[Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in milk and milk products]. / Detekcia stafylokokových enterotoxínov v mlieku a v mliecnych výrobkoch.

For food evaluation the determination of the number of Staphylococcus aureus (hereinafter S. aureus) colonies is insufficient in view of present scientific knowledge. The results, advantages and shortcomings of diagnostic methods are demonstrated on an example of three methods of detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in milk and milk products. 133 strains were investigated by the method of biotyping of S. aureus strains. Four strains of S. aureus were included in biotype A, seven xin-producing strains were isolated seventeen times by detection of 96 S. aureus strains were not included in any biotype, the other strains belonged to biotypes C and E. This method can be used as an auxiliary method of evaluation of foods containing S. aureus bacteria. The agar-gel precipitation method of enterotoxin detection in isolated strains of S. aureus has just restricted validity. The enteroto-strains. The main shortcoming of this method is a fact that the result concerning the isolated strains need not be identical with the result of enterotoxin detection in food. Direct assays of staphylococcal enterotoxins in milk and milk products using an enzymoimmunological method seem to be the most promising, mainly due to their high sensitivity (0.0001-0.001 micrograms.ml1-) and other advantages. Positive and negative results are presented on an example of two model trials with winter sheep milk cheese.

[Rennet as a source of Salmonella occurrence in various dairy products]. / Syridlo ako zdroj výskytu salmonel v niektorých mliecnych výrobkoch

During a microbiological examination of foodstuffs, frequent occurrence of salmonellas of S. agona serotype was found in milk products, namely in ewe's milk cloddy cheese, ewe's milk curd and hard cheeses. The rennet produced by one enterprise was a source of salmonella spreading. To solve this problem, 1268 different samples were examined in which salmonellas were isolated in 69 cases. The Veterinary Service worked out and in cooperation with other bodies took steps to liquidate the occurrence of salmonellas in a short time; the level of that serotype in the population was not increased.

The legal aspects of medical school admissions and dismissals.

Implementation of the recommendations made in 1982 by the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association which emphasize the importance of evaluating noncognitive abilities in both admission to and dismissal from medical school will become a source of litigation unless adequate guarantees of due process are afforded the medical school applicant and student. In this article, the authors review the law as it applies to medical school admissions and dismissals and offer recommendations intended to reduce the potential liability of medical schools using noncognitive evaluations.

Graduate medical education and the law.

The law can become involved in graduate medical education in several contexts: (a) when applicants are denied admission to residency programs; (b) when residents are dismissed from programs; and (c) when residents, hospitals sponsoring residency programs, or attending physicians are sued for malpractice. A knowledge of the rights and responsibilities of residents, hospitals, and attending physicians is crucial if they are to avoid unnecessary litigation. The authors here review the law in this area and recommend guidelines to be followed by those areas of graduate medical education.