Prevalence, clinical impact and costs of hyperkalaemia: Special focus on heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Hyperkalaemia is a potential life-threatening electrolyte abnormality. Although renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) are potentially life-saving, they may contribute to hyperkalaemia. METHODS: The prevalence, comorbidities, comedications and 1-year outcomes of patients admitted or treated for hyperkalaemia were investigated in a large healthcare administrative database including 12 533 230 general population inhabitants. A similar analysis was performed in the Italian Network on Heart Failure (IN-HF), a cardiology registry of 1726 acute and 7589 chronic HF patients, stratified by serum potassium. General practice healthcare costs related to hyperkalaemia were also assessed. Hyperkalaemia was defined by hospital coding, potassium-binder prescription or serum levels (mild: 5-5.4, moderate-severe: ≥5.5 mmol/L). RESULTS: In the general population, the prevalence of hyperkalaemia was 0.035%. After excluding patients on haemodialysis, hyperkalaemia in the community (n = 2314) was significantly and directly associated with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, HF, RAASi prescriptions, 1-year hospitalisations and threefold annual healthcare costs, compared to age- and sex-matched non-hyperkalaemic subjects (n = 2314). In the IN-HF registry, hyperkalaemia affected 4.3% of acute and 3.6% of chronic patients and was significantly associated with diabetes, kidney disease and lesser use of RAASi, compared to normokalaemic patients. Among patients hospitalised for acute HF, those with hyperkalaemia at entry had significantly higher 1-year all-cause mortality compared with normokalaemic patients, even after adjustment for available confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperkalaemia in the general population, although uncommon, was associated with increased hospitalisations and tripling of healthcare costs. Among HF patients, hyperkalaemia was common and associated with underuse of RAASi; in acutely decompensated patients, it remained independently associated with 1-year all-cause mortality.

Progression of Renal Impairment and Chronic Kidney Disease in Chronic Heart Failure: An Analysis From GISSI-HF.

BACKGROUND: Data on the natural change in renal function in patients with chronic heart failure (HF) are limited. METHODS AND RESULTS: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was assessed over 36 months in 6934 patients included in the GISSI-HF study. Associations from baseline, changes in renal function, and occurrence of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization were assessed. Mean age was 67 years, mainly men (78%), and mean eGFR was 68 mL • min-1 • 1.73 m-2. Change in eGFR in the 1st year was -1.5 ± 16 mL • min-1 • 1.73 m-2, and over 36 months it was -3.7 ± 18 mL • min-1 • 1.73 m-2. Over the latter period, only 25% deteriorated ≥1 Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiatives (KDOQI) class of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fifteen percent of patients had >15 mL • min-1 • 1.73 m-2 decrease in eGFR in the 1st 12 months. Lower eGFR was associated with outcome: hazard ratio (HR) 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-1.10 (P < .001) per 10 mL • min-1 • 1.73 m-2 decrease, as well as every 10 mL • min-1 • 1.73 m-2 decrease over the 1st year (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.04-1.17; P < .001). A deterioration in eGFR >15 mL • min-1 • 1.73 m-2 in the 1st year showed the highest risk of events (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.10-1.36; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Mean decrease in renal function over time in patients with chronic HF was modest. Only 25% deteriorated ≥1 KDOQI class of CKD after 3 years. Any decrease in eGFR over time was associated with strongly increased event rates.

Coronary atherosclerosis in outlier subjects at the opposite extremes of traditional risk factors: Rationale and preliminary results of the Coronary Atherosclerosis in outlier subjects: Protective and novel Individual Risk factors Evaluation (CAPIRE) study.

Although it is generally accepted that cardiac ischemic events develop when coronary atherosclerosis (coronary artery disease [CAD]) has reached a critical threshold, this is true only to a first approximation. Indeed, there are patients with severe CAD who do not develop ischemic events; conversely, at the other extreme, individuals with minimal CAD may do. Similar exceptions to this paradigm include patients with diffuse CAD with a low risk factor (RF) profile and others with multiple RFs who develop only mild or no CAD. Therefore, the CAPIRE project was designed to investigate whether the specific study of these extreme outlier populations could provide clues for identification of yet unknown risk or protective factors for CAD and ischemic events. In the CAPIRE study, 481 subjects without previous symptoms or history of ischemic heart disease and normal left ventricular systolic function undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography have been selected based on coronary computed tomography angiography findings and cardiovascular RF profile. Therefore, in the whole population, 2 extreme outlier populations have been identified: (1) subjects with no CAD despite multiple RFs, and (2) at the opposite extreme, subjects with diffuse CAD despite a low-risk profile. Each subject has been characterized by clinical, anatomical imaging variables of CAD and baseline circulating biomarkers. Blood samples were collected and stored in a biological bank for further advanced investigations. The project is designed as a prospective, observational, international multicenter study with an initial cross-sectional analysis of clinical, imaging, and biomolecular variables in the selected groups and a longitudinal 5-year follow-up.

