Pediatric Eosinophilia: A Review and Multiyear Investigation into Etiologies.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the etiology of peripheral eosinophilia in a large pediatric population and to develop a diagnostic algorithm to help guide diagnosis and management of peripheral eosinophilia in the outpatient pediatric population. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective chart review of children presenting to Texas Children's Hospital in Houston with peripheral eosinophilia between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2019. Eosinophilia was classified as mild (absolute eosinophil count [AEC] >500 and <1500 cells/µL), moderate (AEC >1500 and <4500 cells/µL), or severe (AEC >4500 cells/µL). Demographic information and diagnostic workup data were collected. RESULTS: A total of 771 patients aged <18 years were evaluated. The most common cause of eosinophilia was allergy (n = 357; 46%), with atopy (n = 296) and drug reaction (n = 54) the most common subcauses. This was followed by unknown etiology (n = 274; 36%), infectious causes (n = 72; 9%), and eosinophilic disorders (n = 47; 6%). Many patients with an unknown cause (n = 202; 74%) had limited or no follow-up testing. CONCLUSIONS: More information on the etiology of pediatric eosinophilia and workup data could help identify the causes. This study provides important information on the evaluation of eosinophilia in the US pediatric population, including a diagnostic algorithm to guide primary care pediatricians.

Pediatric autoimmune myelofibrosis: Experience from a large pediatric tertiary care center.

Autoimmune myelofibrosis (AIMF) is a rare disorder characterized by cytopenias and autoimmunity, with characteristic bone marrow findings that include lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis. AIMF is described predominantly in adult populations who have systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), with scant pediatric cases described mainly in older adolescents with SLE. Here, we described the largest single-center pediatric experience of pediatric autoimmune myelofibrosis (PAIMF) series, demonstrating both similarities and distinctions from the adult experience. Patients overall respond well to steroid therapy, but these patients were significantly younger, infrequently carried a diagnosis of SLE, and causative genetic lesions were identified in many cases.

Pediatric refractory immune thrombocytopenia: A systematic review.

Pediatric immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired disorder associated with autoimmune destruction and impairment of platelet production in children. Some children exhibit poor or transient response to ITP-directed treatments and are referred to as having refractory ITP (rITP). There is currently no consensus on the definition of rITP, nor evidence-based treatment guidelines for patients with rITP. After a survey of pediatric ITP experts demonstrated lack of consensus on pediatric rITP, we pursued a systematic review to examine the reported clinical phenotypes and treatment outcomes in pediatric rITP. The search identified 253 relevant manuscripts; following review, 11 studies proposed a definition for pediatric rITP with no consensus amongst them. Most definitions included suboptimal response to medical management, while some outlined specific platelet thresholds to define this suboptimal response. Common attributes identified in this study should be used to propose a comprehensive definition, which will facilitate outcome comparisons of future rITP studies.

Physical Literacy of Marginalized Middle School Adolescents in Kansas City Public Schools.

PURPOSE: Physical inactivity among adolescents in the United States continues to be a pervasive and growing problem, especially among low income and adolescents of color. Physical literacy is important for adolescents to engage in physical activity. However, few studies have assessed physical literacy among marginalized populations. The purpose of this study is to describe levels of physical literacy among marginalized adolescents in a Midwest City. METHODS: Data were collected from 169 participants (85 adolescents and 84 parents). Adolescents included in the study were from 4 Kansas City (Missouri) public schools. Univariate statistics were calculated for 3 physical literacy domains (PLAYinventory, PLAYself, and PLAYparent). To assess for differences among groups, the authors conducted a single-factor analysis of variance (1-way analysis of variance). RESULTS: The sample (N = 169) was primarily Hispanic (48.2% adolescents and 42.9% parents). Sedentary behaviors were self-reported as the highest overall activities adolescents participated in within the past 12 months. The mean physical literacy score for this sample was 71.9 among adolescent reported and 72.7 among parent reported. Analysis of variance of racial and ethnic groups for PLAYself and PLAYparent assessments showed no significant difference in values. Compared with other subscales of both the PLAYparent and PLAYself instrument, parents and adolescents showed a lack of confidence in adolescent's ability to be active in the 4 environments (land, water, ice, and snow). CONCLUSION: Physical literacy is shown to be important in maintaining physical activity throughout life; given this, it is important to understand how to increase confidence of seasonal specific skills in marginalized adolescents.

Refractory autoimmune cytopenias in pediatric Evans syndrome with underlying systemic immune dysregulation.

