Postremission Consolidation by Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) for Acute Myeloid Leukemia in First Complete Remission (CR) and Negative Implications for Subsequent Allogeneic HCT in Second CR: A Study by the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT).

After autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in the first complete remission (CR1), patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) may relapse and undergo allogeneic HCT in the second complete remission (CR2). The aim of this study was to analyze the outcome of allogeneic HCT performed in CR2 comparing patients with prior consolidation by autologous HCT versus patients with chemotherapy consolidation. Included were 2619 adults with allogeneic HCT in CR2 from 2000 to 2017 with (n = 417) or without (n = 2202) prior autologous HCT. Patient groups were not entirely comparable; patients with prior autologous HCT were younger, had less often a favorable cytogenetic profile, had more commonly donors other than matched siblings, and more often received reduced-intensity conditioning. In multivariate analysis, nonrelapse mortality risks in patients with prior autologous HCT were 1.34 (1.07 to 1.67; P = .01) after adjustment for age, cytogenetic risk, transplant year, donor, conditioning intensity, sex matching, interval diagnosis-relapse, and relapse-allogeneic HCT as compared with chemotherapy consolidation. Similarly, risks of events in leukemia-free survival and graft-versus-host disease, relapse-free survival were higher with prior autologous HCT, 1.17 (1.01 to 1.35), P = .03 and 1.18 (1.03 to 1.35), P = .02, respectively. Risk of death was also higher, 1.13 (0.97 to 1.32), P = .1, but this was not significant. Postremission consolidation with autologous HCT for AML in CR1 increases toxicity of subsequent allogeneic HCT in CR2.

HLA-identical sibling allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation with reduced intensity conditioning compared to autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for elderly patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia.

We conducted a retrospective registry-based analysis to compare the outcome of 361 allogeneic human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical peripheral blood stem cell transplants (PBSCT) with reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) to that of 1369 autologous (auto) PBSCT in patients aged 50 years or older with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML), performed from 1997 until 2003 and reported to the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Median age was 58 and 57 years in the RIC and auto groups, respectively. RIC patients had more advanced disease at the time of transplant. At a median follow-up of 24 months for RIC and 16 months for auto, multivariate analysis showed a lower risk for relapse (RR 0.77, P=0.013) without increased non-relapse mortality (NRM) in RIC patients (RR 1.26, P=0.28). Moreover, leukemia-free survival (RR 1.22, P=0.02) and overall survival (OS) (RR 1.32, P=0.005) were superior in the RIC group. In patients in 1st (CR), fewer relapses were counterbalanced by significantly increased NRM. Therefore, there was no survival advantage in this subgroup. In patients in 2nd or subsequent CR, LFS and OS were superior in the RIC group. RIC transplants show encouraging results in this older patient population with de novo AML.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for adults with acute promyelocytic leukemia in the ATRA era: a survey of the European Cooperative Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.

We performed a survey of the European Cooperative Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation to analyze the outcome of 625 acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients transplanted with auto- or allogeneic-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHSCT, alloHSCT) after 1993, in first (CR1) or in second complete remission (CR2). Leukemia-free survival (LFS) at 5 years in CR1 was 69% for 149 patients autografted and 68% for 144 patients allografted, whereas in CR2, LFS was 51% in 195 autoHSCT and 59% in 137 alloHSCT recipients, respectively. In the group of autoHSCT for CR1 (n=149), higher relapse incidence (RI) was associated with shorter time from diagnosis to transplant (<7.6 months); transplant-related mortality (TRM) was increased in older patients (>47 years), whereas for CR2, longer time from diagnosis to transplant (>18 months) was associated with increased LFS and decreased RI. In the alloHSCT group for CR1 (n=144), age (<33 years) was associated with increased LFS and decreased TRM and for CR2 (n=137), the use of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells was associated with decreased TRM. Female recipient, a female donor to male recipient and transplants performed before 1997 were associated with decreased RI. In conclusion, HSCT still appears to have a role in APL, especially for patients in CR2.

Simultaneous regression of Philadelphia chromosome and multiple nonrecurrent clonal chromosomal abnormalities with imatinib mesylate in a patient autografted 22 years before for chronic myelogenous leukemia.