Interaction of Galectin-3 Concentrations with the Treatment Effects of ß-Blockers and RAS Blockade in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure: A Derivation-Validation Study from TIME-CHF and GISSI-HF.

BACKGROUND: Galectin-3 predicts prognosis in heart failure (HF) and may help to select HF patients in need of intensified therapy. METHODS: This retrospective post hoc analysis included 219 patients from the Trial of Intensified versus Standard Medical Therapy in Elderly Patients with Congestive Heart Failure (TIME-HF) and 631 patients from Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Insufficienza Cardiaca (GISSI-HF) with HF who had reduced ejection fraction and available galectin-3 plasma concentrations. The interaction between galectin-3, ß-blockers, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade, and spironolactone on outcome was evaluated in TIME-CHF and validated in GISSI-HF. End points were all-cause mortality and the composite of mortality with HF hospitalization or any hospitalization. RESULTS: High galectin-3 concentrations were associated with adverse outcome in both cohorts and remained significantly associated with death after multivariate adjustment [hazard ratio 2.42 (95% CI 1.17-5.01), P = 0.02, in TIME-CHF; 1.47 (1.02-2.10), P = 0.04, in GISSI-HF). In TIME-CHF, patients with low galectin-3 plasma concentrations had a better prognosis when ß-blockers were up-titrated, whereas patients with high galectin-3 plasma concentrations did not (interaction P < 0.05 for mortality and death with or without hospitalization). Opposite trends were seen for RAS blockade but were not statistically significant. Patients with high galectin-3 plasma concentrations had neutral prognosis when receiving spironolactone, whereas patients with low galectin-3 plasma concentrations had worse prognosis when receiving spironolactone (interaction P < 0.10 for death with or without hospitalization). In the GISSI-HF validation cohort, these interactions were confirmed for ß-blockers (P < 0.05 for all end points) and consistent for RAS blockade (P < 0.10 for death with or without hospitalization), but inconsistent for spironolactone. CONCLUSIONS: Galectin-3 is a mediocre prognostic marker, and galectin-3 concentrations interact with the treatment effect of ß-blockers and possibly RAS blockade in patients with systolic HF.

Development and validation of a score assessing the risk of severe asthma in primary care.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate the Asthma Severity-Health Search (AS-HScore), predicting severe asthma risk in Italian primary care. According to the current asthma treatment guidelines, the AS-HScore intended to serve as a clinical decision support system (CDSS) for General Practitioners (GPs). METHODS: Using the Health Search Database (HSD), a cohort of 32,917 asthma-diagnosed patients between 2013 and 2021 was identified. The AS-HScore was developed using multivariable Cox regression in a two-part cohort: development and validation. Candidate determinants were estimated and linearly combined to form the score; its predictive accuracy was evaluated in the validation sub-cohort. RESULTS: AS-HScore performance in the validation cohort revealed a 73% area under the curve (i.e. discrimination power) and a 22% pseudo-R2 (explained variation). Calibration slope of 1.07 indicated strong calibration without rejecting the equivalence hypothesis (p = 0.157). Estimating a mean 10% (SD: 6.8%) 1-year risk of severe asthma, GPs might be provided with risk thresholds for patient categorization. CONCLUSION: The AS-HScore emerges as an accurate tool predicting severe asthma risk in the Italian primary care. It therefore shows promising application to enhance asthma care by early identification of severe cases. Implementing a score-based CDSS for Italian GPs holds potential for significantly improving asthma management and patients' outcomes.

