Correction to: International prospective observational cohort study of Zika in infants and pregnancy (ZIP study): study protocol.

Following publication of the original article [1], the author mentioned that two additional NIH staff were involved in the development of the protocol who did not receive recognition in the Acknowledgments section in their published article.

International prospective observational cohort study of Zika in infants and pregnancy (ZIP study): study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Until recently, Zika virus (ZIKV) infections were considered mild and self-limiting. Since 2015, they have been associated with an increase in microcephaly and other birth defects in newborns. While this association has been observed in case reports and epidemiological studies, the nature and extent of the relationship between ZIKV and adverse pregnancy and pediatric health outcomes is not well understood. With the unique opportunity to prospectively explore the full spectrum of issues related to ZIKV exposure during pregnancy, we undertook a multi-country, prospective cohort study to evaluate the association between ZIKV and pregnancy, neonatal, and infant outcomes. METHODS: At research sites in ZIKV endemic regions of Brazil (4 sites), Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico (2 sites), and Peru, up to 10,000 pregnant women will be recruited and consented in the first and early second trimesters of pregnancy and then followed through delivery up to 6 weeks post-partum; their infants will be followed until at least 1 year of age. Pregnant women with symptomatic ZIKV infection confirmed by presence of ZIKV RNA and/or IgM for ZIKV will also be enrolled, regardless of gestational age. Participants will be tested monthly for ZIKV infection; additional demographic, physical, laboratory and environmental data will be collected to assess the potential interaction of these variables with ZIKV infection. Delivery outcomes and detailed infant assessments, including physical and neurological outcomes, will be obtained. DISCUSSION: With the emergence of ZIKV in the Americas and its association with adverse pregnancy outcomes in this region, a much better understanding of the spectrum of clinical outcomes associated with exposure to ZIKV during pregnancy is needed. This cohort study will provide information about maternal, fetal, and infant outcomes related to ZIKV infection, including congenital ZIKV syndrome, and manifestations that are not detectable at birth but may appear during the first year of life. In addition, the flexibility of the study design has provided an opportunity to modify study parameters in real time to provide rigorous research data to answer the most critical questions about the impact of congenital ZIKV exposure. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02856984 . Registered August 5, 2016. Retrospectively registered.

Health promotion and the agenda for sustainable development, WHO Region of the Americas.

The approaches and tools of health promotion can be useful for civil society groups, local and national governments and multilateral organizations that are working to operationalize the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Health promotion and sustainable development share several core priorities, such as equity, intersectoral approaches and sustainability, that help maximize their impact across traditional sectoral boundaries. In the Region of the Americas, each of these priorities has strong resonance because of prominent and long-standing health inequities that are proving resistant to interventions driven solely by the health sector. We describe several cases from the World Health Organization's (WHO) Region of the Americas in which the approaches and tools of health promotion, with a focus on cities, healthy settings and multisectoral collaboration, have been used to put the agenda into practice. We highlight areas where such approaches and tools can be applied effectively and provide evidence of the transformative potential of health promotion in efforts to achieve the sustainable development goals.

Les approches et outils de promotion de la santé peuvent être utiles aux groupes de la société civile, aux gouvernements locaux et nationaux et aux organismes multilatéraux qui s'efforcent de mettre en œuvre le Programme de développement durable à l'horizon 2030. La promotion de la santé et le développement durable ont plusieurs priorités centrales en commun, telles que l'équité, la collaboration intersectorielle et la durabilité, qui contribuent à optimiser leur impact au-delà des limites sectorielles habituelles. Chacune de ces priorités a une forte résonance dans la Région des Amériques, où les importantes inégalités en termes de santé durent depuis longtemps et semblent résister aux interventions menées à la seule initiative du secteur de la santé. Dans cet article, nous décrivons divers exemples provenant de la Région des Amériques de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS), où plusieurs approches et outils de promotion de la santé (ciblant principalement les populations urbaines, la création d'environnements-santé et une collaboration multisectorielle) sont actuellement employés pour mettre en œuvre le Programme de développement durable. Nous mettons l'accent sur les domaines dans lesquels ces approches et outils peuvent être efficacement appliqués et nous proposons des données probantes sur le potentiel de transformation de la promotion de la santé dans les efforts menés pour atteindre les objectifs de développement durable.

