Effect of O-acetylation on the antigenicity and glycoconjugate immunogenicity of the Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 7F capsular polysaccharide.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterial pathogen causing diseases as severe as pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis. Commercial pneumococcal conjugate vaccines contain the 7F serotype, which is epidemiologically relevant and highly invasive. This serotype contains an O-acetyl group at the internal L-rhamnose of its polysaccharide repeating unit. Herein we report on the role of the O-acetyl moiety of 7F polysaccharide in both antigen recognition and the induction of a protective antibody response against 7F. Fully and partially de-O-acetylated 7F polysaccharides were chemically prepared and compared with the O-acetylated counterpart in their antigenicity and immunogenicity of their tetanus toxoid glycoconjugates. These comparative studies showed a slight but consistent decrease in the antigenicity for the fully de-O-acetylated polysaccharide, but not for the partly de-O-acetylated variant. The glycoconjugates derived from the O-acetylated and the fully de-O-acetylated polysaccharides had similar sizes and polysaccharide-to-protein ratio, and all proved both to be immunogenic and induce opsonophagocytic responses in mice. Nevertheless, the immune response elicited by the O-acetylated glycoconjugate was better in both quantity and quality, proving that the O-acetyl group is not strictly necessary but also not irrelevant for the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the 7F serotype polysaccharide and its glycoconjugates.

Expanding the Scope of Ugi Multicomponent Bioconjugation to Produce Pneumococcal Multivalent Glycoconjugates as Vaccine Candidates.

Conjugate vaccines against encapsulated pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae face many challenges, including the existence of multiple serotypes with a diverse global distribution that constantly requires new formulations and higher coverage. Multivalency is usually achieved by combining capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugates from invasive serotypes, and for S. pneumoniae, this has evolved from 7- up to 20-valent vaccines. These glycoconjugate formulations often contain high concentrations of carrier proteins, which may negatively affect glycoconjugate immune response. This work broadens the scope of an efficient multicomponent strategy, leading to multivalent pneumococcal glycoconjugates assembled in a single synthetic operation. The bioconjugation method, based on the Ugi four-component reaction, enables the one-pot incorporation of two different polysaccharide antigens to a tetanus toxoid carrier, thus representing the fastest approach to achieve multivalency. The reported glycoconjugates incorporate three combinations of capsular polysaccharides 1, 6B, 14, and 18C from S. pneumoniae. The glycoconjugates were able to elicit functional specific antibodies against pneumococcal strains comparable to those shown by mixtures of the two monovalent glycoconjugates.

NMR line-fitting quantification of polysaccharide N-acylurea-based modification in glycoconjugates of Salmonella Typhi Vi polysaccharide.

The polysaccharides modification via carbodiimide reaction is one of the most applied methods for obtaining conjugated vaccines against Salmonella enterica. However, N-acylurea carbodiimide adduct generated in the process is a critical impurity in carbohydrate-based vaccines. A quantitative NMR method was developed for assessing the N-acylurea carbodiimide adduct impurity. The procedure was based on line-fitting facilities for processing the NMR signals on complex spectra. The method showed good linearity, accuracy and precision under inter-operator variation (relative standard deviation <5%). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Quantitative NMR for the structural analysis of novel bivalent glycoconjugates as vaccine candidates.

Novel unimolecular bivalent glycoconjugates were assembled combining several functionalized capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis to a carrier protein by using an effective strategy based on the Ugi 4-component reaction. The development of multivalent glycoconjugates opens new opportunities in the field of vaccine design, but their high structural complexity involves new analytical challenges. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance has found wide applications in the characterization and impurity profiling of carbohydrate-based vaccines. Eight bivalent conjugates were studied by quantitative NMR analyzing the structural identity, the content of each capsular polysaccharide, the ratios between polysaccharides, the polysaccharide to protein ratios and undesirable contaminants. The qNMR technique involves experiments with several modified parameters for obtaining spectra with quantifiable signals. In addition, the achieved NMR results were combined with the results of colorimetric assay and Size Exclusion HPLC for assessing the protein content and free protein percentage, respectively. The application of quantitative NMR showed to be efficient to clear up the new structural complexities while allowing the quantitative assessment of the components.

A COVID-19 vaccine candidate composed of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD dimer and Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles.

SARS-CoV-2 infection is mediated by the interaction of the spike glycoprotein trimer via its receptor-binding domain (RBD) with the host's cellular receptor. Vaccines seek to block this interaction by eliciting neutralizing antibodies, most of which are directed toward the RBD. Many protein subunit vaccines require powerful adjuvants to generate a potent antibody response. Here, we report on the use of a SARS-CoV-2 dimeric recombinant RBD combined with Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), adsorbed on alum, as a promising COVID-19 vaccine candidate. This formulation induces a potent and neutralizing immune response in laboratory animals, which is higher than that of the dimeric RBD alone adsorbed on alum. Sera of people vaccinated with this vaccine candidate, named Soberana01, show a high inhibition level of the RBD-ACE2 interaction using RBD mutants corresponding to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and wild-type expressed using the phage display technology. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the immunostimulation effect of N. meningitidis OMVs is evaluated in vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2.

Quantitative assessment of C-polysaccharide in capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae by 31PNMR.

Capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae are key components of commercially available anti-pneumococcal vaccines; meanwhile C-polysaccharide is considered an impurity. World Health Organization recommends a strict control over the presence of this biomolecule due to the possibility of introducing an undesired response. An alternative way for assessing this impurity is focused on detect the phosphocholine residues by means of quantitative 1H-NMR. This could be tricky due to the amounts of this substituent may vary generating two C-polysaccharides forms. In this work we propose an improved quantitative NMR methodology based on 31P-NMR for the quantification of C-polysaccharide on capsular polysaccharide preparations. The technique also focuses on phosphocholine but, conversely to above-mentioned methods, allows to discriminate between phosphocholine linked in different positions. The methodology was run on samples of eleven vaccine serotypes, including seven with phosphate groups. From a rational acceptance criterion of 10 wt%, the method allows to quantified from 30 µg of the impurity in 3 mg of total polysaccharide (1 wt%) with a signal/noise ratio of 16:1. Repeatability and intermediate precision evaluation showed a relative standard deviation of 3.33 % and 8.34 % respectively. Additionally, the method provides information about structural identity of phosphate contained in capsular polysaccharides and C-polysaccharide species. This constitutes a new contribution from the NMR that highlights the power of these techniques for assessing imperative parameters in carbohydrate-based vaccines.

Molecular Aspects Concerning the Use of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain as a Target for Preventive Vaccines.

The development of recombinant COVID-19 vaccines has resulted from scientific progress made at an unprecedented speed during 2020. The recombinant spike glycoprotein monomer, its trimer, and its recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) induce a potent anti-RBD neutralizing antibody response in animals. In COVID-19 convalescent sera, there is a good correlation between the antibody response and potent neutralization. In this review, we summarize with a critical view the molecular aspects associated with the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 RBD with its receptor in human cells, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the epitopes involved in the neutralizing activity, and the impact of virus mutations thereof. Recent trends in RBD-based vaccines are analyzed, providing detailed insights into the role of antigen display and multivalence in the immune response of vaccines under development.

SARS-CoV-2 RBD-Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine Induces a Strong Neutralizing Immunity in Preclinical Studies.

Controlling the global COVID-19 pandemic depends, among other measures, on developing preventive vaccines at an unprecedented pace. Vaccines approved for use and those in development intend to elicit neutralizing antibodies to block viral sites binding to the host's cellular receptors. Virus infection is mediated by the spike glycoprotein trimer on the virion surface via its receptor binding domain (RBD). Antibody response to this domain is an important outcome of immunization and correlates well with viral neutralization. Here, we show that macromolecular constructs with recombinant RBD conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) induce a potent immune response in laboratory animals. Some advantages of immunization with RBD-TT conjugates include a predominant IgG immune response due to affinity maturation and long-term specific B-memory cells. These result demonstrate the potential of the conjugate COVID-19 vaccine candidates and enable their advance to clinical evaluation under the name SOBERANA02, paving the way for other antiviral conjugate vaccines.

Multicomponent polysaccharide-protein bioconjugation in the development of antibacterial glycoconjugate vaccine candidates.

A new synthetic strategy for the development of multivalent antibacterial glycoconjugate vaccines is described. The approach comprises the utilization of an isocyanide-based multicomponent process for the conjugation of functionalized capsular polysaccharides of S. pneumoniae and S. Typhi to carrier proteins such as diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. For the first time, oxo- and carboxylic acid-functionalized polysaccharides could be either independently or simultaneously conjugated to immunogenic proteins by means of the Ugi-multicomponent reaction, thus leading to mono- or multivalent unimolecular glycoconjugates as vaccine candidates. Despite the high molecular weight of the two or three reacting biomolecules, the multicomponent bioconjugation proved highly efficient and reproducible. The Ugi-derived glycoconjugates showed notable antigenicity and elicited good titers of functional specific antibodies. To our knowledge, this is the only bioconjugation method that enables the incorporation of two different polysaccharidic antigens to a carrier protein in a single step. Applications in the field of self-adjuvanting, eventually anticancer, multicomponent vaccines are foreseeable.

Quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance evaluation and total assignment of the capsular polysaccharide Neisseria meningitidis serogroup X.

Neisseria meningitidis constitutes the main cause of meningococcal disease in infants. Serogroups A, B, C, W135, Y, and X have the higher incidence in young children and teenagers. The use of polyvalent conjugate carbohydrate-based vaccines has decreased the meningococcal infection around the world. Recently, the serogroup X has been found to be responsible of different outbreaks of meningococcal diseases, mainly in "Meningitis Belt" of Africa and the structure of the repetitive unit of the capsular polysaccharide has been confirmed through a monodimensional (13)C NMR study. No further characterization studies have been carried out, especially with the use of other nuclei. In this paper a novel method for quantification of the N. meningitidis serogroup X by proton qNMR is reported. Deep characterization of the serogroup X polysaccharide was also carried out by combination of correlation experiments involving (13)C, (1)H, and (31)P nuclei.

Relevance of O-acetyl and phosphoglycerol groups for the antigenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 18C capsular polysaccharide.

Capsular polysaccharides are important virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The polysaccharide has been used as a component of vaccines against pneumococcal diseases either as plain polysaccharide or better conjugated to a protein. The last one is the vaccine of choice to target child protection. The immune responses depend on several polysaccharide physicochemical properties that can be affected during either purification or modification in the case of conjugate vaccines. In serotype 18C, the repeating unit has a complex structure having a branched pentasaccharide with two apparently labile subtituents: glycerol-phosphate and O-acetyl group. The loss of these groups may potentially reduce the ability of the 18C polysaccharide to induce the desired immune response. Therefore, the relationship of both groups with the antigenicity and immunogenicity of 18C capsular polysaccharide is explored. It is shown that glycerol-phosphate must be preserved for conserving adequate antigenicity of the 18C capsular polysaccharide. At the same time, it was proved that O-acetyl groups do not play any role for the antigenicity and immunogenicity.