A 31-year-old patient developed chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in November, 1983. In November 1984, following a diagnosis of acceleration, he received an autologous hemopoietic transplant after conditioning with cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation. The autologous marrow was purged with mafosfamide. Over 20 years, the patient remained in chronic phase of CML. Multiple nonrecurrent clonal chromosomal abnormalities appeared leading to a very complex karyotype, including among others involvement of chromosomes 1, 7, 9, 13, 19, and X. Fluorescent in situ hybridization showed that the two chromosomes 9 were involved. Acute myeloid crisis was diagnosed in February, 2004. Treatment with imatinib mesylate resulted within 6 months in a total disappearance of all chromosomal abnormalities with a complete cytogenetic and molecular response, which persists 3 years later. We question whether the ex vivo purging procedure with mafosfamide has favored the occurrence of these particular cytogenetic abnormalities (with no independent oncogenic potential) within the original leukemic stem cell pool. It remains unclear whether the autologous transplantation has indeed resulted into some prolongation of the duration of the chronic phase, which lasted for 20 years. At time of acute crisis, the dramatic response to imatinib mesylate leading to a complete cytogenetic and molecular response is noteworthy.

A comparison between allogeneic stem cell transplantation from unmanipulated haploidentical and unrelated donors in acute leukemia.

BACKGROUND: In the absence of a HLA-matched related or matched unrelated donor, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) from mismatched unrelated donors or haploidentical donors are potential alternatives for patients with acute leukemia with an indication to allo-SCT. The objective of this study was to compare the outcome of allo-SCT from T cell-replete haploidentical (Haplo) versus matched (MUD 10/10) or mismatched unrelated donor at a single HLA-locus (MMUD 9/10) for patients with acute leukemia in remission. METHODS: Two hundred sixty-five adult patients with de novo acute leukemia in first or second remission that received a Haplo-SCT between January 2007 and December 2013 were compared with 2490 patients receiving a MUD 10/10 and 813 receiving a MMUD 9/10. Propensity score weighted analysis was conducted in order to control for disease risk imbalances between the groups. RESULTS: The weighted 3-year non-relapse mortality and relapse incidence were 29 and 30% for Haplo, 21 and 29% for MUD 10/10, and 29 and 25% for MMUD 9/10, respectively. The weighted 3-year leukemia-free survival (LFS) and overall survival (OS) were 41 and 46% for Haplo, 50 and 56% for MUD 10/10, and 46 and 48% for MMUD 9/10, respectively. Using weighted Cox model, both LFS and OS were significantly higher in transplants from MUD 10/10 compared from those in Haplo but not different between transplants from MMUD 9/10 and Haplo. The type of donor was not significantly associated with neither acute nor chronic graft-versus-host disease. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with acute leukemia in remission have better outcomes if transplanted from a MUD 10/10. We did not find any significant difference in outcome between transplants from MMUD 9/10 and Haplo, suggesting that both can be equally used in the absence of a 10/10 MUD. KEY POINT 1: Better outcomes using fully (10/10) matched unrelated donor for allo-SCT in acute leukemia in remission. KEY POINT 2: Similar outcomes after allo-SCT from unmanipulated haploidentical graft or mismatched (9/10) unrelated donor in acute leukemia in remission.

Comparative outcome of reduced intensity and myeloablative conditioning regimen in HLA identical sibling allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients older than 50 years of age with acute myeloblastic leukaemia: a retrospective survey from the Acute Leukemia Working Party (ALWP) of the European group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT).

Results of reduced intensity conditioning regimen (RIC) in the HLA identical haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) setting have not been compared to those after myeloablative (MA) regimen HSCT in patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) over 50 years of age. With this aim, outcomes of 315 RIC were compared with 407 MA HSCT recipients. The majority of RIC was fludarabine-based regimen associated to busulphan (BU) (53%) or low-dose total body irradiation (24%). Multivariate analyses of outcomes were used adjusting for differences between both groups. The median follow-up was 13 months. Cytogenetics, FAB classification, WBC count at diagnosis and status of the disease at transplant were not statistically different between the two groups. However, RIC patients were older, transplanted more recently, and more frequently with peripheral blood allogeneic stem cells as compared to MA recipients. In multivariate analysis, acute GVHD (II-IV) and transplant-related mortality were significantly decreased (P=0.01 and P<10(-4), respectively) and relapse incidence was significantly higher (P=0.003) after RIC transplantation. Leukaemia-free survival was not statistically different between the two groups. These results may set the grounds for prospective trials comparing RIC with other strategies of treatment in elderly AML.

