PerAF appear comparable in terms of wide antral lesion creation, clinical efficacy, and safety. Further prospective studies, based on a unified methodology, are needed.

Characterization of Residual Conduction Gaps After HotBalloon-Based Antral Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation　- Evidence From Ultra-High-Resolution 3-Dimensional Mapping.

BACKGROUND: The electrophysiological characteristics of residual conduction gaps between the left atrium (LA) and pulmonary veins (PVs) after HotBalloon-based wide antral ablation (HBWA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to characterize the residual gaps by means of ultra-high-resolution mapping.Methods and Results:A total of 55 AF patients underwent HBWA by a predetermined protocol (6-shot total-based antral approach). LA-PV maps were created using 64-electrode minibasket catheters. In total, 55 residual gaps were identified among 26 (47%) patients. Residual gaps included 33 left superior (LS: 60%), 10 left inferior (18%), 6 right superior (11%), and 6 right inferior (11%) PVs. Those gaps demonstrated both extremely lower bipolar amplitudes (0.11 [interquartile range: 0.06-0.27] mV) and conduction velocities (0.75±0.27 m/s); however, the length was confined (10.3±4.1 mm) except for the LSPV anterior carina (12.2±2.4 mm) region. Among the carina regions, all gaps had far-field potentials consistently added to the PV potentials. Left atrial appendage pacing to split the far-field activity identified confined gap regions (6.7±1.9 mm). Touch-up ablation eliminated the residual PV potentials in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: HBWA resulted in a certain degree of residual gap conduction in particular antral regions. These gaps exhibited narrow lengths with lower amplitudes, and often had far-field recordings from the left atrial appendage. Combined with pacing maneuvers, ultra-high-resolution activation maps could both visualize all confined gaps and ensure a bare minimum of touch-up ablations in all patients with gap conduction.

Influence of the left atrial contact areas on fixed low-voltage zones during atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm in persistent atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Atrial low-voltage zones (LVZ) are suggested as important factors for maintaining persistent atrial fibrillation (PsAF). The relationship between LVZs and left atrial (LA) contact areas (CoAs) is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether CoA regions were involved in atrial substrate properties maintaining PsAF. METHODS: A total of 50 patients with PsAF (36 long-lasting) were analyzed. Three representative CoA detection areas (ascending aorta-anterior-LA, descending aorta-left pulmonary vein antrum, and vertebrae-posterior-LA) were registered on the mapping geometry. Electrograms during AF and sinus rhythm (SR) were acquired, and the fractionated electrograms (CFE; < 80milliseconds) and voltages were analyzed regarding the CoAs. RESULTS: After SR conversion, 76% (38/50) had a significant LVZ (>5% of the total LA surface area). Patients with long-lasting PsAF versus PsAF had larger CoA areas (7.7 ± 3.0 vs. 4.5 ± 2.5cm2 , P < 0.05) and overlapped-LVZs (8.2 [3.2-11.0] vs. 2.1 [0.7-3.7] cm2 , P = 0.0126) between the SR-LVZs (<0.5 mV) and AF-LVZs (<0.2 mV). Overlapped-LVZs were frequently observed in CoA regions (anterior 76.4%; LIPV antrum 78.8%, and vertebrae 39.2%), and those LVZs had smaller unipolar voltages than those distant from the CoA regions (0.64 ± 0.16 vs. 2.5 ± 1.5 mV, P < 0.0001). SR-LVZ targeted ablation, including of CoA regions, rendered AF termination (n = 8, 21%), and 88% of the sites were not located immediately above, but adjacent to, the overlapped-LVZs. Significant AF slowing (6.0 ± 0.6 to 5.6 ± 0.6 Hz; P < 0.05) accompanied by unintentional CFE elimination (9.8-1.8 cm2 ; P < .0001) was achieved in patients without termination. CONCLUSION: Our data suggested that external structures in contact with the LA are involved in the creation of localized diseased myocardium necessary for PsAF maintenance.

