Post-radiotherapy stage III/IV non-small cell lung cancer radiomics research: a systematic review and comparison of CLEAR and RQS frameworks.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer, the second most common cancer, presents persistently dismal prognoses. Radiomics, a promising field, aims to provide novel imaging biomarkers to improve outcomes. However, clinical translation faces reproducibility challenges, despite efforts to address them with quality scoring tools. OBJECTIVE: This study had two objectives: 1) identify radiomics biomarkers in post-radiotherapy stage III/IV nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, 2) evaluate research quality using the CLEAR (CheckList_for_EvaluAtion_of_Radiomics_research), RQS (Radiomics_Quality_Score) frameworks, and formulate an amalgamated CLEAR-RQS tool to enhance scientific rigor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature review (Jun-Aug 2023, MEDLINE/PubMed/SCOPUS) was conducted concerning stage III/IV NSCLC, radiotherapy, and radiomic features (RF). Extracted data included study design particulars, such as sample size, radiotherapy/CT technique, selected RFs, and endpoints. CLEAR and RQS were merged into a CLEAR-RQS checklist. Three readers appraised articles utilizing CLEAR, RQS, and CLEAR-RQS metrics. RESULTS: Out of 871 articles, 11 met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The Median cohort size was 91 (range: 10-337) with 9 studies being single-center. No common RF were identified. The merged CLEAR-RQS checklist comprised 61 items. Most unreported items were within CLEAR's "methods" and "open-source," and within RQS's "phantom-calibration," "registry-enrolled prospective-trial-design," and "cost-effective-analysis" sections. No study scored above 50% on RQS. Median CLEAR scores were 55.74% (32.33/58 points), and for RQS, 17.59% (6.3/36 points). CLEAR-RQS article ranking fell between CLEAR and RQS and aligned with CLEAR. CONCLUSION: Radiomics research in post-radiotherapy stage III/IV NSCLC exhibits variability and frequently low-quality reporting. The formulated CLEAR-RQS checklist may facilitate education and holds promise for enhancing radiomics research quality. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Current radiomics research in the field of stage III/IV postradiotherapy NSCLC is heterogenous, lacking reproducibility, with no identified imaging biomarker. Radiomics research quality assessment tools may enhance scientific rigor and thereby facilitate radiomics translation into clinical practice. KEY POINTS: There is heterogenous and low radiomics research quality in postradiotherapy stage III/IV nonsmall cell lung cancer. Barriers to reproducibility are small cohort size, nonvalidated studies, missing technical parameters, and lack of data, code, and model sharing. CLEAR (CheckList_for_EvaluAtion_of_Radiomics_research), RQS (Radiomics_Quality_Score), and the amalgamated CLEAR-RQS tool are useful frameworks for assessing radiomics research quality and may provide a valuable resource for educational purposes in the field of radiomics.

Uncoupling differential water usage from drought resistance in a dwarf Arabidopsis mutant.

Understanding the molecular and physiological mechanisms of how plants respond to drought is paramount to breeding more drought-resistant crops. Certain mutations or allelic variations result in plants with altered water-use requirements. To correctly identify genetic differences which confer a drought phenotype, plants with different genotypes must be subjected to equal levels of drought stress. Many reports of advantageous mutations conferring drought resistance do not control for soil water content (SWC) variations across genotypes and may therefore need to be re-examined. Here, we reassessed the drought phenotype of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) dwarf mutant, chiquita1-1 (chiq1-1, also called constitutively stressed 1 (cost1)), by growing mutant seedlings together with the wild-type to ensure uniform soil water availability across genotypes. Our results demonstrate that the dwarf phenotype conferred by loss of CHIQ1 function results in constitutively lower water usage per plant, but not increased drought resistance. Our study provides an easily reproducible, low-cost method to measure and control for SWC and to compare drought-resistant genotypes more accurately.

Diagnostic Benefit of MRI for Exclusion of Ligamentous Injury in Patients with Lateral Atlantodental Interval Asymmetry at Initial Trauma CT.