Development and validation of a prediction score to assess the risk of incurring in COPD-related exacerbations: a population-based study in primary care.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth most important cause of death in high-income countries. Inappropriate use of COPD inhaled therapy, including the low adherence (only 10 %-40 % of patients reporting an adequate compliance) may shrink or even nullify the proven benefits of these medications. As such, an accurate prediction algorithm to assess at national level the risk of COPD exacerbation might be relevant for general practictioners (GPs) to improve patient's therapy. METHODS: We formed a cohort of patients aged 45 years or older being diagnosed with COPD in the period between January 2013 to December 2021. Each patient was followed until occurrence of COPD exacerbation up to the end of 2021. Sixteen determinants were adopted to assemble the CopdEX(CEX)-Health Search(HS)core, which was therefore developed and validated through the related two sub-cohorts. RESULTS: We idenfied 63763 patients aged 45 years or older being diagnosed with COPD (mean age: 67.8 (SD:11.7); 57.7 % males).When the risk of COPD exacerbation was estimated via CEX-HScore, its predicted value was equal to 14.22 % over a 6-month event horizon. Discrimination accuracy and explained variation were equal to 66 % (95 % CI: 65-67 %) and 10 % (95 % CI: 9-11 %), respectively. The calibration slope did not significantly differ from the unit (p = 0.514). CONCLUSIONS: The CEX-HScore was featured by fair accuracy for prediction of COPD-related exacerbations over a 6-month follow-up. Such a tool might therefore support GPs to enhance COPD patients' care, and improve their outcomes by facilitating personalized approaches through a score-based decision support system.

[The IN-HF Registry: the history and the scientific production for the Italian cardiology community]. / Il programma IN-HF: la storia e la produzione scientifica a favore della comunità cardiologica italiana.

The Italian Network on Congestive Heart Failure (IN-CHF) project, later known as IN-HF Online, was launched in 1995 to provide the Italian cardiology community with a digital tool, standardized across the country, for managing outpatients with heart failure (HF), that enabled the creation of a database for clinical, educational and scientific purposes. During its almost three decades of activity, this observational research program has achieved highly positive scientific results. Indeed, IN-HF fostered professional relationships among individuals working in different centers, established a cultural network for the care of HF patients, periodically updated on the scientific advances, and allowed the assessment of several clinical, epidemiological, and prognostic features. These findings have been published in numerous national and international journals, as summarized in the present overview.

DAPA-HF applicability: the point of view of a cardiology setting.

Randomised clinical trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses have shown that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) reduce the risk of hospitalisation for heart failure (HF), chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, and mortality in patients with HF, irrespective of the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, real-world epidemiology may differ from clinical trial populations, thereby limiting generalisability and delaying the introduction of novel treatments in clinical practice.The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of DAPA-HF (Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure) inclusion criteria in a population of HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) patients enrolled in the Italian Network on Heart Failure (IN-HF) registry.Overall, 3415 IN-HF patients matched the 4744 patients in DAPA-HF, overlapping for most baseline characteristics (e.g. similar average ejection fraction), with a slightly lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes and of HF ischaemic aetiology and a higher percentage of NYHA class II patients. The theoretical eligibility to DAPA-HF in a cardiology setting resulted to be 73%.The availability of an easily accessible database from a large nationwide prospective registry allows to provide insights to clinicians and policy makers on the applicability of the DAPA HF findings to a contemporary population of HFrEF patients followed by cardiologists. It is reasonable to assume that the results of this analysis can be applicable to the entire SGLT2-ir class of drugs.

To predict the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) using Generalized Additive2 Models (GA2M).

OBJECTIVE: To train and test a model predicting chronic kidney disease (CKD) using the Generalized Additive2 Model (GA2M), and compare it with other models being obtained with traditional or machine learning approaches. MATERIALS: We adopted the Health Search Database (HSD) which is a representative longitudinal database containing electronic healthcare records of approximately 2 million adults. METHODS: We selected all patients aged 15 years or older being active in HSD between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020 with no prior diagnosis of CKD. The following models were trained and tested using 20 candidate determinants for incident CKD: logistic regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Machines (GBMs), GAM, and GA2M. Their prediction performances were compared by calculating Area Under Curve (AUC) and Average Precision (AP). RESULTS: Comparing the predictive performances of the 7 models, the AUC and AP for GBM and GA2M showed the highest values which were equal to 88.9%, 88.8% and 21.8%, 21.1%, respectively. These 2 models outperformed the others including logistic regression. In contrast to GBMs, GA2M kept the interpretability of variable combinations, including interactions and nonlinearities assessment. DISCUSSION: Although GA2M is slightly less performant than light GBM, it is not "black-box" algorithm, so being simply interpretable using shape and heatmap functions. This evidence supports the fact machine learning techniques should be adopted in case of complex algorithms such as those predicting the risk of CKD. CONCLUSION: The GA2M was reliably performant in predicting CKD in primary care. A related decision support system might be therefore implemented.