Chronic Effect of HotBalloon-Based Wide Planar Ablation on Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation.

Background: Adverse atrial remodeling, including epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) deposition in the left atrium (LA), is implicated in atrial fibrillation (AF). Radiofrequency hotballoon (RHB) ablation can produce wide planar lesions because the balloon is highly compliant; however, chronic effects of RHB ablation on structural remodeling remain unknown. This clinical-experimental investigation characterized chronic effects of RHB ablation on EAT in persistent AF (PsAF). Methods and Results: The clinical study involved 91 patients (obese, n=30; non-obese, n=61) undergoing RHB ablation for PsAF. LA-EAT was assessed from computed tomography images obtained before ablation and 6 months later. Tissue effects of RHB ablation were explored in a chronic swine model. RHB ablation significantly reduced LA volume (mean [±SD] 177.7±29.7 vs. 138.4±29.6 mL; P<0.001) and LA-EAT volume (median [interquartile range] 22.0 [12.4-33.3] vs. 16.5 [7.9-25.8] mL; P<0.001). The reduction in EAT was significantly greater in the pulmonary vein (PV) antrum than in other LA regions (37.9% vs. 15.8%; P<0.001). The percentage reduction in PV antrum EAT was equivalent between obese and non-obese patients, as was the postablation success rate (73% vs. 70%; P=0.77). RHB ablation produced transmural lesions reaching the pigs' epicardial fat region. Conclusions: RHB-based planar-transmural lesions altered the structurally remodeled LA, including EAT. Further studies are needed to determine whether factors other than PV isolation contribute to the clinical success of RHB ablation.

Is creation of a fully circumferential lesion set necessary for laser balloon ablation-based pulmonary vein isolation?

BACKGROUND: Despite reports of remote pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis after visually guided laser balloon (VGLB) ablation, circumferential (360°) lesion sets are routinely performed. This study aimed to determine whether fully circumferential lesion creations are required for all PVs to achieve PV isolations (PVIs) and to determine PV's vulnerability to chronic-phase stenosis. METHODS: Fifty-one patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation underwent mapping-guided PVIs using circular mapping catheters. VGLB ablation was performed circumferentially beginning at the 12 o'clock position and continued clockwise or counterclockwise. PVIs obtained within the bounds of the first half of the circumferential lesion (≤ 180°) were defined as "early PVIs." RESULTS: "Early PVIs" were documented in real time for 39% (80/204) of the PVs and at a significantly greater frequency among lower PVs than upper PVs (60.1% vs. 17.6%; p < 0.0001). The PV sleeve length, PV diameter, and isolation of ipsilateral PVs within a semicircular lesion set were identified as predictors of an "early PVI" phenomenon. The amount of energy delivered to the lower PVs was significantly less than that to the upper PVs (5553 [5089-6188] vs. 3559 [2793-4380] J; p < 0.0001), but the incidence of narrowing of the lower PVs at 6 months was comparable to that of the upper PVs (p = 0.73). CONCLUSION: Our study revealed electrical isolations of more than 60% of the lower PVs while creating the first half of the circumferential lesions. Crosstalk via the carina region was presumably involved due to the preceding upper PVI. Further study is needed to determine whether energy delivery adjustments are needed for lower PVs to avoid chronic narrowing.