Evans syndrome is a rare but challenging disorder in children; and despite rapidly growing evidence for targetable systemic immune dysregulation driving these "idiopathic" autoimmune cytopenias, precision diagnosis and management remains sub-optimal among these patients. We analyzed retrospective clinical data for 60 pediatric ES patients followed at 3 large tertiary referral centers in the United States over a recent 6-year period and found that definable underlying systemic immune dysregulation was identified in only 42% of these patients throughout the course of clinical care. Median time from ES diagnosis to identification of the underlying systemic immune dysregulation disorder was 1.3 years (<1 month for rheumatologic disease, 2.3 years for CVID, 3.4 years for ALPS, and 7.4 years for monogenic disorders of immune regulation). Notably, a significantly higher percentage of patients in whom a definitive immune dysregulation disorder was ultimately identified required ≥3 cytopenia-directed therapies (92%) and also second- and third-line immunomodulatory agents (84%), vs those in whom no unifying immune dysregulation was diagnosed (65%, and 35%, respectively)-indicating that autoimmune cytopenias as a manifestation of systemic immune dysregulation are more treatment-refractory and severe. These data underline the importance of identifying the underlying systemic immune dysregulation and providing targeted therapy in pediatric ES.

Immune thrombocytopenia following multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) - a case series.

Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection may present with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a serious complication of SARS-CoV-2 causing systemic organ dysfunction. This case series presents the first reported cases of patients who developed ITP following MIS-C, while completing corticosteroid tapers. These patients responded to standard of care therapies for ITP and had appropriate platelet count recovery. We emphasize the importance of careful monitoring of those recovering from COVID-19 or MIS-C, to proactively identify clinical and laboratory abnormalities, in addition to long-term cardiovascular sequelae.

Fatigue in children and adolescents with immune thrombocytopenia.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), an acquired autoimmune disorder of low platelets and risk of bleeding, has a substantial impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Patients with ITP often report significant fatigue, although the pathophysiology of this is poorly understood. In this observational cohort of 120 children receiving second-line therapies for ITP, we assessed reports of fatigue using the Hockenberry Fatigue Scale. Children and adolescents with ITP reported a similarly high level of fatigue with 54% (29/54) of children and 62% (26/42) of adolescents reporting moderate-to-severe fatigue. There was no correlation between fatigue and age or gender. Adolescents with newly diagnosed and persistent ITP had higher mean fatigue scores than those with chronic ITP (P = 0·03). Fatigue significantly improved in children and adolescents by 1 month after starting second-line treatments, and this improvement continued to be present at 12 months after starting treatment. Fatigue scores at all time-points correlated with general HRQoL using the Kids ITP Tool, but did not correlate with bleeding symptoms, platelet count, or platelet response to treatment. Fatigue is common in children and adolescents with ITP and may benefit from ITP-directed treatment even in the absence of bleeding symptoms.

The cost of a "benign" condition: Healthcare utilization and infectious outcomes in young children with primary autoimmune neutropenia.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) is a common cause of chronic neutropenia in childhood. Despite an expected benign clinical course, many patients undergo extensive evaluation. Data on healthcare utilization and rates of bloodstream infections in young patients with AIN are limited. METHODS: All patients with a diagnosis code of leukopenia, neutropenia, or AIN followed within the outpatient hematology clinic of a single institution from 2014 to 2016 were identified. Patients aged ≤5 years with absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≤500/µL persisting for ≥3 months, a clinical diagnosis of AIN, and documented resolution of neutropenia were included. Data on clinical management, including infectious outcomes and emergency center (EC) encounters, were collected. RESULTS: Forty-three patients with AIN (18 male [42%], median age at diagnosis 12 months) met eligibility criteria. Children were followed by hematology for a median duration of 18 (range, 2-85) months. Diagnostic evaluations were variable. Thirty patients (70%) had ≥ 1 EC encounters for evaluation of isolated fever with a total of 113 EC encounters for the overall cohort. Patients with ANC < 500/µL and isolated fever were admitted for observation, which resulted in 24 hospitalizations in 16 patients. Of 138 blood cultures drawn, two were positive, both later determined to be contaminants. CONCLUSION: At a large tertiary care center, no bloodstream infections were identified in a cohort of 43 children with AIN presenting to the EC for assessment of fever. A less-intensive, more cost-effective management paradigm, which continues to prioritize patient safety, among young children with AIN is needed.

