International multicenter experience with an over-the-scope clipping device for endoscopic management of GI defects (with video).

BACKGROUND: The over-the-scope clip (OTSC) provides more durable and full-thickness closure as compared with standard clips. Only case reports and small case series have reported on outcomes of OTSC closure of GI defects. OBJECTIVE: To describe a large, multicenter experience with OTSCs for the management of GI defects. Secondary goals were to determine success rate by type of defect and type of therapy and to determine predictors of treatment outcomes. DESIGN: Multicenter, retrospective study. SETTING: Multiple, international, academic centers. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients who underwent attempted OTSC placement for GI defects, either as a primary or as a rescue therapy. INTERVENTIONS: OTSC placement to attempt closure of GI defects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Long-term success of the procedure. RESULTS: A total of 188 patients (108 fistulae, 48 perforations, 32 leaks) were included. Long-term success was achieved in 60.2% of patients during a median follow-up of 146 days. Rate of successful closure of perforations (90%) and leaks (73.3%) was significantly higher than that of fistulae (42.9%) (P < .05). Long-term success was significantly higher when OTSCs were applied as primary therapy (primary 69.1% vs rescue 46.9%; P = .004). On multivariate analysis, patients who had OTSC placement for perforations and leaks had significantly higher long-term success compared with those who had fistulae (OR 51.4 and 8.36, respectively). LIMITATIONS: Retrospective design and multiple operators with variable expertise with the OTSC device. CONCLUSION: OTSC is safe and effective therapy for closure of GI defects. Clinical success is best achieved in patients undergoing closure of perforations or leaks when OTSC is used for primary or rescue therapy. Type of defect is the best predictor of successful long-term closure.

Liquid nitrogen spray cryotherapy in Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia: long-term results.

BACKGROUND: Liquid nitrogen endoscopic spray cryotherapy can safely and effectively eradicate high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus (BE-HGD). Long-term data on treatment success and safety are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term safety and efficacy of spray cryotherapy in patients with BE-HGD. DESIGN: Single-center, retrospective study. SETTING: Tertiary-care referral center. PATIENTS: A total of 32 patients with BE-HGD of any length. INTERVENTION: Patients were treated with liquid nitrogen spray cryotherapy every 8 weeks until complete eradication of HGD (CE-HGD) and intestinal metaplasia (CE-IM) was found by endoscopic biopsy. Surveillance endoscopy with biopsies was performed for at least 2 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: CE-HGD, CE-IM, durability of response, disease progression, and adverse events. RESULTS: CE-HGD was 100% (32/32), and CE-IM was 84% (27/32) at 2-year follow-up. At last follow-up (range 24-57 months), CE-HGD was 31/32 (97%), and CE-IM was 26/32 (81%). Recurrent HGD was found in 6 (18%), with CE-HGD in 5 after repeat treatment. One patient progressed to adenocarcinoma, downgraded to HGD after repeat cryotherapy. BE segment length ≥3 cm was associated with a higher recurrence of IM (P = .004; odds ratio 22.6) but not HGD. No serious adverse events occurred. Stricture was seen in 3 patients (9%), all successfully dilated. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective study design, small sample size. CONCLUSION: In patients with BE-HGD, liquid nitrogen spray cryotherapy has an acceptable safety profile and success rate for eliminating HGD and IM and is associated with a low rate of recurrence or progression to cancer with long-term follow-up.

Complex biliary stones: treatment with removable self-expandable metal stents: a new approach (with videos).

BACKGROUND: Complex biliary stones often require temporary stent placement before a repeat attempt at extraction. To date, covered self-expandable metal stents (CSEMSs) have not been formally investigated for this indication. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of CSEMSs in patients with retained complex biliary stones. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING: Large quaternary-care center. PATIENTS: Thirty-six patients (24 women) with complex biliary stones with incomplete stone clearance after endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) with biliary sphincterotomy. INTERVENTIONS: Patients with incomplete stone clearance after ERC with biliary sphincterotomy underwent temporary placement of CSEMSs, with subsequent removal before repeat stone extraction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Success achieving immediate biliary drainage and eventual complete duct clearance. Procedure-related complications were also assessed. RESULTS: CSEMS placement was successful in establishing immediate biliary drainage in all 36 patients. Complete duct clearance at repeat ERC was achieved in 29 of 35 patients after a mean duration of 6.4 weeks. Four of the remaining 6 patients underwent sequential CSEMS placement, with eventual duct clearance after multiple ERCPs. There were no complications related to biliary obstruction. One patient died of a nonbiliary cause. Of the total 42 CSEMSs placed, there were 4 cases (9.5%) of clinically insignificant stent migration. LIMITATIONS: Single-center experience, retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS: CSEMSs permit management of complex biliary stones, but require multiple sessions. The cost-effectiveness of this technique needs further investigation.