Mannose as a biomarker of coronary artery disease: Angiographic evidence and clinical significance.

BACKGROUND: High mannose has previously associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our objective is to establish whether mannose is associated with anatomical evidence of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Plasma mannose concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in a discovery cohort (n = 513) and a validation cohort (n = 221) of carefully phenotyped individuals. In both cohorts CAD was quantitated using state-of-the-art imaging techniques (coronary computed coronary tomography angiography (CCTA), invasive coronary angiography and optical coherence tomography). Information on subsequent CVD events/death was collected. Associations of mannose with angiographic variables and biomarkers were tested using univariate and multivariate regression models. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier estimator. RESULTS: Mannose was related to indices of CAD and features of plaque vulnerability. In the discovery cohort, mannose was a marker of quantity and quality of CCTA-proven CAD and subjects with a mannose level in the top quartile had a significantly higher risk of CVD events/death (p = 3.6e-5). In the validation cohort, mannose was significantly associated with fibrous cap thickness < 65 µm (odds ratio = 1.32 per each 10 µmol/L mannose change [95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.65]) and was an independent predictor of death (hazard ratio for mannose≥vs < 84.6 µmol/L: 4.0(95%CI, 1.4-11.3), p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: The current data add novel evidence that high mannose is a signature of CAD with a vulnerable plaque phenotype, consistently across measures of severity of vessel involvement and independent of the traditional correlates of CVD, and that it is an independent predictor of incident adverse outcomes.

Age-related changes in clinical characteristics and outcomes of chronic heart failure outpatients in a cardiology setting. A report from the Italian Network on Heart Failure.

AIMS: Ageing and comorbidities are increasing frailty/complexity of heart failure (HF) patients globally. We assessed evolving trends over two decades according to patients' age and time of recruitment in a nationwide cardiology setting in Italy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Chronic HF outpatients recruited between 1999 and 2018 (N = 14,823) were divided into 3 cohorts: 1999-2005 (N = 5404); 2006-2011 (N = 3971); 2012-2018 (N = 5448). We analyzed temporal changes in clinical characteristics, therapies, and outcome (1-year all-cause mortality/cardiovascular hospitalization), overall and by age group: <65 (n = 5465); 65-79 (n = 6838); ≥80 (n = 2520) years old. Across enrolment epochs, comorbidities (atrial fibrillation, hypertension, obesity) increased by both epoch/age groups (p < 0.001), whereas the prevalence of ischemic etiology declined among patients ≥65 years (p = 0.05). Accordingly, the preserved LVEF phenotype (HFpEF) increased in all age categories (p < 0.001) over time. Moreover, the use of betablockers, mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists and loop-diuretics rose by enrolment epoch in all age groups (p < 0.05). In parallel with these epidemiologic/treatment changes, age-adjusted survival free from cardiovascular hospitalization improved over time (p < 0.0001). However, divergent trends in the end-point components were apparent according to age groups: mortality decreased in patients<80 years, although hospitalizations remained stable in the youngest group, while subjects ≥65 years were less likely to be admitted for cardiovascular causes (all p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Over two decades in a cardiology outpatient setting, the prevalence of comorbid HFpEF increased in all age categories. Mortality improved among patients<80 years and cardiovascular hospitalizations decreased in patients≥65 years. These findings point to the value of cardiologist' input in the management of adult chronic HF patients at all ages.

Association of high-risk coronary atherosclerosis at CCTA with clinical and circulating biomarkers: Insight from CAPIRE study.