Los enfoques y las herramientas para el fomento de la salud son útiles para los grupos de la sociedad civil, los gobiernos locales y nacionales y las organizaciones multilaterales que trabajan para poner en marcha el programa de desarrollo sostenible de 2030. El fomento de la salud y el desarrollo sostenible comparten varias prioridades básicas, como la equidad, los enfoques intersectoriales y la sostenibilidad, que ayudan a maximizar el impacto dentro de los límites sectoriales tradicionales. En la Región de las Américas, cada una de estas prioridades tiene una fuerte repercusión debido a las inequidades sanitarias prominentes y prolongadas que resisten a las intervenciones impulsadas únicamente por el sector de la salud. Se describen varios casos de la Región de las Américas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en los que los enfoques y las herramientas para el fomento de la salud, centrado en ciudades, entornos saludables y colaboración multisectorial, se han utilizado para poner en práctica el programa. Se destacan las áreas donde tales enfoques y herramientas se pueden aplicar de manera efectiva y ofrecer pruebas del potencial transformador del fomento de la salud en los esfuerzos por alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible.

Health in all policies in the partnership for sustainable development.

This article analyzes the dynamic interaction between the Health in All Policies (HiAP) agenda and the ongoing implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. At the World Conference on Social Determinants of Health, held in Rio de Janeiro in October 2011, the Rio Political Declaration pledged to use HiAP as a mechanism to address health inequities. In 2014, the Ministers of Health of the Region of the Americas approved a regional Plan of Action of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) that sought to call attention to the health consequences and benefits of policies and actions developed by other sectors. The HiAP approach seeks to integrate activities across the pillars of the sustainable development governance framework (economic, social, and environmental development). Advocates of the process are challenged to consider, using guiding questions outlined at the close of this article, how to pursue action at the country level and in what ways the HiAP approach can contribute to timely and effective implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The authors propose that coordination between the 2030 Agenda and the regional Plan of Action on HiAP can make an important contribution to the implementation of both processes in the Region.

Health inequalities by gradients of access to water and sanitation between countries in the Americas, 1990 and 2010.

OBJECTIVE: To explore distributional inequality of key health outcomes as determined by access coverage to water and sanitation (WS) between countries in the Region of the Americas. METHODS: An ecological study was designed to explore the magnitude and change-over-time of standard gap and gradient metrics of environmental inequalities in health at the country level in 1990 and 2010 among the 35 countries of the Americas. Access to drinking water and access to improved sanitation facilities were selected as equity stratifiers. Five dependent variables were: total and healthy life expectancies at birth, and infant, under-5, and maternal mortality. RESULTS: Access to WS correlated with survival and mortality, and strong gradients were seen in both 1990 and 2010. Higher WS access corresponded to higher life expectancy and healthy life expectancy and lower infant, under-5, and maternal mortality risks. Burden of life lost was unequally distributed, steadily concentrated among the most environmentally disadvantaged, who carried up to twice the burden than they would if WS were fairly distributed. Population averages in life expectancy and specific mortality improved, but whereas absolute inequalities decreased, relative inequalities remained mostly invariant. CONCLUSIONS: Even with the Region on track to meet MDG 7 on water and sanitation, large environmental gradients and health inequities among countries remain hidden by Regional averages. As the post-2015 development agenda unfolds, policies and actions focused on health equity-mainly on the most socially and environmentally deprived-will be needed in order to secure the right for universal access to water and sanitation.

Combining Digital and Molecular Approaches Using Health and Alternate Data Sources in a Next-Generation Surveillance System for Anticipating Outbreaks of Pandemic Potential.