Autologous bone marrow transplantation in acute leukemia.

Autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT), which was developed in the past decade, is currently under investigation for the treatment of leukemias, lymphomas, and a few solid tumors. It consists of engrafting a patient, after ablative chemotherapy and/or total-body irradiation (TBI), with marrow taken from the patient at a propitious time in the history of the disease and usually cryopreserved. This technique has two major consequences: ABMT by reducing the length and variability of posttreatment aplasia can be considered a super hematologic support. It allows the use of chemotherapeutic agents and/or TBI at doses that surpass the dose for effecting the threshold of myelotoxicity. Therefore, a greater tumor cell kill can be expected at a reasonably low cost in terms of toxicity. In patients with acute leukemia (AL), however, the contribution of ABMT may go far beyond. In the initial trials (1974-79), the marrow of patients with AL was collected during complete remission and cryopreserved, with the idea of preserving "the remission status." At relapse this marrow was re-infused after high-dose chemotherapy and/or TBI, for achieving another complete remission. The result could be considered a chronologic chimera; the autograft, which had stem cells younger than those of the organism, reproduced, over the course of a few months or years, the evolution of the remission during which it was collected. As predicted, however, all patients who received this treatment eventually relapsed. For a more aggressive technique, some teams gave autografts to patients earlier, during remission, to allow ablative therapy in the consolidation mode; the whole procedure, including the pretransplant cytoreductive regimen, was modeled on that of allografting. Because allogeneic bone marrow transplantation currently offers the best chance of long-term survival but remains severely restricted, by age and availability of an HLA-identical donor, to less than 10% of the patients, ABMT may be considered an alternative source of stem cells to the other patients. In addition, ABMT avoids the risks of graft-versus-host disease with its associated immunosuppression. However, one major impediment to effective ABMT may be the persistence of leukemia cells in the marrow autograft, although the marrow was collected during earlier remission. The recent development of numerous techniques to cleanse the marrow prior to ABMT has considerably increased the possibility of ABMT becoming a major tool in the cure of leukemia. This report reviews the early data and essentially focuses on recent results of ABMT effected in or done in remission with use of cleansed and uncleansed marrow.

Autografting for chronic granulocytic leukemia in transformation.

Forty-five patients were treated for chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) in transformation by intensive chemotherapy (23 patients) or radiochemotherapy (22 patients) followed by autologous transplantation of bone marrow (17 patients) or blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells (28 patients). Hematopoiesis was reestablished in most evaluable patients and was significantly more rapid in previously splenectomized patients or in those receiving more than 10 X 10(8) nucleated cells/kg. However, partial or complete failure of engraftment was observed in 11 patients, in most cases after autografting with marrow cells. The median survival of all patients was 4.5 months. The major cause of death was the rapid recurrence of the blast cells not eradicated by the conditioning regimen. However, 4 of the 11 patients treated during the accelerated phase are still alive in the chronic phase, 17, 23, 35, and 54 months after autografting. These results and the restoration of hematopoiesis without the Philadelphia chromosome in 5 patients suggest that autografting could be used in CGL before the onset of the blast crisis.

Evidence for absence of toxicity of T101 immunotoxin on human hematopoietic progenitor cells prior to bone marrow transplantation.

T101-ricin A-chain immunotoxin is a hybrid molecule made up of the T101 monoclonal antibody bound to the A-chain of ricin. It specifically destroys cells expressing the cell surface T65 antigen. We have designed a preclinical study to evaluate its possible use for the in vitro treatment of T-cell hematological cancers prior to autologous bone marrow transplantation. The data presented here show that conditions previously defined to produce high tumor cell killing, i.e., a 20-hr incubation at 37 degrees in the presence of T101-ricin A-chain immunotoxin up to 10(-7) M in a 10 mM ammonium chloride solution, do not affect the in vitro proliferative capacity of human hematopoietic stem cells studied by means of semisolid medium cultures (granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, burst-forming units-erythrocyte) and continuous liquid cultures (pre-granulocyte-macrophage progenitors). Therefore, autologous bone marrow transplantation with T101-ricin A-chain immunotoxin-treated graft should be feasible.