Association of a positive direct antiglobulin test with chronic immune thrombocytopenia and use of second line therapies in children: A multi-institutional review.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is the most common autoimmune cytopenia in children. Approximately, 25% of patients develop chronic disease, which may be unpredictable and challenging to treat. It is not currently possible to predict at the time of presentation which patients will have chronic disease or will experience symptoms requiring second-line therapy defined as treatment beyond corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, or Rh immune globulin. A multi-institutional retrospective review of 311 pediatric patients with ITP was performed with the goal of identifying clinical characteristics associated with disease course. In a cohort of 216 patients tested and for whom disease status was known, a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was associated with chronic ITP vs spontaneous resolution of disease (29.2% vs 8.1%, P < 0.001) as well as the need for treatment with second line agents (38.5% vs 11.4%, P < 0.001) in 241 patients. Controlling for the effect of Evans syndrome, defined as having two immune cytopenias, a positive DAT was independently associated with chronic ITP (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.0-7.2, P = 0.041) and use of second-line agents (OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 1.7-7.7, P = 0.001) by multivariate logistic regression model. These findings demonstrate an association with positive DAT and chronic disease, as well as refractory disease requiring second-line agents.

Successful treatment of metachronous contralateral intratubular germ cell neoplasia with partial orchiectomy and low-dose radiation in a patient previously treated for testicular carcinoma.

Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN) of the testis is a precursor to testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT), which can lead to the development of invasive cancer. In patients with a history of previously treated unilateral TGCT, treatment for ITGCN of the contralateral testis needs to be balanced with the risks of subsequent infertility. Here, we present a 17- year- old patient with ITGCN diagnosed after treatment of contralateral nonseminomatous TGCT who was successfully treated with a partial orchiectomy followed by low-dose radiation with preservation of his testosterone production.

Cardiovascular recurrence of high-grade osteosarcoma presenting as atrial thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: A case report and review of the pediatric literature.

In the era of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy, extrapulmonary involvement by high-grade osteosarcoma (HGOS) is rare. Importantly however, HGOS metastasis in the form of cardiovascular tumor thrombus portends a dismal prognosis. Thus, prompt and accurate identification of tumor thrombus is crucial. We report here two unique cases of recurrent HGOS, presenting as thrombotic events, in order to increase awareness and index of suspicion among practitioners regarding this presentation. Additionally, we review 14 previously reported pediatric cases of cardiovascular metastatic HGOS.

Megaloblastic Anemia Progressing to Severe Thrombotic Microangiopathy in Patients with Disordered Vitamin B12 Metabolism: Case Reports and Literature Review.

We describe 2 children with cobalamin G disease, a disorder of vitamin B12 metabolism with normal serum B12 levels. They presented with megaloblastic anemia progressing rapidly to severe thrombotic microangiopathy. In infants presenting with acute thrombotic microangiopathy, cobalamin disorders should be considered early as diagnosis and targeted treatment can be lifesaving.

Rapid infusion of rituximab is well tolerated in children with hematologic, oncologic, and rheumatologic disorders.

Traditional administration of rituximab requires careful titration and may involve many hours to minimize the risk of reactions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of rapid infusions of rituximab in a pilot group of children with hematologic, oncologic, and rheumatologic disorders, and to determine the incidence of rate-related infusion reactions. Twenty patients enrolled in the study. All patients tolerated the rapid infusion of rituximab and no patient had an infusion-related reaction. We conclude that rapid infusions of rituximab are well tolerated and safe in our pilot group of patients.

Cost-effectiveness and Improved Parent and Provider Satisfaction With Outpatient Management of Pediatric Oncology Patients, With Low-risk Fever and Neutropenia.

On the basis of significant evidence for safety, the international pediatric fever and neutropenia committee recommends the identification and management of patients with "low-risk fever and neutropenia" (LRFN), outpatient with oral antibiotics, instead of traditional inpatient management. The aim of our study was to compare the cost-per-patient with these 2 strategies, and to evaluate parent and provider satisfaction with the outpatient management of LRFN. Between March 2016 and February 2017, 17 LRFN patients (median absolute neutrophil count, 90/µL) were managed at a single institution, per new guidelines. Fifteen patients were discharged on presentation or at 24 to 48 hours postadmission on oral levofloxacin, and 2 were inadvertently admitted off protocol. The mean cost of management for the postimplementation cohort was compared with a historic preimplementation control group. Satisfaction surveys were completed by parents and health care providers of LRFN patients. The mean total cost of an LRFN episode was $12,500 per patient preimplementation and $6168 postimplementation, a decrease of $6332 (51%) per patient. All parents surveyed found outpatient follow-up easy; most (12/14) parents and all (16/16) providers preferred outpatient management. Outpatient management of LRFN patients was less costly, and was preferred by a majority of parents and all health care providers, compared with traditional inpatient management.