Globally, millions of lives are impacted every year by infectious diseases outbreaks. Comprehensive and innovative surveillance strategies aiming at early alert and timely containment of emerging and reemerging pathogens are a pressing priority. Shortcomings and delays in current pathogen surveillance practices further disturbed informing responses, interventions, and mitigation of recent pandemics, including H1N1 influenza and SARS-CoV-2. We present the design principles of the architecture for an early-alert surveillance system that leverages the vast available data landscape, including syndromic data from primary health care, drug sales, and rumors from the lay media and social media to identify areas with an increased number of cases of respiratory disease. In these potentially affected areas, an intensive and fast sample collection and advanced high-throughput genome sequencing analyses would inform on circulating known or novel pathogens by metagenomics-enabled pathogen characterization. Concurrently, the integration of bioclimatic and socioeconomic data, as well as transportation and mobility network data, into a data analytics platform, coupled with advanced mathematical modeling using artificial intelligence or machine learning, will enable more accurate estimation of outbreak spread risk. Such an approach aims to readily identify and characterize regions in the early stages of an outbreak development, as well as model risk and patterns of spread, informing targeted mitigation and control measures. A fully operational system must integrate diverse and robust data streams to translate data into actionable intelligence and actions, ultimately paving the way toward constructing next-generation surveillance systems.

A saúde na Agenda 2030 de Desenvolvimento Sustentável na América Latina: quem está publicando? / Health in the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 in Latin America: who is publishing? / La salud en la Agenda 2030 de Desarrollo Sostenible en América Latina: ¿Quién está publicando?

Este artigo apresenta um trabalho que consistiu no levantamento quantitativo das publicações sobre a Agenda 2030 de Desenvolvimento Sustentável na América Latina, ou que foram escritas por autores afiliados às instituições da região, focando no tema saúde. Foram realizadas buscas em bancos de dados, para o período entre janeiro de 2009 e maio de 2017, e encontradas 127 publicações voltadas para o Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 3 ­ Boa Saúde e Bem-Estar. A maior parcela dos resultados (92%) é constituída de artigos científicos que foram descritos segundo o ano e veículo de publicação, instituições de filiação dos autores e sua localização. Quase a metade das publicações (47%) foi feita sem a participação de organizações latino-americanas e em apenas 30% dos casos o primeiro autor pertence a uma organização latino-americana. Esse quadro se torna mais nítido quando se observa a concentração da produção latinoamericana em torno de organizações brasileiras: a produção científica sobre as resoluções da Agenda 2030 em relação à saúde ainda está ausente em grande parte do território latino-americano.

This article presents a work that consisted of a quantitative research about publications on Agenda 2030 on Sustainable Development in Latin America, or written by authors affiliated with institutions in the region, focusing on health. A search using databases on the subject for the period between January 2009 and May 2017 was made, and 127 publications focusing on Sustainable Development Goal 3 ­ Good Health and Well-Being. The majority (92%) of the publications were scientific articles and were described in relation to the year and vehicle of publication, authors' affiliation institutions and their location. Almost half of the publications (47%) were made without the participation of Latin American organizations and only 30% of cases have the first author who belongs to a Latin American organization. This picture becomes clearer when we see the concentration of Latin American production at Brazilian organizations: scientific production onAgenda 2030 regarding health is still absent in much of the Latin American territory.

Este artículo presenta un trabajo que ha consistido en el levantamiento cuantitativo de las publicaciones sobre la Agenda 2030 en América Latina o que fueron escritas por autores afiliados a instituciones de la región con el foco en salud. Se realizaron búsquedas en bancos de datos para el período entre 2009 y mayo de 2017. Se encontraron 127 publicaciones sobre el Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible 3 ­ Salud y Bienestar. Constituyen la mayoría (92%) artículos científicos que fueron descritos según el año y el vehículo de publicación, las instituciones de filiación de los autores y su ubicación. En casi la mitad de las publicaciones (47%) no hubo participación de organizaciones latinoamericanas y solamente en 30% de los casos el primer autor pertenece a una organización latinoamericana. Este cuadro es más nítido cuando observada la concentración de la producción latinoamericana en organizaciones brasileñas: La producción científica sobrela Agenda 2030 en el área de la salud todavía está ausente en gran parte de la América Latina.