Relapse of AML after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: methods of monitoring and preventive strategies. A review from the ALWP of the EBMT.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) remains the therapeutic method with the most potent anti-leukemic activity mediated by the graft versus leukemia effect. However, a significant proportion of patients with AML will relapse after allo-SCT. The prognosis for these patients is dismal, with a probability of long-term survival of <20%. Data from previous studies have shown that disease-specific prognostic factors, are in general, the same as those in patients treated with conventional chemotherapy. Minimal residual disease (MRD) and chimerism status monitoring after allo-SCT may be used as predictors of impending relapse and should be part of routine follow-up for AML patients. A significant number of studies have shown that pre-emptive administration of donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) based on MRD and chimerism monitoring, as well as prophylactic DLI in AML patients at high risk of relapse is effective in preventing relapse. In this review, we discuss strategies for the identification of high-risk patients, review current therapeutic options and provide our recommendations for the management of post-SCT AML.

Purging of bone marrow in autologous bone marrow transplantation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case-matched comparison with unpurged cases by the European Blood and Marrow Transplant Lymphoma Registry.

PURPOSE: The use of in vitro purging of bone marrow in autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has been a controversial issue; its benefit is as yet unproven. Its effect on the clinical outcome of ABMT in these patients is still unclear. We look at this issue using data from the European Blood and Marrow Transplant (EBMT) Lymphoma Registry. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventeen hundred twenty-six patients with NHL have been reported to the EBMT registry, of whom 270 had bone marrow purged at transplant. Two hundred twenty-four of these patients were compared with a case-matched group of 224 unpurged patients who had undergone the same procedure. The case matching was made following selection of the main prognostic factors for progression-free survival (PFS) by multivariate analysis. Response, complications, and outcome in ABMT were analyzed. RESULTS: Time to hematologic engraftment, response to ABMT, and number of procedure-related deaths were similar in purged and unpurged patients. The overall survival (OS) rate was 54% at 5 years in purged patients and 48.3% in unpurged patients (P = .1813). The PFS rate was 44.3% and 44.6%, respectively (P = .1961). Patterns of relapse, including bone marrow relapse, were similar in both groups. Patients with low-grade lymphoma did not have a significantly improved PFS if the bone marrow was purged (P = .1757); however, they did have a significantly improved OS (P = .00184). This increased OS was found to be associated with non-totalbody irradiation (TBI) conditioning and also with the purged patients undergoing transplantation at large transplant centers (P = .0016). CONCLUSION: Purging of bone marrow in ABMT for NHL does not affect the rate of hematologic engraftment or risk of procedure-related death (PRD). There is no significant difference in PFS for patients whose bone marrow is purged as compared with unpurged.

The role of autologous bone marrow transplantation in 46 adult patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

Forty-six patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were treated with autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) in two different institutions. All patients were pretreated with conventional chemotherapy. Three different conditioning regimens were used, and 20 patients underwent bone marrow purging. Twelve patients were treated in first complete remission (CR); eight are in unmaintained CR 8 to 104 months after ABMT. Five patients were grafted in first partial remission (PR) after conventional therapy; all achieved CR, and all remain in prolonged CR (first CR for four patients, second CR for one patient). Of 21 patients with chemosensitive relapses, 13 patients are in prolonged unmaintained CR 8 to 94 months after ABMT. Eight patients with resistant disease remained uncured by ABMT; all eight died, six from progressive illness and two from toxicity. The current 3-year disease-free probability is 60% for all patients, 0% for refractory disease; 82% for first PR or CR, and 60% for sensitive relapses (SRs). These results confirm the efficacy of ABMT in the treatment of chemosensitive NHL with bad prognosis.

Autologous stem-cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: the role of graft purging and radiotherapy posttransplantation--results of a retrospective analysis on 120 patients autografted in a single institution.