BACKGROUND: High-risk coronary atherosclerosis features evaluated coronary CT angiography (CCTA) were suggested to have a prognostic role. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of circulating biomarkers with high-risk plaque features assessed by CCTA. METHODS: A consecutive cohort of subjects who underwent CCTA because of suspected CAD was screened for inclusion in the CAPIRE study. Based on risk factors (RF) burden patients were defined as having a low clinical risk (0-1 RF with the exclusion of patients with diabetes mellitus as single RF) or an high clinical risk (≥3 RFs). In all patients, measurement of inflammatory biomarkers and CCTA analysis focused on high-risk plaque features were performed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between clinical and biological variables with CCTA advanced plaque features. RESULTS: 528 patients were enrolled in CAPIRE study. Older age and male sex appeared to be predictors of qualitative high-risk plaque features and associated with the presence of elevated total, non-calcified and low-attenuation plaque volume. Among circulating biomarkers only hs-CRP was found to be associated with qualitative high-risk plaque features (OR 2.02, p = 0.004 and 2.02, p = 0.012 for LAP and RI > 1.1, respectively) with borderline association with LAP-Vol (OR 1.52, p = 0.076); HbA1c and PTX-3 resulted to be significantly associated with quantitative high-risk plaque features (OR 1.71, p = 0.003 and 1.04, p = 0.002 for LAP-Vol, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the association between inflammatory biomarkers (hs-CRP, PTX- 3), HbA1c and high-risk atherosclerotic features detected by CCTA. Male sex and older age are significant predictors of high-risk atherosclerosis.

Heart Failure With Mid-range or Recovered Ejection Fraction: Differential Determinants of Transition.

The recent definition of an intermediate clinical phenotype of heart failure (HF) based on an ejection fraction (EF) of between 40% and 49%, namely HF with mid-range EF (HFmrEF), has fuelled investigations into the clinical profile and prognosis of this patient group. HFmrEF shares common clinical features with other HF phenotypes, such as a high prevalence of ischaemic aetiology, as in HF with reduced EF (HFrEF), or hypertension and diabetes, as in HF with preserved EF (HFpEF), and benefits from the cornerstone drugs indicated for HFrEF. Among the HF phenotypes, HFmrEF is characterised by the highest rate of transition to either recovery or worsening of the severe systolic dysfunction profile that is the target of disease-modifying therapies, with opposite prognostic implications. This article focuses on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and therapeutic approaches for HFmrEF, and discusses the major determinants of transition to HFpEF or HFrEF.

Coronary Plaque Features on CTA Can Identify Patients at Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Events.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to assess whether coronary atherosclerosis analysis by coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) may improve prognostic stratification among patients with diffuse coronary artery disease (CAD) BACKGROUND: Coronary CTA has recently emerged as a promising noninvasive tool for advanced analysis of coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS: The multicenter CAPIRE (Coronary Atherosclerosis in outlier subjects: Protective and novel Individual Risk factors Evaluation) study is part of the GISSI Outlier Project. A prospective cohort of subjects who underwent coronary CTA for suspected CAD was enrolled. Based on risk factor (RF) burden, patients were defined as having a low clinical risk (0 to 1 RF with the exclusion of patients with diabetes mellitus as single RF) or at high clinical risk (3 or more RFs). Patients with 2 RFs were not enrolled in the study. Coronary CTA advanced plaque assessment was performed. Outcome measures were 3 combined endpoints: acute coronary syndrome (ACS), cardiac death + ACS, and cardiac death + ACS + late revascularization. RESULTS: Among the 544 patients enrolled in the CAPIRE study, in 522 patients, a mean follow-up of 37 ± 10 months was obtained (16 patients were excluded due to 1 < segment involvement score <5 at core lab coronary CTA analysis and 6 patients were lost at follow-up). Higher atherosclerotic burden was found in patients with higher clinical risk, but prevalence of elevated noncalcified plaque volume did not significantly differ between low- versus high-risk patients. Quantitative plaque parameters by coronary CTA were associated with composite endpoints at multivariable analysis when corrected for univariate predictors. Elevated noncalcified plaque volume, expressed as dichotomic variable, was associated with all combined endpoints. Even if the low absolute number of events represents a limitation to the present study, patients with low noncalcified plaque volume had similar risk of cardiac events independently from the presence of multivessel disease, while patients with high noncalcified plaque volume had higher rates of cardiac events. CONCLUSIONS: The CAPIRE study confirmed the prognostic value of atherosclerosis assessment by coronary CTA, demonstrating high noncalcified plaque volume as the most ACS-predictive parameter in patients with extensive CAD. (GISSE Outliers CAPIRE [CAPIRE]; NCT02157662).