Health inequalities by gradients of access to water and sanitation between countries in the Americas, 1990 and 2010 / Gradientes de acceso a agua y saneamiento y desigualdades en salud entre los países de la Región de las Américas, 1990 y 2010

OBJECTIVE: To explore distributional inequality of key health outcomes as determined by access coverage to water and sanitation (WS) between countries in the Region of the Americas. METHODS: An ecological study was designed to explore the magnitude and change-over-time of standard gap and gradient metrics of environmental inequalities in health at the country level in 1990 and 2010 among the 35 countries of the Americas. Access to drinking water and access to improved sanitation facilities were selected as equity stratifiers. Five dependent variables were: total and healthy life expectancies at birth, and infant, under-5, and maternal mortality. RESULTS: Access to WS correlated with survival and mortality, and strong gradients were seen in both 1990 and 2010. Higher WS access corresponded to higher life expectancy and healthy life expectancy and lower infant, under-5, and maternal mortality risks. Burden of life lost was unequally distributed, steadily concentrated among the most environmentally disadvantaged, who carried up to twice the burden than they would if WS were fairly distributed. Population averages in life expectancy and specific mortality improved, but whereas absolute inequalities decreased, relative inequalities remained mostly invariant. CONCLUSIONS: Even with the Region on track to meet MDG 7 on water and sanitation, large environmental gradients and health inequities among countries remain hidden by Regional averages. As the post-2015 development agenda unfolds, policies and actions focused on health equity-mainly on the most socially and environmentally deprived-will be needed in order to secure the right for universal access to water and sanitation.

OBJETIVO:Explorar la desigualdad distributiva de resultados clave en salud determinada por la cobertura de acceso a agua y saneamiento (AS) entre países en la Región de las Américas. MÉTODOS: Se diseñó un estudio ecológico para explorar la magnitud y el cambio en el tiempo de métricas estándar de brecha y gradiente de desigualdades ambientales en salud a nivel país en 1990 y 2010 entre los 35 países de las Américas. El acceso a agua potable y el acceso a instalaciones sanitarias mejoradas fueron seleccionados como estratificadores de equidad. Las cinco variables dependientes fueron: expectativa de vida al nacer total y saludable, mortalidad infantil, en menores de cinco años y materna. RESULTADOS: El acceso a AS se correlacionó con la supervivencia y mortalidad y se observaron intensos gradientes tanto en 1990 como en 2010. Un acceso a AS más alto se correspondió con más alta expectativa de vida al nacer total y saludable y con más bajos riesgos de muerte infantil, en menores de 5 años y materna. La carga de vida perdida se distribuyó inequitativamente, concentrándose de manera sostenida entre los más desaventajados ambientalmente, quienes acarrearon hasta dos veces la carga que hubieran acarreado si el acceso a AS hubiese estado equitativamente distribuido. Los promedios poblacionales en la expectativa de vida y la mortalidad específica mejoraron pero, mientras que las desigualdades absolutas se redujeron, las desigualdades relativas se mantuvieron esencialmente invariantes. CONCLUSIONES: Aún cuando la Región está en curso para alcanzar el ODM 7 sobre agua y saneamiento, los promedios regionales siguen ocultando grandes gradientes ambientales y desigualdades en salud entre países. A medida que se despliega la agenda de desarrollo post-2015, serán necesarias políticas y acciones orientadas a la equidad en salud -principalmente hacia aquellos con mayor privación social y ambiental- a fin de asegurar el derecho por el acceso universal al agua y saneamiento.

