Early-Life Factors Are Associated with Vitamin D Status in Early and Mid-Childhood and May Differ between White and Black Children.

BACKGROUND: Suboptimal vitamin D (VitD) status has been associated with poor bone health and other adverse health outcomes and is common among children. Various early-life factors are associated with child VitD, yet few studies have examined multiple factors simultaneously in a single study population. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to characterize relations of early-life factors with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in early and mid-childhood, and to explore potential differences in these associations between white and black children. METHODS: We identified associations of various early-life factors with 25(OH)D concentrations in early and mid-childhood among 961 children in Project Viva using linear regression models. All variables associated with 25(OH)D were included together in final multivariable models at each outcome time point: 1 in the overall sample and additional models for children whose mothers identified them as being white or black. RESULTS: Overall mean ± SD 25(OH)D concentrations were 86 ± 29 nmol/L in early childhood and 68 ± 21 nmol/L in mid-childhood. After accounting for other predictors, children who took VitD supplements (compared with those who did not) had 25(OH)D concentrations 5.6 nmol/L (95% CI: 2.0, 9.2 nmol/L) higher in early childhood and 8.2 nmol/L (95% CI: 4.8, 11.6 nmol/L) higher in mid-childhood. Other factors consistently associated with higher 25(OH)D were blood collection in summer or fall, white race, nonfall birth season, prenatal exposure to higher 25(OH)D, and higher dietary intake of VitD. Greater waist circumference was associated with lower 25(OH)D in early childhood (ß: -3.8; 95% CI: -7.4, -0.2 per 1-SD increase) among black children only. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings may help clinicians better target children at risk of lower 25(OH)D for screening and/or intervention and may inform research focused on associations of 25(OH)D with different exposures and outcomes or causal effects of early-life factors on later VitD status.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02820402.

WITHDRAWN: Immunoglobulin treatment for respiratory syncytial virus infection.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis and pneumonia hospitalise hundreds of thousands of infants every year. Treatment is largely supportive therapy, (for example, oxygen, fluids and occasionally mechanical ventilation). Ribavirin, an antiviral agent, is licensed for severe RSV infection, although systematic reviews find it of no benefit. Passive protection against RSV can be achieved through monthly intramuscular injections of the humanised monoclonal anti-RSV antibody palivizumab (Synagis), and yields a 55% reduction in RSV hospitalisation in susceptible infants. This review assesses immunoglobulin treatment of RSV infection rather than its role as a prophylactic measure. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of adding human or humanised immunoglobulin therapy to supportive therapy in infants hospitalised with laboratory-determined RSV infection. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, 2006, issue 1) which contains the Acute Respiratory Infections Group's specialized regsiter, MEDLINE (1966 to Week 4, January 2006) and EMBASE (1980 to September 2005). We also ran searches of reference lists of relevant trials and review articles and searches of personal files. We did not impose any language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA: We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared immunoglobulin treatment with a placebo control in children hospitalised for RSV infection with bronchiolitis or pneumonia or other lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) with laboratory-documented RSV infection. The primary outcomes of interest were mortality, length of hospitalisation, length of ventilation and oxygen dependence. Secondary outcome measures were pulmonary function and re-hospitalisations for recurrent breathing difficulties in subsequent years. Any adverse effects of the treatments were also noted, for example, hypersensitivity reactions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted but cross-comparison was not possible due to the shortage of studies and lack of comparative measurements. MAIN RESULTS: Four papers fitted the search criteria. None demonstrated statistically significant benefit of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment added to supportive care compared with supportive care alone. The evidence does not support a role for RSVIG in such a setting, with the doses used in the studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The evidence on the role of respiratory syncytial virus immunoglobulin (RSVIG) in treating RSV severe infections is limited. Future research might consider using stronger titres of neutralising antibodies; and further analyse severely ill children (who might respond differentially compared to those less ill, but yet hospitalised).

Long-term outcomes of concomitant aortic and mitral valve repair.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short- and long-term outcomes of concomitant aortic (AVr) and mitral (MVr) valve repair. METHODS: This retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data identified patients who had undergone AVr and MVr surgery from March 1996 to October 2009. Patients were included if they had undergone combined repair on the aortic and mitral valves. Excluded were those <18 years in whom valve replacement was performed. Data were collected on the short-term morbidity and mortality (<30 postoperative days), long-term survival, and freedom from valve-related events and echocardiographic outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 65 patients underwent AVr and MVr (mean age, 56.4 ± 15.8 years, 46 men). Preoperatively, 30 patients (46.1%) had aortic insufficiency (AI) >2+, 20 patients had AI ≥2+ with aortic dilatation (30.7%), and 4 patients (6.1%) had aortic dilatation only. Of the 65 patients, 57 had tricuspid (87.6%) and 8 had bicuspid aortic valves (12.3%). All patients had mitral insufficiency preoperatively. One in-hospital death occurred (1.5%). At discharge, no patient had AI >2+ versus 30 patients preoperatively (P < .001), and 7 patients had AI >1+ versus 61 patients preoperatively (P < .001). At discharge, the mean left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was 48 ± 7 mm versus 59 ± 9 mm preoperatively (P < .007), and the mean left ventricular end-systolic diameter was 33 ± 5 mm versus 38 ± 14 mm preoperatively (P = .36). The mean clinical follow-up duration was 62 ± 45 months (median, 50; range, 1-177). At the latest follow-up visit, 17 patients were New York Heart Association class ≥2 versus 52 patents preoperatively (P < .001). Four cardiac deaths occurred, and at 1, 5, and 10 years, the freedom from cardiac death was 100%, 93.4% ± 3.7%, and 88.5% ± 5.9%, respectively. Eight valve reinterventions were required, and the freedom from valve reintervention at 1, 5, and 10 years was 95.3% ± 2.6%, 91.6% ± 3.6%, and 78.4% ± 8.0%, respectively. At 1, 5, and 10 years, the freedom from AI 2+ was 98.2% ± 1.7%, 93.4% ± 3.7%, and 88.3% ± 5.8% and the freedom from mitral insufficiency 2+ was 96.4% ± 2.4%, 93.3% ± 3.8%, and 93.3% ± 3.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant AVr/MVr is associated with acceptable survival and freedom from valve reintervention.