Thyroid diseases in pregnancy: a current and controversial topic on diagnosis and treatment over the past 20 years.

BACKGROUND: Management of thyroid diseases during pregnancy requires special considerations because maternal thyroid diseases can have adverse effects on both pregnancy and fetus. Universal screening for thyroid diseases in pregnant women is not currently supported by studies with high evidence whereas guidelines have been released for individuals at high risk, although controversies are still in debate. Iodine prophylaxis should be performed systematically to women during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic search of PubMed/Medline and EMBASE concerning thyroid diseases and pregnancy have been conducted over the past 20 years and summarized. RESULTS: Data regarding prevention and treatment of thyroid diseases during pregnancy are reported from analysis of the literature. CONCLUSIONS: As thyroid dysfunction may cause profound impact on mother's and fetus's health, implementation by strict application of clinico-diagnostic flowchart and recommendations is of paramount importance when dealing with thyroid diseases during pregnant state.

Parvovirus B19 during pregnancy: a review.

Several infections in adults warrant special consideration in pregnant women given the potential fetal consequences. Among these is parvovirus B19 deserves special attention since the harmful effects on the pregnant woman and fetus. It can then cause fetal anemia, non-immune fetal hydrops and fetal death. Among cases with fetal demise, B19 is foundin significant numbers, especially in the second andthird trimesters of pregnancy. There is no specific treatment or prophylaxis available against B19 infection, but counseling of non-immune mothers and active monitoring of confirmed maternal infections with intervention to correct fetal anemia is likely to decrease mortality.

Update on systemic lupus erythematosus pregnancy.

Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) still face significant risks when embarking on a pregnancy. Improvements in the field of pathophysiology, in diagnosis and a greater number of therapeutic options in the treatment of SLE, have made the medical community regard these patients with less trepidation. Despite these advances, however, the risk of significant morbidity to both the mother and the fetus still exists. THE INTERACTION OF LUPUS AND PREGNANCY IS VERY COMPLEX: the consensus is that pregnancy can worsen the lupus disease process, even if this is not predictable, and pregnancy can mimic the clinical manifestations of lupus, particularly preeclampsia/eclampsia. More specifically, pregnancy is associated in 50 to 60% of cases with a clinical flare manifesting as renalor hematological symptoms. Severe flares are uncommon (10%) and the risk of maternal death is now2 to 3%. The risk of the fetus remains high, however with increased risk of spontaneous fetal wastage and premature births, by 4.8 and 6.8 times, respectively. It is well documented that antiphospholipid syndrome and antiphospholipid antibodies are strongly associated with fetal wastage. Low-dose aspirin orheparin improves fetal outcome in these cases.Timing a pregnancy to coincide with a period of disease quiescence for at least 6 months strongly increases the chances for a healthy and uneventful pregnancy for both mother and baby. Close surveillance, with monitoring of blood pressure, proteinuria and placental blood flow by doppler studies helps the early diagnosis and treatment of complications such as preeclampsia andfoetal distress. Women with SLE frequently need treatment throughout pregnancy based on hydroxychloroquine, lowdose steroids and azathioprine. This update, based on previous available literature, should inform rheumatologists, obstetricians and neonatologists who guide patients in their reproductive decisions.