PURPOSE: To analyze retrospectively survival and prognostic factors of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) autografted from 1979 to 1995 in a single institution. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 120 patients, 64 with aggressive and 56 with low-grade NHL, were autografted. The carmustine (BCNU), etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan (BEAM) regimen was used in 104. The autograft was marrow in 101 patients. Marrow was purged in vitro by mafosfamide for 63 patients (adjusted dose [AD] in 32; unique dose [UD] in 31); 27 patients received a CD34+-selected graft. Following intensification, 45 patients received additional radiotherapy on previous sites of involvement. RESULTS: Outcome at 5 years for patients transplanted with low-grade NHL in first complete remission (CR1), in first partial remission (PR1), and in second complete remission (CR2) or beyond showed an event-free survival (EFS) of 75% +/- 12%, 46% +/- 18%, and 57% +/- 24%, a relapse incidence (RI) of 21% +/- 12%, 49% +/- 19%, and 43% +/- 25%, and a transplant-related mortality (TRM) of 5% +/- 5%, 10% +/- 7%, and 0%, respectively. For patients with aggressive NHL transplanted in CR1, in PR1, in CR2 or beyond, and in resistant relapse or in primary refractory disease, the EFS was of 73% +/- 9%, 58% +/- 19%, 29% +/- 16%, and 10% +/- 9%, the RI 22% +/- 9%, 14% +/- 9%, 77% +/- 18%, and 66% +/- 20%, and the TRM 6% +/- 6%, 32% +/- 21%, 11% +/- 10%, and 71% +/- 22%, respectively. In patients autografted upfront in first remission, additional radiotherapy was associated with a higher EFS, in univariate (P = .03) and multivariate analysis (P = .02, relative risk [RR] = .021). The role of graft purging with mafosfamide on the outcome reflected by the dose of colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) per kilogram infused postpurging was assessed by univariate analysis: patients in first remission who received lower doses of CFU-GM had a lower RI and a higher EFS. CONCLUSION: This retrospective analysis suggests that marrow purging and posttransplant radiotherapy improve the outcome of patients with NHL autografted in first remission.

Multiple chromosome abnormalities in patients with acute leukemia after autologous bone marrow transplantation using total body irradiation and marrow purged with mafosfamide.

Cytogenetic follow-up studies such as those reported after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation are not available in patients submitted to an autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). Of 114 patients with acute leukemia (69 acute myelocytic AML, 43 acute lymphocytic ALL, 2 undifferentiated) who underwent an ABMT in our institution in the period from February 1983 to December 1989, 66 had evaluable cytogenetic data post-transplant. They all received a pretransplant regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide (CY) and total body irradiation (TBI) followed by reinfusion of marrow purged with mafosfamide. Twenty patients showed chromosomal damage at some time; of these, six relapsed early post-ABMT, one died while in persisting remission at 81 months post-ABMT from overwhelming pneumococcal sepsis related to a previous splenectomy, and 13 are still alive and well at 13 to 88 months post-transplant. The bone marrow cytogenetic abnormalities were complex: they included various numbers of clonal aberrations or variations or combination of those; they affected all but the Y chromosome, with a predominance however for chromosomes 1, 3, 6, and 7; they were often transitory and in some instances became modified with time. None of these chromosomal abnormalities was connected with the initial leukemia, even in the 6 patients who relapsed early. In the other 14 patients, these abnormalities have so far had no detectable unfavourable implication. The origin of these abnormalities is unknown: both the pretransplant regimen (CY and/or TBI) and/or marrow purging with mafosfamide can be incriminated. Additional studies in patients autografted with pretransplant regimen not containing TBI and/or with unpurged marrow are necessary to discriminate between these two possibilities.

Autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloblastic leukemia in Europe: further evidence of the role of marrow purging by mafosfamide. European Co-operative Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation (EBMT).