Background Cervical spine CT is regularly performed to exclude cervical spine injury during the initial evaluation of trauma patients. Patients with asymmetry of the lateral atlantodental interval (LADI) often undergo subsequent MRI to rule out ligamentous injuries. The clinical relevance of an asymmetric LADI and the benefit of additional MRI remain unclear. Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic benefit of additional MRI in patients with blunt trauma who have asymmetry of the LADI and no other cervical injuries. Materials and Methods Patients who underwent cervical spine CT during initial trauma evaluation between March 2017 and August 2019 were retrospectively evaluated. Those who underwent subsequent MRI because of LADI asymmetry of 1 mm or greater with no other signs of cervical injury were identified and reevaluated by two readers blinded to clinical data and initial study reports regarding possible ligamentous injuries. Results Among 1553 patients, 146 (9%) had LADI asymmetry of 1 mm or greater. Of these, 46 patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 39 years ± 22; 28 men; median LADI asymmetry, 2.4 mm [interquartile range, 1.8-3.1 mm]) underwent supplementary MRI with no other signs of cervical injury at initial CT. Ten of the 46 patients (22%) showed cervical tenderness at clinical examination, and 36 patients (78%) were asymptomatic. In two of the 46 patients (4%), MRI revealed alar ligament injury; both of these patients showed LADI asymmetry greater than 3 mm, along with cervical tenderness at clinical examination, and underwent treatment for ligamentous injury. In 13 of the 46 patients (28%), signal intensity alterations of alar ligaments without signs of rupture were observed. Four of these 13 patients (31%) were subsequently treated for ligamentous injury despite being asymptomatic. Conclusion Subsequent MRI following CT of the cervical spine in trauma patients with lateral atlantodental interval asymmetry may have diagnostic benefit only in symptomatic patients. In asymptomatic patients without proven cervical injuries, subsequent MRI showed no diagnostic benefit and may even lead to overtreatment. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Plant Metabolic Network 15: A resource of genome-wide metabolism databases for 126 plants and algae.

To understand and engineer plant metabolism, we need a comprehensive and accurate annotation of all metabolic information across plant species. As a step towards this goal, we generated genome-scale metabolic pathway databases of 126 algal and plant genomes, ranging from model organisms to crops to medicinal plants (https://plantcyc.org). Of these, 104 have not been reported before. We systematically evaluated the quality of the databases, which revealed that our semi-automated validation pipeline dramatically improves the quality. We then compared the metabolic content across the 126 organisms using multiple correspondence analysis and found that Brassicaceae, Poaceae, and Chlorophyta appeared as metabolically distinct groups. To demonstrate the utility of this resource, we used recently published sorghum transcriptomics data to discover previously unreported trends of metabolism underlying drought tolerance. We also used single-cell transcriptomics data from the Arabidopsis root to infer cell type-specific metabolic pathways. This work shows the quality and quantity of our resource and demonstrates its wide-ranging utility in integrating metabolism with other areas of plant biology.

Non-destructive, whole-plant phenotyping reveals dynamic changes in water use efficiency, photosynthesis, and rhizosphere acidification of sorghum accessions under osmotic stress.

Noninvasive phenotyping can quantify dynamic plant growth processes at higher temporal resolution than destructive phenotyping and can reveal phenomena that would be missed by end-point analysis alone. Additionally, whole-plant phenotyping can identify growth conditions that are optimal for both above- and below-ground tissues. However, noninvasive, whole-plant phenotyping approaches available today are generally expensive, complex, and non-modular. We developed a low-cost and versatile approach to noninvasively measure whole-plant physiology over time by growing plants in isolated hydroponic chambers. We demonstrate the versatility of our approach by measuring whole-plant biomass accumulation, water use, and water use efficiency every two days on unstressed and osmotically stressed sorghum accessions. We identified relationships between root zone acidification and photosynthesis on whole-plant water use efficiency over time. Our system can be implemented using cheap, basic components, requires no specific technical expertise, and should be suitable for any non-aquatic vascular plant species.