Assessment of Multidimensional Health Care Parameters Among Adults in Japan for Developing a Virtual Human Generative Model: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Human health status can be measured on the basis of many different parameters. Statistical relationships among these different health parameters will enable several possible health care applications and an approximation of the current health status of individuals, which will allow for more personalized and preventive health care by informing the potential risks and developing personalized interventions. Furthermore, a better understanding of the modifiable risk factors related to lifestyle, diet, and physical activity will facilitate the design of optimal treatment approaches for individuals. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to provide a high-dimensional, cross-sectional data set of comprehensive health care information to construct a combined statistical model as a single joint probability distribution and enable further studies on individual relationships among the multidimensional data obtained. METHODS: In this cross-sectional observational study, data were collected from a population of 1000 adult men and women (aged ≥20 years) matching the age ratio of the typical adult Japanese population. Data include biochemical and metabolic profiles from blood, urine, saliva, and oral glucose tolerance tests; bacterial profiles from feces, facial skin, scalp skin, and saliva; messenger RNA, proteome, and metabolite analyses of facial and scalp skin surface lipids; lifestyle surveys and questionnaires; physical, motor, cognitive, and vascular function analyses; alopecia analysis; and comprehensive analyses of body odor components. Statistical analyses will be performed in 2 modes: one to train a joint probability distribution by combining a commercially available health care data set containing large amounts of relatively low-dimensional data with the cross-sectional data set described in this paper and another to individually investigate the relationships among the variables obtained in this study. RESULTS: Recruitment for this study started in October 2021 and ended in February 2022, with a total of 997 participants enrolled. The collected data will be used to build a joint probability distribution called a Virtual Human Generative Model. Both the model and the collected data are expected to provide information on the relationships between various health statuses. CONCLUSIONS: As different degrees of health status correlations are expected to differentially affect individual health status, this study will contribute to the development of empirically justified interventions based on the population. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/47024.

Virtual and real assessment of a wide antral ablated region in atrial fibrillation patients using the hot balloon system.

The hot balloon system has become widely used for atrial fibrillation ablation and also has software for preoperative computer simulation. The computer model may be useful for predicting the extent of a wide planar ablation region in the left atrium.

Atrial reverse remodeling represented by the atrial conduction time in persistent atrial fibrillation patients after catheter ablation: its impact on predicting late atrial fibrillation recurrence.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the reduction in the atrial conduction time during the follow-up phase of catheter ablation in persistent atrial fibrillation (PsAF) patients, which would suggest atrial reverse remodeling, and to investigate its impact on predicting AF recurrence. METHODS: Fifty-seven PsAF patients underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation. The P-wave to left atrial appendage (LAA) conduction time was measured by transthoracic echocardiography using tissue Doppler imaging (P-LAA TDI), within 24 h and 6 months after ablation. RESULTS: The accuracy of the P-LAA TDI was confirmed by measuring the actual electrophysiological data during the ablation (90 ±â€¯13 ms, r = 0.754, p < 0.001). The P-LAA TDI was significantly reduced (170 ±â€¯18 msec to 159 ±â€¯19 msec, p < 0.001) at the 6-month follow-up. Sixteen patients (28%) had an AF recurrence by 12 months of follow-up. The no-AF recurrence group had a significantly reduced P-LAA TDI 6 months later (165 ±â€¯15 msec to 155 ±â€¯18 msec, p < 0.001), while there was no significance in the AF recurrence group (184 ±â€¯21 msec to 174 ±â€¯16 msec, p = 0.091). The P-LAA TDI was a predictive factor of AF recurrence after ablation with a cut-off value of >175 msec (sensitivity = 0.750, specificity = 0.780) when measured within 24 h after ablation and >166 msec (sensitivity = 0.750, specificity = 0.756) when calculated at 6 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In PsAF patients, a significant reduction in the P-LAA TDI was observed at 6 months of follow-up, which may have represented the occurrence of left atrial reverse remodeling. These findings suggested that the P-LAA TDI time in the follow-up was appropriate for predicting late AF recurrences.

Impact of low-voltage zones on the left atrial anterior wall on the reduction in the left atrial appendage flow velocity in persistent atrial fibrillation patients.