Fifty-nine European teams have reported 919 autografts for the consolidation of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) up to December 31, 1989. The distribution for autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) was 671 in first complete remission (CR1) and 196 in CR2. Pretransplantation regimes were: total-body irradiation (TBI), 456; busulfan plus cyclophosphamide (BU-CY) 174; marrow purging with mafosfamide, 269 (corresponding to 26% of all patients in CR1 and 41% in CR2). Patients autografted in CR1 with no high risk factor (standard risk) had a leukemia-free survival (LFS) and relapse rate at 7 years of 48 +/- 2 and 41 +/- 3%, respectively. Of all the prognostic factors studied, only secondary leukemia was correlated with a poorer LFS (19 +/- 9% at 1 year) and a higher relapse rate (76 +/- 11%) (p less than 0.0001). For patients autografted in CR2, the LFS and relapse rate were 34 +/- 4 and 54 +/- 5%. With the restriction of a shorter follow-up, the results achieved with the BU-CY combinations (LFS and relapse rate at 3 years, CR1 47 +/- 6 and 45 +/- 7%; CR2, 37 +/- 9 and 50 +/- 10%) did not differ from those with TBI or other chemotherapy combinations. LFS and relapse rates were correlated with several pretransplant intervals: in CR1, patients reaching CR more rapidly (less than or equal to 40 days) had a better LFS (53 +/- 3 versus 42 +/- 3%; p = 0.03) and a lower relapse rate (46 +/- 3 versus 57 +/- 3%; p = 0.03). In patients autografted less than 3 months, 3-6 months and more than 6 months after CR, the LFS was 26 +/- 5, 49 +/- 3, and 55 +/- 4%, respectively, and the relapse rates 63 +/- 5, 38 +/- 3, and 36 +/- 4% (p less than 0.0001 for both). In CR2, patients autografted more than 18 months after the initial diagnosis had a better LFS (42 +/- 5 versus 24 +/- 5%; p less than 0.001) and a lower relapse rate (45 +/- 6 versus 65 +/- 6%; p less than 0.001). For those autografted less than 3 months, 3-6 months and more than 6 months after CR, the probability of LFS was 30 +/- 5, 30 +/- 7, and 50 +/- 9% (p = 0.06), respectively and the relapse rates 63 +/- 6, 50 +/- 8, and 36 +/- 8% (p = 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Autologous bone marrow transplantation with marrow purged by mafosfamide in seven patients with myelodysplastic syndromes in transformation (AML-MDS): a pilot study.

Seven patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) occurring on myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) were consolidated while in complete remission (CR) by autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) with a marrow purged in vitro by mafosfamide. The median age of population was 44 years (range 39-55). MDS FAB diagnosis was established before progression to AML in five patients: refractory anaemia with excess of blast (RAEB) in three patients, RAEB in transformation (RAEB-t) in one patient, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) in one patient. In the remaining two patients, the diagnosis of MDS (as a secondary malignancy in one) was made retrospectively at time of overt AML. Three out the seven patients had karyotypic abnormalities. The median interval between the obtention of CR and ABMT was 7 months (range 6-18). One patient died from transplant related toxicity. Engraftment occurred at a median of 41 days (range 27-60), for white blood cells (> 10(9)/l) and 120 days (range 60-180) for platelets (> 50 x 10(9)/l). Four patients relapsed at 2.5, 6.8, and 25 months post-ABMT. Two patients are alive and well at 10 and 28 months, respectively. ABMT with marrow purged by mafosfamide is feasible in patients with AML following MDS with a prospect of cure. However, further studies are needed to assess the real value of this approach.

A long-term follow-up of 33 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who received the BEAM high-dose intensification regimen with cytokine support only and no transplant.

High-dose intensification and autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) is widely used to consolidate patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), who have reached a stage of minimal residual disease. However, patients with persisting marrow and/or blood involvement and those who fail peripheral blood hemopoietic progenitor mobilization are excluded from ASCT. For such patients with no available graft to infuse, we developed 15 years ago, before the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapeutic era, the use of the BEAM pretransplant regimen followed only by the administration of three cytokines (erythropoietin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor). We report here on the long-term follow-up of 33 patients treated with this approach. In all, 33 NHL patients underwent the BEAM (carmustine, VP-16, cytosine-arabinoside, melphalan) followed by the administration of the three cytokines from January 1994-2000. A backup marrow, albeit infiltrated by tumor cells, had been collected earlier and stored in all. A total of 30 patients (91%) recovered normal hematopoiesis. In total, 32 patients (97%) recovered neutrophils (>500/microl) at a median of 19 days and 30 patients (91%) recovered platelets (>20,000/microl) at a median of 26 days. Age, richness of backup graft and blood-hemoglobin level at intensification had an impact on the time for hematopoietic recovery (P=0.014, P=0.014, P=0.048). The median follow-up was 62 months. Five patients died from toxicity related to the procedure. Eight patients relapsed and died. A total of 20 patients (61%) are alive, 16 (49%) in complete remission. A 5-year disease-free survival was 52+/-9%, relapse incidence 35+/-16%, mortality due to the procedure 12+/-12% and overall survival 61+/-10%. The BEAM regimen is not myeloablative. The BEAM+3CK procedure is a feasible therapeutic option that has shown efficacy in poor risk NHL patients who were not eligible for autografting because of persisting marrow/blood tumor contamination, or poor hemopoietic progenitor harvesting. It is unclear today whether some of these patients would have cleared their marrow/peripheral blood with the additional use of anti-CD20 treatment, thereby making the classical approach (BEAM followed by the infusion of a clean autograft) feasible.

