Stormwater Bioretention Cells Are Not an Effective Treatment for Persistent and Mobile Organic Compounds (PMOCs).

Bioretention cells are a stormwater management technology intended to reduce the quantity of water entering receiving bodies. They are also used to reduce contaminant releases, but their performance is unclear for hydrophilic persistent and mobile organic compounds (PMOCs). We developed a novel eight-compartment one-dimensional (1D) multimedia model of a bioretention cell ("Bioretention Blues") and applied it to a spike and recovery experiment conducted on a system near Toronto, Canada, involving PMOC benzotriazole and four organophosphate esters (OPEs). Compounds with (log DOC) (organic carbon-water distribution coefficients) < ∼2.7 advected through the system, resulting in infiltration or underdrain flow. Compounds with log DOC > 3.8 were mostly sorbed to the soil, where subsequent fate depended on transformation. For compounds with 2.7 ≤ log DOC ≤ 3.8, sorption was sensitive to event size and compound-specific diffusion parameters, with more sorption expected for smaller rain events and for compounds with larger diffusion coefficients. Volatilization losses were minimal for all compounds tested. Direct uptake by vegetation also played a negligible role regardless of the compounds' physicochemical properties. Nonetheless, model simulations showed that vegetation could play a role by increasing transpiration, thereby increasing sorption to the bioretention soil and reducing PMOC release. Model results suggest design modifications to bioretention cells.

Trace Organic Contaminant Transfer and Transformation in Bioretention Cells: A Field Tracer Test with Benzotriazole.

Bioretention cells can effectively infiltrate stormwater runoff and partly remove conventional water contaminants. A field tracer injection experiment in a conventionally designed bioretention cell was used to investigate the fate of benzotriazole, a model trace organic contaminant, during and between runoff events. Moderate (29%) benzotriazole load reductions were measured during the 6 h long injection experiment. The detection of 1-methyl benzotriazole, hydroxy benzotriazole, and methoxy benzotriazole provided in situ evidence of some rapid benzotriazole microbial transformation during the tracer test and more importantly between the events. The detection of benzotriazole alanine and benzotriazole acetyl alanine also showed fast benzotriazole phytotransformation to amino acid conjugates during the tracer test and suggests further transformation of phytotransformation products between events. These data provide conclusive full-scale evidence of benzotriazole microbial and phytotransformation in bioretention cells. Non-target chemical analysis revealed the presence of a diverse range of trace organic contaminants in urban runoff and exiting the bioretention cell, including pesticides and industrial, household, and pharmaceutical compounds. We have demonstrated the in situ potential of urban green infrastructure such as bioretention cells to eliminate polar trace organic contaminants from stormwater. However, targeted design and operation strategies, for example, hydraulic control and the use of soil amendments, should be incorporated for improved bioretention cell performance for such compounds.

First collection of Torrenticolidae (Hydrachnidiae, Acari) from Yintiaoling National Nature Reserve, China, with descriptions of two new species.

Torrenticolid mites (Hydrachnidiae, Acari) are presented from Yintiaoling National Nature Reserve, China. Torrenticola multiserrater Gu & Guo sp. nov., and T. pseudoalargada Gu & Guo sp. nov. are described and illustrated as new to science; T. siamis Pesic & Smit, 2009 and T. nipponica (Enami, 1940) are reported as new records for Chongqing's fauna. Meanwhile, this is the first report of Torrenticolidae from Chongqing, China.

Two new species and one new record species of genus Arrenurus Dugs, 1834 (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae) from China.

Three species of the genus Arrenurus Dugs, 1834 are described in detail from China, of which Arrenurus (Arrenurus) ancoralis Zheng Guo sp. nov. and Arrenurus (Arrenurus) unguiculus Zheng Guo sp. nov. are new to science, and Arrenurus (Truncaturus) isikliensis Boyaci zkan, 2004 is recorded for the first time for the Chinese fauna. Arrenurus (A.) ancoralis can be distinguished by D3 on big humps and each with a small protrusion bearing D3 gland; the petiole is well-developed, the middle part contracted, slightly enlarged posteriorly; the ligulate process extending beyond the posterior margin of the petiole and triangle-shaped. Arrenurus (A.) unguiculus can be distinguished by the ligulate process extending beyond the posterior margin for half of petiole length, and nail-shaped. Arrenurus (A.) isikliensis is recorded for the Chinese fauna for the first time. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the new and the newly recorded species are given in this paper.

