[Study on predicting protein content of wheat seeds by using wheat leaves SPAD value].

The present paper is to study and build the rapid nondestructive prediction technique of wheat grain quality in the pre-harvest period, The analysis of SPAD value aimed at five different periods from the first leaf to the 4th leaf to obtain SPAD values with the sampling period and the changes of leaf using 31 kinds of wheat materials, near infrared spectroscopy was used for the determination of protein of the grain And the leaf SPAD values and maturity correlation of grain protein content were established. It was found that decreasing rate of the top leaf SPAD and grain protein content showed significant negative correlation y = -3.2109x + 14.286, linear regression equation is y = -3.2109x + 14.286, and correlation coefficient is r = -0.8490. With significant analysis, we assume that there is a very significant linear correlation between decreasing rate of the top leaf SPAD value and grain protein content. So we can use decreasing rate of the top leaf SPAD values to predict the protein content of grain

[Identification of authentic and fake cigarettes using near infrared spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis-Mahalanobis distance].

In order to discriminate fake and genuine cigarettes correctly and rapidly, cigarettes of brand A and fake cigarettes of brand A were scanned by the NIR spectrometer, and an identifying model was developed by near infrared spectroscopy combined with principal component-Mahalanobis distance pattern recognition method. The pretreated spectra data of cigarette samples were analyzed through principal component analysis (PCA), and the result of the analysis suggested that the accumulation of first 4 principal components was more than 97.46%. One hundred samples from total 120 cigarette samples were selected randomly. Then they were used to build qualitative discriminating model and the correlation coefficient was 0.95. Twenty unknown samples were validated by this model. The recognition rate is 100%. The model is reliable and practicable, and could be used as an assistant means for identifying fake and genuine cigarettes.

Low-energy ion beam promotes the transcription and transposition of the Copia-retrotransposons in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

LTR-retrotransposons are genetic elements having the direct long terminal repeats (LTRs). It can move via an RNA intermediate within genomes and is an important fraction of eukaryote genomes. Low-energy N(+) ion beam promoted the transcription of the copia-retransposons in those wheat (cv. 'Zhoumai 16', which were radiated and allowed to grow for 24 h and 48 h from the planting. Relative expression ratio of the copia-retransposons was elevated in different degrees (with a max 40 fold) in wheat plants treated with different doses of N(+) beam, comparing to that in the controls. The molecule markers of the IRAP and REMAP to the DNA isolated from the 14-d leaves of wheat plants treated with the low-energy N(+) beam showed that the transposition of some copia-retransposons was re-activated. The enhanced transcription of the copia-retransposons in wheat could weaken or enhance the expression of their nearby genes. The transposition of the retrotransposon in genome can change the primary structure of the functional DNA fragments of chromosomes, and it can also be visualized as the appearance of a new phenotype of plants. In the mid 1980s, the biological effects of low-energy ion beam were recognized and demonstrated experimentally. Hence, it suggests that the enhanced transcription and the re-activated transposition of the retrotransposons are partially attributed to the biological effect of low-energy ion beam.

[Prediction of protein content of intact wheat seeds with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)].

In the present article, the measurement of intact wheat seeds' protein content with near infrared reflentance spectroscopy(NIRS) was studied. The wavelength range of 1 100-2 498 nm was used. The distinguishability of NIRS machine was 2 nm. Firstly the representative wheat samples with different protein contents were selected and the original spectra of wheat were obtained using NIRS machine. Then through scatter correction and maths treatment, spectrum noise were decreased. Finally regression methods used multiple linear regression, principal component regression and modified partial least squares respectively. The result showed that after optimizing all the factors, the best calibration model of equation was chosen using "first derivative" +"Standard Multiplicative Scatter Correction, SMSC"+"Modified Partial Least Squares, MPLS". RSQ, SECV and 1-VR of the obtained calibration model were 0. 94, 0. 42 and 0. 87 respectively. A set of representative individual wheat samples were uesed to check the model, and prediction coefficient of determination was 0.88. Protein content of wheat could be preidicted quickly and scathelessly by using the NIRS measurement. It was feasible to be used in early generation selection in wheat quality breeding process.

[XPS research on thymine implanted by low energy N+].

The induced variation mechanism of low energy ion beam implantation into a creature has attracted a great attention. DNA was the target of radiation. XPS analysis of thymine sample implanted by low energy N+ was studied. It was found that the relative content of C, N and O changed in the implanted samples. The content of N and O decreased, while that of C increased. Subtle structure of C, N and O was studied. It was found that the peak location of O(1s) shifted. The peak number of N(1s) changed from one to three, while that of C(1s) changed from two to one. The results indicated that the chemical environment and physical structure changed greatly by implantation. N+ implantation could lead to destruction and change of thymine molecular structure.