Parametric mapping using cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the differentiation of light chain amyloidosis and transthyretin-related amyloidosis.

AIMS: To evaluate different cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) parameters for the differentiation of light chain amyloidosis (AL) and transthyretin-related amyloidosis (ATTR). METHODS AND RESULTS: In total, 75 patients, 53 with cardiac amyloidosis (20 patients with AL (66±12 years, 14 males [70%]) and 33 patients with ATTR (78±5 years, 28 males [88%])) were retrospectively analyzed regarding CMR parameters such as T1 and T2 mapping, extracellular volume (ECV), and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) distribution patterns, and myocardial strain, and compared to a control cohort with other causes of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH; 22 patients (53±16 years, 17 males [85%])). One way-ANOVA and receiver operating characteristic analysis were used for statistical analysis. ECV was the single best parameter to differentiate between cardiac amyloidosis and controls (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.97, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.89-0.99, p<.0001, cutoff: >30%). T2 mapping was the best single parameter to differentiate between AL and ATTR amyloidosis (AL: 63±4 ms, ATTR: 58±2 ms, p<.001, AUC: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.74-0.94, cutoff: >61 ms). Subendocardial LGE was predominantly observed in AL patients (10/20 [50%] vs. 5/33 [15%]; p=.002). Transmural LGE was predominantly observed in ATTR patients (23/33 [70%] vs. 2/20 [10%]; p<.001). The diagnostic performance of T2 mapping to differentiate between AL and ATTR amyloidosis was further increased with the inclusion of LGE patterns (AUC: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.86-0.99]; p=.05). CONCLUSION: ECV differentiates cardiac amyloidosis from other causes of LVH. T2 mapping combined with LGE differentiates AL from ATTR amyloidosis with high accuracy on a patient level.

Evaluating Plant Drought Resistance with a Raspberry Pi and Time-lapse Photography.

Identifying genetic variations or treatments that confer greater resistance to drought is paramount to ensuring sustainable crop productivity. Accurate and reproducible measurement of drought stress symptoms can be achieved via automated, image-based phenotyping. Many phenotyping platforms are either cost-prohibitive, require specific technical expertise, or are simply more complex than necessary to effectively evaluate drought resistance. Certain mutations, allelic variations, or treatments result in plants that constitutively use less water. To accurately identify genetic differences or treatments that confer a drought phenotype, plants from all experimental groups must be subjected to equal levels of drought stress. This can be easily achieved by growing and imaging plants that are grown in the same pot. Here, we provide a detailed protocol to configure a Raspberry Pi computer and camera module to image seedlings of multiple genotypes growing in shared pots and to transfer images and metadata via the cloud for downstream analyses. Also detailed is a method to calculate percent soil water content of pots while being imaged to allow for comparison of stress symptoms with water availability. This protocol was recently used to uncouple differential water usage from drought resistance in a dwarf Arabidopsis thaliana mutant chiquita1-1/cost1 compared to the wild-type control. It is cost effective, suitable for any plant species, customizable to various biological questions, and requires no prior experience with electronics or basic software programming.

Genome-enabled discovery of anthraquinone biosynthesis in Senna tora.

Senna tora is a widely used medicinal plant. Its health benefits have been attributed to the large quantity of anthraquinones, but how they are made in plants remains a mystery. To identify the genes responsible for plant anthraquinone biosynthesis, we reveal the genome sequence of S. tora at the chromosome level with 526 Mb (96%) assembled into 13 chromosomes. Comparison among related plant species shows that a chalcone synthase-like (CHS-L) gene family has lineage-specifically and rapidly expanded in S. tora. Combining genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and biochemistry, we identify a CHS-L gene contributing to the biosynthesis of anthraquinones. The S. tora reference genome will accelerate the discovery of biologically active anthraquinone biosynthesis pathways in medicinal plants.