Transcriptome Analysis of Hormone-and Cuticle-Related Genes in the Development Process of Deutonymph in Tetranychus urticae.

Tetranychus urticae is an important agricultural pest that feeds on more than 1100 plant species. To investigate gene expression network in development process of deutonymph, a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of different developmental time points of deutonymph in T. urticae was performed. Comparing with expression profile of 7 h, 309, 876, 2736, and 3432 differential expression genes were detected at time points 14 h, 21 h, 28 h, and 35 h, respectively. The expression dynamic analysis indicated that genes in hormone- (ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone) and cuticle- (chitin and cuticle proteins) related pathways were indispensable for development process in deutonymph. Among hormone related pathway genes, the ecdysteroid biosynthesis pathway genes were highly expressed at the growth period of development process, which is opposite to the expression patterns of juvenile hormone biosynthesis pathway genes. For cuticle related pathway genes, 13 chitinase genes were identified in the genome of T. urticae, and 8 chitinase genes were highly expressed in different time points of developmental process in the deutonymph of T. urticae. Additionally, 59 cuticle protein genes were identified from genome, and most of the cuticle protein genes were expressed in the molting period of developmental process in deutonymph. This study reveals critical genes involved in the development process of deutonymph and also provides comprehensive development transcriptome information for finding more molecular targets to control this pest.

Four new species of Torrenticola (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Torrenticolidae) from Northeastern China.

Four new species of Torrenticola i.e. Torrenticola triextensio sp. nov., T. songhuaensis sp. nov., T. changbaiensis sp. nov., T. acrisarostrum sp. nov. are described from Jilin Province, P. R. China, bringing the total number of Chinese Torrenticola species to 36. This is the second report of water mites from Northeastern China in the last two decades.

Ontogenetic development of chaetotaxy in Tenuipalpidae: a survey with special reference to sexual dimorphism.

In this paper, we provide a comparative survey of ontogenetic development of chaetotaxy in the family Tenuipalpidae, with the aim to compare patterns among species/genera and to discover some general trends. We also want to find gaps within published literature and provide suggestions for future studies. Although we focused on the ontogeny of setal developments, we also reviewed sexual dimorphism in chaetotaxy in the family Tenuipalpidae.

Contributions to Chinese fauna of Torrenticolidae Piersig, 1902 (Acari, Hydrachnidia), with the description of three new species.

Five species of torrenticolid mites (Acari, Hydrachnidia), collected in the Anzihe and Qingliangfeng national nature reserves, R. P. China, are identified. Three species are described as new to science: Torrenticola pseudosiamis Gu & Guo, sp. nov., T. anziensis Gu & Guo, sp. nov., and Monatractides sichuanensis Gu & Guo, sp. nov. The other two species, M. macrocorpis Gu & Guo, 2019, M. xiaoxiensis Gu & Guo, 2019, are newly reported from Zhejiang Province. Descriptions and illustrations of these species are included.

Contributions to the knowledge of Torrenticolid water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) in Doupengshan, China.

Six species of Torrenticolidae Piersig, 1902 (Acari: Hydrachnidia) from Doupengshan are presented, including four species of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (T. trigona Gu Guo, sp. nov., T. siamis Pesic Smit, 2009, T. tenuichelicera Gu Guo, 2018 and T. tetraporella Cook, 1967), and two species of the genus Monatractides K. Viets, 1926 (M. hamatapodemus Gu Guo, sp. nov. and M. oxystoma (Viets, 1935)), of which T. siamis is recorded for the Chinese fauna for the first time. Detailed descriptions for the new and newly recorded species and a key to all species of Torrenticolidae so far known from China are provided. Furthermore, the first description is given for the female of T. tenuichelicera.