Saúde ambiental na América Latina e no Caribe: numa encruzilhada / Environmental health in Latin America and the Caribbean: at the crossroads

É inegável que a discussão sobre saúde, meio ambiente e desenvolvimento sustentável tem progredido muito em décadas recentes. Contudo, ganhos globais não têm sido distribuídos de maneira uniforme, deixando grandes grupos populacionais excluídos, com conseqüências negativas à saúde. Também estamos começando a reconhecer problemas globais emergentes que causam impactos locais significativos, principalmente em populações pobres, tanto em áreas rurais como urbanas. A saúde ambiental está numa encruzilhada, em que novos modelos e parcerias são necessários. Este artigo explora essas questões especificamente em relação aos países latino-americanos e caribenhos.

There has been undeniable progress in addressing health, environment and sustainable development in recent decades. Yet, global gains have not been distributed equally, leaving major populations groups excluded, with negative consequences to health. We are also beginning to recognize emerging global problems with significant local impacts, mostly in impoverished populations, both in rural and urban settings. Environmental health is at the crossroads, where new models and partnerships are required. This paper explores these issues with specific reference to the Latin American and Caribbean countries.

Indicadores de saúde e ambiente: relatório da Oficina de Trabalho realizada durante o IV Congresso Brasileiro de Epidemiologia - EPIRIO-98* / Health and environmental indicators: report of the Workshop held during the IV Brazilian Congress of Epidemiology - EPIRIO-98*

A oficina de trabalho constituiu uma importante oportunidade para debater questões teórico-conceituais sobre indicadores de saúde e ambiente e as necessidades para o seu desenvolvimento, no momento que está em estruturação o Projeto de Vigilância em Saúde - VIGISUS, dentro do qual está inserida uma área específica de Vigilância Ambiental Entre as principais questões debatidas resumimos as que se seguem: na formulação de indicadores devem ser respeitadas as especificidades das distintas áreas de conhecimento relacionadas à saúde e ambiente e deve-se levar em conta a participação social no processo de definição e uso dos indicadores; várias informações e indicadores sobre a qualidade ambiental, exposição humana e efeitos à saúde relacionados com o meio, que já existem e que são produzidos e estão em uso no Brasil, são relevantes e devem continuara serem utilizados. Alguns exemplos desses são os indicadores de cobertura de serviços de saneamento básico (água, esgoto e lixo), presença de vetores de doenças e níveis de poluentes no meio ambiente. Alguns dos indicadores já existentes devem ser modificados ou dar origem a outros indicadores de maior relevância à vigilância ambiental para a saúde. Por exemplo: indicadores da qualidade da água que chega no domicílio, indicadores sobre populações de animais de importância para a transmissão de doenças, indicadores sobre a intensidade das atividades econômicas e indicadores de poluentes de importância para a saúde pública; finalmente, com o propósito de continuaras atividades que se iniciaram nessa oficina, recomenda-se que seja criado um grupo de estudos multidisciplinar e intersetorial, para discutira elaboração de indicadores de saúde e ambiente para o Brasil.

This workshop was an important opportunity to discuss theoretical and conceptual questions on health and environmental indicators, and the need for its development during this special period of the structural organization of the "Project VIGISUS" (Health Surveillance Project), which has a component on Environmental Surveillance. Among others, the main questions reviewed during the workshop are summarized as follows: in the formulation of indicators the specific views of different disciplinary areas on health and environment must be respected and social participation should play a central role in the process of the definition of indicators and in the use of this information; there are information and several indicators on environmental quality, human exposure and health effects related to the environment that already exist and are relevant and must continue to be used. Some examples are: percentage of the population that has access to basic sanitation services (drinking water excreta disposal and urban waste recollection), presence of vectors of pecifc diseases and level of pollutants in the environment; some indicators that already exist must be modified or can be used, in order to generate new and more relevant onesfor environmental health surveillance. For example: indicators on the quality of the water at the point its reaches the consumer, indicators on animal populations of importance for disease transmission, indicators on economic activities, and indicators on the environmental pollutants of importance for public health; finally, to continue the activities that already started in this workshop, it is recommended to establish a multidisciplinary and inter-institutional group to study, discuss and elaborate indicators on health and environment in Brazil.