Evaluation of maternal and perinatal characteristics on childhood lymphoma risk: A population-based case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Lymphoma is one of the most common pediatric malignancies; however, there are few well-established risk factors. Therefore, we investigated if maternal and perinatal characteristics influenced the risk of childhood lymphoma. PROCEDURE: Information on cases (n = 374) diagnosed with lymphoma and born in Texas for the period 1995-2011 was obtained from the Texas Cancer Registry. Birth certificate controls were randomly selected at a ratio of 10 controls per 1 case for the same period of 1995-2011. Unconditional logistic regression was used to generate unadjusted (OR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the following histologic subtypes: Hodgkin (HL), Burkitt (BL), and non-BL non-HLs (non-BL NHLs). RESULTS: Overall, our findings indicate specific maternal and perinatal characteristics influence childhood lymphoma risk. Mexico-born mothers were more likely to have offspring who developed BL compared to mothers born in the United States (U.S.; aOR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.06-4.36). Further, mothers who resided at time of delivery in a county on the U.S.-Mexico border were more likely to give birth to offspring who developed non-BL NHL (aOR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.11-2.67) compared to mothers not living on the U.S.-Mexico border at time of infant birth. Last, infants born large-for-gestational-age experienced a twofold increase in BL risk (aOR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.10-3.65). CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based assessment, we confirmed previously reported risk predictors of childhood lymphoma, including sex of infant, while highlighting novel risk factors that warrant assessment in future studies.

Cost Utility Analysis of an After-School Sports Sampling Program.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study are to describe the costs of implementing an after-school physical activity intervention in three diverse, low-resourced, schools and to understand the potential aerobic impact of this program by cost. DESIGN: We conducted a cost utilization study from an 8.5-month physical activity intervention. SETTING: Three diverse, low-resourced, middle schools in the Midwest; The sample (N = 178) were mostly males (52.2%), African American or Black (54.8%), and divided between 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. METHOD: Costs were collected from contracts, invoices, payroll, and receipts. Metabolic equivalents were collected from past literature. Costs/MET-hour were calculated for the schools and entire program by dividing costs by total MET-hours engaged in physical activity. RESULTS: Costs were $2.51/MET-hour, $8.96/MET-hour, and $10.73/MET-hour for the three schools. On average, the intervention had a cost of $4.73/MET-hour. CONCLUSIONS: Cost/MET-hour for the present study is comparable or lower than other school-based physical activity interventions that require additional staff time and programming outside of standard classroom activities. Scale-up of after-school programs may be one way to improve the costs of programs in both schools and districts.

Physical activity among transgender individuals: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies.

Transgender individuals face stigma, discrimination, and other barriers impacting their ability to engage in physical activity (PA). We aim to review current literature on PA among transgender individuals. A systemic literature search of research studies from 2010-2023 was conducted. Studies must have reported a measure of PA and gender, be original research, and focus on transgender participants' PA. Rates of PA for transgender individuals were lower compared to cisgender or sexual minority individuals. Transgender women were less likely to engage in PA than other groups. Qualitative results suggest transgender oppression, stigma, discrimination, body image, unwelcoming environments (gyms, locker rooms, swimming pools), and the dichotomous structure of sport contribute to lower rates of PA among transgendered individuals. Disparities in PA for transgender individuals exist. Policy, environment, and system changes are needed to reduce transgender stigma in sport and PA settings. Current legislation is being developed and implemented in the United States regarding the place of transgender individuals in sport and PA. These results should inform public discourse on the topic.

What's in a name: defining pediatric refractory ITP.

There are no agreed upon terminology to define "refractory" pediatric Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP). Guidelines are therefore limited to arbitrary and outdated definitions. The Pediatric ITP Consortium of North America held a meeting in 2023 to define this entity. With 100% agreement, the faculty established that pediatric ITP that is refractory to emergent therapy could be defined as no platelet response after treatment with all eligible emergent pharmacotherapies. With 100% agreement, the working group established that pediatric patients with ITP that continue to demonstrate high disease burden and/or no platelet response despite treatment with multiple classes of disease modifying therapies represent a challenging subset of ITP. These patients are at higher risk of ongoing disease burden and merit additional investigation as well as consideration for clinical trials or novel therapies. Future efforts to define disease burden and disease response will be completed in collaboration with the ITP International Working Group.