Risk assessment in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia before early haemopoietic stem cell transplantation with a geno-identical donor: an easy clinical prognostic score to identify patients who benefit most from allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation.

In 1402 patients allografted in Europe during the period 1990-2000 with an HLA-identical sibling in first remission (CR1), the median interval from CR1 to allotransplant (96 days) was a major prognostic factor, patients transplanted earlier having a worse outcome. We studied in depth the 414 fully evaluable patients transplanted less than 96 days after achieving CR1; in these patients, only three factors predicted for the outcome by multivariate analysis: patient age, CR1 achievement with one or more induction courses and the recipient/donor sex combination. These three factors overcame the information from cytogenetics and source of stem cells. Three prognostic groups could be identified in relation to the outcome, using a prognostic score affecting 1 to each poor risk factor (total from 0 to 3): Group 1 (good prognosis) includes patients <35 years old, achieving CR1 with one induction course and to be transplanted with any other sex combination than female to male (score 0); group 2 (intermediate) with one adverse factor (score 1); and group 3 (bad prognosis) with two or three adverse criteria (scores 2 and 3). In these three groups, the 3-year leukaemia-free survival was 56+/-5%, 48+/-4% and 29+/-4% and the overall survival was 65+/-5, 53+/-4 and 29+/-5%, respectively. Therefore, adult patients with ALL and a score of 0 or 1 are good candidates for an early transplant if they have an identical sibling donor. Patient age, response to induction and the sex of the HLA-identical family donor (if existing) are the strongest easy predictors of the outcome for an early transplant in an adult patient with ALL. No additional information is mandatory.

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia in patients over the age of 40 years. Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation (EBMT).

Extension of allogeneic transplants to older patients has been limited by a high risk of transplant-related death and graft-versus-host disease. To evaluate the feasibility in older patients, a retrospective analysis of the procedure was performed for first remission acute leukemia in 192 patients aged over 40 years and compared with a group of 1119 recipients aged from 16 to 40 years reported to the EBMT from 1986 to 1992. Patient-, disease-, and treatment-related variables were compared between the two age groups using the chi2 statistical method for categorical variables. Variables differing significantly or recognized as potential prognostic factors were included in a multivariate analysis. Leukemia-free survival and relapse were comparable among the age groups in the two types of leukemias. Incidence of graft-versus-host disease was higher in the older group of ALL patients. Older patients with AML in first remission had a higher treatment-related mortality incidence, with no influence on survival. A pair-matched analysis of AML patients did not show any statistical difference in the probability of LFS, RI, TRM, and survival for the two age cohorts of patients. These results suggest that BMT should be considered for patients over 40 years of age.

Human AML cells in NOD/SCID mice: engraftment potential and gene expression.

Most cases of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) engraft in irradiated non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. Intravenous transfer of as few as 10(5) human AML cells resulted in engraftment. Cases with poor prognosis clinical features, including FLT3 mutations, tended to engraft efficiently. Nevertheless, AML cells obtained from patients at relapse did not engraft more efficiently than cells obtained from the same patients at initial diagnosis. One passage of human AML cells in NOD/SCID mice did not appear to select for increased virulence, as measured by serial transplantation efficiency. Finally, cDNA microarray analyses indicated that approximately 95% of genes were expressed at similar levels in human AML cells immunopurified after growth in mice, as compared to cells assessed directly from patients. Thus, the growth of human AML cells in NOD/SCID mice could yield large numbers of human AML cells for direct experimental use and could also function as a renewable, potentially unlimited source of leukemia cells, via serial transplantation.