Revisäo e discussäo de estudos sobre nutriçäo / Review and Discussion of Studies on Nutrition

A partir da leitura de vários textos que discutem questöes relativas aos problemas e limites do método epidemiológico, em seus fundamentos científicos, analisa-se algumas questöes, buscando-se aplicar as críticas existentes, a nível geral, a uma das áreas de estudo do processo saúde/doença da populaçäo - a nutriçäo. É conclusäo do trabalho que existe a necessidade do prosseguimento da discussäo aqui reproduzida, por ser esta uma alternativa para o controle de inter-relaçöes concretas e eficazes entre os vários níveis determinantes envolvidos, ou seja, os níveis social, econômico, cultural, psicológico e biológico

Ensino da toxicologia no curso médico: uma resposta de atualizaçäo

Com base na experiência de serviço, pesquisa e ensino na área de toxicologia, acumulada nos últimos anos, o autor enfatiza a necessidade do médico ter conhecimentos específicos de toxicologia - noçöes básicas, noçöes da sua aplicaçäo, conhecimento dos agentes e prática clínica - para que possa depois de formado, prevenir, diagnosticar e tratar enfermidades relacionadas com agentes tóxicos que se fazem presentes em sociedades desenvolvidas ou em vias de desenvolvimento industrial

Determinantes ambientais e sociais da saúde / Environmental determinants of health and social

Este livro tem como objetivo disseminar no Brasil análises e debates para a redução dos danos à saúde associados a problemas ambientais. Os organizadores chamam atenção para a crescente medicalização das agendas de saúde, ignorando com frequência a crescente massa de evidências que associam uma boa ou má saúde individual e coletiva a um grau de determinantes ambientais e sociais, dominados por amplas iniquidades sociais e econômicas que limitam o bem estar e o progresso de amplos setores da população. A coletânea é dividida em três partes. A primeira discute as novas agendas de saúde, o desenvolvimento sustentável e a governança da saúde ambiental. A segunda reúne trabalhos sobre temas técnicos de caráter geral, como epidemiologia, toxicologia, mudanças climáticas, doenças infecciosas emergentes e comunicação de riscos. Aborda também o papel dos laboratórios de saúde ambiental, a deterioração dos ecossistemas e a proteção à saúde do consumidor. Já a terceira parte analisa questões mais especificas ligadas à energia, à universalização do saneamento básico, aos alimentos geneticamente modificados, aos desastres naturais e aos cuidados com a primeira infância...

Onde vivemos, onde trabalhamos e o que consumimos faz mal a saúde? Uma contribuiçao a discussao sobre o trabalho epidemiológico na área de produçao e saúde: ambiente, trabalho, consumo e saúde / Where we live, where we work and what we consume is harmful to our health? A contribution for discussing the epidemiologic work in the field of production and health: environment, work, consumption and health

Baseando-se no conceito de produçao e saúde e suas implicaçoes metodológicas, busca-se localizar o tema em relaçao a discussao atual sobre saúde pública e outros conceitos epidemiológicos, toxicológicos e da filosofia. Isso é feito no intuito de tornar consistente a afirmaçao de que produçao e saúde pode ser traduzida em saúde e meio ambiente, saúde e trabalho e saúde e consumo. A aplicaçao e o raciocínio prático deste conceito é demonstrado através de três estudos realizados nas áreas de saúde do consumidor, saúde e meio ambiente e saúde do trabalhador, os quais tentaram contribuir para o atendimento dos nexos causais dos problemas de saúde específicos abordados e relacioná-los com a necessidade existente ao processo de produçao e consumo existente em nossa realidade. Os estudos tratam da comercializaçao indevida de milho contaminado por agrotóxico e utilizado como raçao: da contaminaçao ambiental por resíduos químicos em regiao habitada: e a ocorrência de acidentes botrópicos como acidentes do trabalho. As principais conclusoes dizem respeito a relaçao causal direta entre produçao e saúde, a qual pode e é explorada ao serem realizados estudos sobre saúde e meio ambiente, saúde do trabalhador e saúde do consumidor, os quais devem buscar no processo de produçao e consumo a necessidade de sua existência