Levels of circulating pro-angiogenic cells predict cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Circulating pro-angiogenic cells (PACs) contribute to vascular and myocardial regeneration. A low level of PACs is associated with worse outcome in patients with coronary heart disease. However, little is known about PACs in heart failure (HF). METHODS AND RESULTS: Blood was sampled at baseline in 111 patients with HF, 67 from 5 Italian Centers and 44 from Frankfurt, Germany. In cultured mononuclear cells from peripheral blood, PACs were counted as double-stained by tetramethylindocarbocyanine-labeled acetylated LDL and fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate-labeled lectin. Mean age of the patients was 62 years, 12 were females, 66 had ischemic etiology, 26 were in New York Heart Association Class >II. Cutoffs for PACs were assessed by receiver operating characteristic curves, to identify the optimal cutoffs for PAC level in predicting outcomes. Mean level of PACs was 35+/-29 (mean+/-SD) cells/mm(2), 2- to 3-fold lower than in age-matched healthy volunteers, but unrelated to severity of HF, age, or sex. Over 2.5 years, 12 cardiovascular deaths and 47 first hospitalizations for cardiovascular reasons were recorded. After adjustment for demographic and clinical variables, elevated creatinine and natriuretic peptides, and PACs

Left bundle-branch block is associated with increased 1-year sudden and total mortality rate in 5517 outpatients with congestive heart failure: a report from the Italian network on congestive heart failure.

BACKGROUND: A deleterious effect of complete left bundle-branch block (LBBB) on left ventricular function has been established. Nevertheless, the independent effect of a widened QRS on mortality rate in congestive heart failure (CHF) is still controversial. Therefore, we carried out this analysis to determine whether LBBB is an independent predictor of mortality in CHF. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed the large Italian Network on CHF Registry of unselected outpatients with CHF of different causes. The registry was established by the Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists in 1995. Complete 1-year follow-up data were available for 5517 patients. The main underlying cardiac diagnosis was ischemic heart disease in 2512 patients (45.6%), dilated cardiomyopathy in 1988 patients (36.0%), and hypertensive heart disease in 714 patients (12.9%). Other causes were recorded in the remaining 303 cases (5.5%). LBBB was present in 1391 patients (25.2%) and was associated with an increased 1-year mortality rate from any cause (hazard ratio, 1.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.41 to 2.05) and sudden death (hazard ratio, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.21 to 2.06). Multivariate analysis showed that such an increased risk was still significant after adjusting for age, underlying cardiac disease, indicators of CHF severity, and prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers. CONCLUSION: LBBB is an unfavorable prognostic marker in patients with CHF. The negative effect is independent of age, CHF severity, and drug prescriptions. These data may support the rationale of randomized trials to verify the effects on mortality rate of ventricular resynchronization with multisite cardiac pacing in patients with CHF and LBBB.

Clinical features and outcomes of elderly outpatients with heart failure followed up in hospital cardiology units: data from a large nationwide cardiology database (IN-CHF Registry).

BACKGROUND: Congestive heart failure (HF) represents a major public health problem with an age-related increasing prevalence. Despite the high mortality and morbidity in elderly patients with HF, limited clinical and prognostic data are available for development of appropriate prevention and treatment strategies. METHODS: A cohort of 3327 outpatients consecutively enrolled in the Registry of Italian Network on Congestive Heart Failure by 133 cardiology centers was studied. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to compare patients <70 and > or =70 years old and to evaluate associations between clinical variables and the 1-year mortality rate and hospitalizations. RESULTS: With respect to the 2294 patients <70 years old, the 1033 (31%) elderly patients were significantly more likely to be female, to be in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III-IV, and to have preserved left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction >40%), an ischemic/valvular etiology, and atrial fibrillation/flutter. Elderly patients received angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, and anticoagulants less frequently than younger patients did. The 1-year mortality rate was significantly higher in patients > or =70 years old (22% vs 13.7%, P <.001). Age was an independent predictor of 1-year mortality, increasing 2.8% by each year of age. Independent predictors of 1-year mortality in elderly patients were (1) > or =1 hospital admission in the previous year (relative risk [RR] 2.09, 95% CI 1.51-2.87), (2) systolic blood pressure (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99), (3) NYHA class III-IV (RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.20-2.07), and (4) age (RR 1.028, 95% CI 1.001-1.056). CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that elderly patients (1) are seen in a more advanced stage of HF, (2) are less likely to receive evidence-based treatments, (3) show more frequently preserved systolic function, and (4) have a worse prognosis. Consequently, there is a need to develop more effective and targeted management strategies for this escalating health problem.

Recovery of stromal stem cells in bone sarcoma patients after chemotherapy: implication for cell-based therapy in bone defect reconstruction.