Management of complications associated with partially covered biliary metal stents.

BACKGROUND: Partially covered metal stents (PCMS) have been increasingly used for both malignant and benign biliary indications. This study reports their complications and subsequent management. METHODS: Over 5 years, all patients receiving biliary PCMS were followed prospectively until stent-related dysfunction or death. Data were analyzed for the following variables: primary disease, time until revision, and type and reason for revision. RESULTS: PCMS were placed in 396 patients (247 with malignant biliary strictures and 149 with benign biliary disease). Complications were observed in 70 patients (18%), occurring a mean time following placement of 159 days. Duodenal migration occurred in 27 cases (6.8%), while proximal migration occurred in 9 cases (2.3%). Cholecystitis was documented in 13 cases (3.3%). There were six cases of stent occlusion due to debris or sludge (1.6%), four cases of pancreatitis (1%), four cases of tumor overgrowth (1%), three cases of benign stenosis in the uncovered portion of the PCMS (0.8%), two cases of abdominal pain (0.5%), one case of an infected biloma (0.3%), and one case of a liver abscess (0.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Major complications associated with PCMS placement include migration and cholecystitis. Their management includes endoscopic revision, cholecystectomy, and gallbladder drainage. Further improvements in the structure and composition of PCMS may prevent these complications.

Gallbladder stent placement for prevention of cholecystitis in patients receiving covered metal stent for malignant obstructive jaundice: a feasibility study.

PURPOSE: Covered self-expanding metal stents (CSEMS) have been used for palliation of malignant distal biliary strictures. Occlusion of the cystic duct by CSEMS may be complicated by cholecystitis. This potentially could be prevented by placement of a transpapillary gallbladder stent (GBS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 11/2006 and 10/2007, a total of 73 patients (50 male) aged 65 +/- 14 years underwent CSEMS placement for palliation of malignant obstructive jaundice. In cases where CSEMS placement caused occlusion of the cystic duct, a 7 French transpapillary pigtail gallbladder stent (GBS) was inserted to prevent cholecystitis. RESULTS: Of the 73 patients, 18 had a prior cholecystectomy; 34 had the CSEMS placed below the cystic duct insertion. In 19 out of the 21 patients who had a CSEMS covering the cystic duct ostium, GBS placement was attempted, which was successful in 11 individuals (58%). An attempt to access the gallbladder was complicated by wire perforation of the cystic duct in three patients; one patient requiring emergent cholecystostomy tube placement. None of the patients who underwent successful GBS placement developed cholecystitis. One GBS dislodged and was repositioned. Cholecystitis occurred in two (20%) of the ten patients without transpapillary gallbladder decompression who had a CSEMS covering the cystic duct. CONCLUSIONS: The ideal placement of a CSEMS is below the cystic duct insertion. Should the cystic duct ostium be occluded, placement of a GBS should be considered to minimize the risk of cholecystitis.

Enteral stents for malignancy: a report of 46 consecutive cases over 10 years, with critical review of complications.

BACKGROUND: Current management of malignant gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) includes surgical diversion or enteral stent placement for unresectable cancer. We analyzed the long-term results, predictive factors of outcomes, and complications associated with enteral stents with focus on their management. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2007, 46 patients with malignant GOO underwent placement of self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) for palliation. Patients were captured prospectively after 2001 and followed until complication or death. Patency, management of complications, and long-term survival were analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-six patients had a mean survival of 152 +/- 235 days and a mean SEMS patency rate of 111 +/- 220 days. SEMS patency rates of 98%, 74%, and 57% at 1, 3, and 6 months were seen. Thirteen patients presented with obstruction and included two SEMS migration, two early occlusion, one fracture, four malignant ingrowth, and four with delayed clinical failure. Interventions included seven endoscopic revisions with three SEMS replacements. Six had percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with jejunal arm placed. Two patients eventually underwent surgical bypass. Two patients required surgery for complications including delayed duodenal perforation and aortoenteric fistula. CONCLUSIONS: SEMS effectively palliate gastric outlet obstructions that result from upper gastrointestinal malignancies. Their benefits offset potential complications or malfunctions, when a pluridisciplinary approach is adopted.