BACKGROUND: The reduction in the left atrial appendage (LAA) flow velocity is related to the presence of emboli in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. The LAA is located on the left superior side of the left atrial (LA) anterior wall, and we investigated the relationship between the reduction in the LAA flow velocity (LAAFV) and low voltage zones (LVZs < 0.5 mV) on the LA anterior wall. METHODS: In 146 persistent AF patients, LAAFV measurements, by transesophageal echocardiography, and catheter ablation were performed. LA mapping was performed before ablation during sinus rhythm, and the locations of any anterior-LVZs were documented. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients had a documented LVZ on the LA anterior wall, and those with an LVZ had a significantly lower LAAFV compared to those without (anterior-LVZ(+) vs. anterior-LVZ(-) = 26 ± 11 vs. 34 ± 10 cm/s, p < 0.001), while no significant difference was observed when compared to the other LVZ regions. A low-LAAFV (≦ 20 cm/s) was observed in 36 patients, and the CHADS2-vasc score and existence of an anterior-LVZ were associated with a low-LAAFV. In patients with anterior-LVZs, the distance between the anterior-LVZ and LAA orifice correlated with a low LAAFV (r = 0.534, p < 0.001) as compared to the surface area of the anterior-LVZ (r = - 0.288, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: In persistent AF patients, an LVZ on the LA anterior wall was associated with a low LAAFV. In addition, an anterior-LVZ located near the LAA orifice was further related to a reduction in the LAAFV.

Changes in hair properties by Eucalyptus extract.

A long-term usage investigation of a scalp lotion containing Eucalyptus extract, which increases the amount of ceramide in the skin, was carried out to explore the change in physical properties of the hair fiber. Half-head or whole-head usage studies of a scalp lotion with Eucalyptus extract were carried out for the following groups: Japanese female, Japanese senior female, Japanese male, and Caucasian female panelists. As a result, the improvement in hair luster and bounce in the root part of the hair were recognized by the panelists after the long-term application of the scalp lotion with Eucalyptus extract. Measurement of hair gloss intensity and bending stress at the root suggests that this improvement is based on changes in these physical properties. These results indicate that the recognition of panelists is based on an actual change in the hair fiber properties. The efficacy of Eucalyptus extract is expressed regardless of race, age, or gender, since similar results were confirmed in all panelist groups. In order to investigate the cause of these phenomena, we measured the elasticity (Young's modulus) of the new-growth part of the cortex in Eucalyptus extract-treated hair and placebo hair by the nano-indentation method of atomic force microscopy (AFM). These results suggest that the Young's modulus of the new-growth part of the cortex in Eucalyptus extract treated-hair increases in comparison with placebo hair. The IR spectra of treated samples of hair show changes that appear to confirm a decrease in the alpha-helix structure and an increase in the beta-sheet structure.

Limitation of the bandpass filter in preventing oversensing of pectoral myopotentials over the long-term follow-up.

A 60-year-old male experienced an inappropriate shock from an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) because of oversensing of pectoral myopotentials. Battery depletion was also observed, and a generator change was performed. A single-chamber ICD (VENTAK PRIZM II 1860) was changed to a new ICD (INCEPTA VR F161). The myopotentials were clearly eliminated by the difference in the band pass filter (PRIZM; 21-171 Hz, INCEPTA; 20-85 Hz), but unfortunately, new noise was documented 4 years later. The utility of the bandpass filter for preventing oversensing of myopotentials was observed, but the limitation of its use for long-term follow-up was also indicated.

Early surgical intervention and optimal medical treatment for Candida parapsilosis endocarditis.

We herein report the case of a 72-year-old man with endocarditis of the aortic valve who underwent urgent aortic valve replacement 36 hours after admission due to an aggravation of aortic valve regurgitation. Postoperative cultures of the blood and site of valve vegetation identified Candida parapsilosis as a pathogen. Antifungal therapy with amphotericin B and fluconazole was initiated after surgical treatment. Thereafter, the patient displayed a favorable clinical course. Candida parapsilosis endocarditis involving the native valves is extremely rare and associated with a very high mortality rate. Prompt surgical treatment and the aggressive use of antifungal agents are required to save the patient's life.