Bone sarcomas, such as osteosarcoma (OS) or Ewing sarcoma (ES), frequently arise in the intramedullary region of long bones. Patients affected by bone sarcomas are treated with preoperative aggressive chemotherapy immediately after diagnosis. After chemotherapy, patients undergo surgery that frequently entails the excision of wide bone segments. If a large segment of the bone is lost (defined as a critical defect) the patient undergoes bone reconstruction. Because bone marrow derived stromal stem cells (SSC) offer great promise for cell-based regenerative medicine in bone reconstruction, we investigated whether SSC could be isolated from chemotherapy-treated bone sarcoma patients. We also investigated whether chemotherapy modified SSC differentiation capability. We studied 9 SSC derived from OS and ES patients that had undergone chemotherapy and 5 SSC derived from bone sarcoma patients that had not undergone chemotherapy. SSC could be obtained from all the patients analyzed regardless of whether the patients received chemotherapy or not. Our results also showed that post-chemotherapy SSC can be cultured and expanded ex vivo, these cells retained the ability to differentiate toward the osteogenic lineage in vitro. In conclusion, our results support that SSC cells can be obtained from bone sarcoma patients that undergo chemotherapy and suggest that SSC can be used for cell-based bone reconstruction techniques in bone sarcoma patients treated with preoperative chemotherapy.

Intraventricular conduction defects in patients with congestive heart failure: left but not right bundle branch block is an independent predictor of prognosis. A report from the Italian Network on Congestive Heart Failure (IN-CHF database).

BACKGROUND: In industrialized countries the prevalence of congestive heart failure (CHF) is increasing. Many clinical factors have been shown to influence the prognosis of CHF. The effect of a wide QRS on mortality is debated; while left bundle branch block (LBBB) has been already identified as a negative prognostic factor, the effect of right bundle branch block (RBBB) is still unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the association of these two intraventricular conduction defects on the prognosis of CHF. METHODS: Data were derived from the Italian Registry of CHF. Entry in the Registry required that patients had a diagnosis of CHF based on the European Society of Cardiology guidelines. We analyzed the 1-year follow-up data of 5517 outpatients with CHF of different etiologies. The presence of a wide QRS was defined if the duration was > 120 ms. RESULTS: A wide QRS was present in 2066 patients (37.5%), 25.2% with LBBB, 6.1% with RBBB, 6.2% with other intraventricular defects. At univariate analysis patients with complete LBBB had a significantly higher 1-year mortality than those without (16.1 vs 11.9%) but this was not true for complete RBBB (11.9 vs 11.9%). Even after multivariate adjustment, complete LBBB still remained an independent predictor of death (relative risk 1.36, 95% confidence interval 1.15-1.61). CONCLUSIONS: LBBB but not RBBB is an independent predictor of death in CHF.

Treatment with inotropes and related prognosis in acute heart failure: contemporary data from the Italian Network on Heart Failure (IN-HF) Outcome registry.

BACKGROUND: In the recent Italian Network on Heart Failure (IN-HF) Outcome registry, including 1,855 patients with acute heart failure (AHF), we reviewed the use of inotropes and their prognostic implication on in-hospital and 12-month mortality. METHODS: IN-HF Outcome is a prospective, multicenter, observational, study involving 61 Italian cardiology centers. AHF patients have been enrolled over a 2-year period and followed-up for 1 year. Inotropes were used in 360 patients (19.4%). RESULTS: Patients who received inotropes had a more severe clinical and hemodynamic profile than those who did not and exhibited a significantly higher rate of in-hospital (21.4% vs 2.7%, p < 0.01) and 1-year (50.6% vs 17.7%, p < 0.01) mortality. At entry, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was ≤ 110 mm Hg in 58%, 111 to 130 mm Hg in 24.5%, and > 130 mm Hg in 17.5%. Multivariable analyses showed use of inotropes was the strongest predictor of all-cause death. These data were confirmed by propensity score analyses. According to SBP at entry, the 2 groups with SBP > 110 mm Hg who took inotropes, despite a more favorable clinical profile, exhibited a similar worse prognosis, particularly at 1 year: 56.3% (≤ 110 mm Hg), 43.7% (111-130 mm Hg), and 40.3% (>130 mm Hg) vs 17.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Inotropes were used in nearly 20% of the patient admitted for AHF, and this treatment was associated with a short-term to medium-term poor prognosis. An inappropriate use of inotropes in patients with normal to high SBP, and presumably preserved cardiac output, may have significantly contributed to affect the all-group outcome.