Diversity of actinobacteria in sediments of Qaidam Lake and Qinghai Lake, China.

Using 16S rRNA gene analysis and high-throughput, the diversity and community structure of actinobacteria in the sediments of Qaidam Lake and Qinghai Lake with different salinity and alkalinity in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were studied, and the differences of actinobacteria community structure and their relationship with environmental factors were discussed. A total of 77 genera belonging to actinobacteria were found in the samples, of which 31 genera were found in the sediment samples of Qaidam Lake with 19 genera being dominant genera, such as Actinomycetes, Corynebacterium, Morella, Bifidobacterium, and 69 genera were found in the sediment samples of Qinghai Lake with 17 genera becoming dominant, such as Ilumattalaer, Actinotalea, Aquihaans and so on. The correlation analysis of environmental factors and community showed that the community structure of the two salt lakes was mainly affected by total salinity, total organic carbon) (TOC) and CO32-, among which TOC was the most influential factor. The functional differences of metabolic pathway enrichment analysis (KEGG) showed that there was a high abundance of metabolic-related functions in the two salt lakes. There were significant differences in the biosynthesis of energy metabolism and other secondary metabolites between the two salt lakes, which may be the main reason for the difference of actinomycete community. The results show that the actinobacteria diversity was rich in the plateau salt lakes, and affected by a variety of physicochemical factors. In addition, there were a large number of unculturable actinobacteria in the sediment, which provides a theoretical basis for the excavation and utilization of actinobacteria resources in salt lakes.

Haloechinothrix aidingensis sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from salt lake in Xinjiang province, north-west China.

An actinomycete strain, designated YIM 98757T, was isolated from the hypersaline sediment of Aiding Lake in Xinjiang province, north-west China. The strain grew well on most media tested and no diffusible pigment was produced. The substrate mycelium was well developed and fragmented. No spores were formed. The whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the cell-wall diamino acid. Xylose, galactose, ribose were the major whole-cell sugars. The phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and an unknown phospholipid. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H4). The major fatty acid was iso-C16:0. The DNA G + C content was 69.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolate belongs to the genus Haloechinothrix. However, it differed from its closest relative, H. alba YIM 98757 T in many phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics. Moreover, the DNA-DNA and ANI relatedness values between the novel isolate and H. alba YIM 93221 T were 53.3% and 92.5%, respectively. Based on comparative analysis of polyphasic taxonomic data, strain YIM 98757 T represents a novel species of the genus Haloechinothrix, for which the name Haloechinothrix aidingensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 98757T (= CGMCC 4.7627T = CCTCC AA 2020012).

Aidingimonas lacisalsi sp. nov., isolated from a salt lake in China.

A novel bacterium, XHU 5135T, belonging to the genus Aidingimonas, was isolated from a salt lake sample collected in Xinjiang Province, north-west PR China. The isolate was Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile. The strain was catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Growth occurred at NaCl concentrations of 5-25 % (optimum, 10-13 %), at 13-41 °C (35-37 °C) and at pH 6.0-10.0 (pH 7.0-8.0). The predominant ubiquinone was Q-9. The major fatty acids were C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and C16 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 58.1 mol%. The affiliation of strain XHU 5135T with the genus Aidingimonas was confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons. The closest type strain was Aidingimonas halophile YIM 90637T, which showed a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97.5 %. The ANI value between XHU 5135T and the closest type strain was 80.01 %. The estimated digital DNA-DNA hybridization estimate value between strain XHU 5135T and the closest type strain was 22.80 %. Phenotypically, the characteristics of XHU 5135T were shown to differ from the most closely related species, A. halophila. On the basis of the data from this polyphasic study, strain XHU 5135T represents a novel species of the genus Aidingimonas, for which the name Aidingimonas lacisalsi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain XHU 5135T (=CCTCC AB 2016344T=KCTC 42945T=DSM 104700T).

Efficacy and safety of everolimus treatment on liver transplant recipients: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Everolimus is an effective immunosuppressant in organ transplantation without impaired renal function. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of everolimus therapy in liver transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted to identify the eligible studies. The quality of the included studies was assessed. The outcomes of interest were biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR), graft loss, death, renal function and adverse events. RESULTS: Eight trials involving 1570 participants were included. Compared to the standard exposure to calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), the incidences of BPAR, graft loss and death were not increased in the everolimus combined with reduced CNIs group. The renal function was significantly improved after everolimus combined with reduced CNI therapy, and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated to be elevated by 5.59 (95% CI: 2.17-9.01, P = .001) as compared to the standard exposure to CNIs. The risk of any adverse event was increased by everolimus combined with reduced CNI therapy (RR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.04-1.42, P = .01) as compared to the standard exposure to CNIs. The likelihood of infection was not associated with the regimen. Any publication bias was not identified. CONCLUSIONS: Although everolimus combined with reduced CNI therapy significantly improved the renal function in liver transplant recipients, it did not influence the incidence of BPAR, graft loss and death. This regimen might be associated with an increased risk of adverse events, which needs to be elucidated further.

Gracilibacillus aidingensis sp. nov., a novel moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from Aiding salt lake.

A novel Gram-positive, aerobe, moderately halophilic bacterium was isolated from saline soil of Aiding lake in Xinjiang, north-west of China, designated strain YIM 98001T. Cells were rod-shaped, motile and grew at 5-20% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 10%), pH 6-10 (optimum pH 7.0) and 4-45 °C (optimum 37 °C). The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso C15:0, anteiso C17:0, iso C15:0. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphoglycolipid were the major polar lipids. Meso-diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic diamino acid of the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The G+C content was 36.46 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the strain belongs to the family Bacillaceae, with the highest sequence similarity to the type strain Gracilibacillus thailandensis TP2-8T (96.84%), followed by Gracilibacillus saliphilus YIM 91119T (96.78%) and Gracilibacillus ureilyticus MF38T (96.57%), thus confirming the affiliation of strain YIM 98001T to the genus Gracilibacillus. The polyphasic approach indicates that strain YIM 98001T represents a novel species of the genus Gracilibacillus, for which the name Gracilibacillus aidingensis is proposed. The type strain is YIM 98001T (=KCTC 42683T = DSMZ 104330T).

Glycomyces xinjiangensis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from a hypersaline habitat.

A novel actinomycete strain, designated XHU 5301T, was isolated from a hypersaline habitat, China. The strain was aerobic, Gram-stain positive and the optimum NaCl concentration for growth was 7-9% (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on an almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain XHU 5301T showed that the organism was most closely related to Glycomyces halotolerans TRM 40137T (96.0%). The whole-cell sugar pattern consisted of glucose and galactose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-10(H4), MK-10(H2), and MK-9(H4). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15: 0, iso-C15: 0, iso-C16: 0, and methyl-C19: 0. The polar lipids consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and one unknown phospholipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 72.5 mol %. The novel species Glycomyces xinjiangensis sp. nov. was proposed, with strain XHU 5301T (=CCTCC AA 2016043T =KCTC 39689T) as the type strain of Glycomyces xinjiangensis.

Olivibacter flavus sp. nov., a novel endophytic bacterium isolated from the root of Camellia sinensis.

A novel Gram-negative rod, endophytic bacterium, designated strain TMCC 8258T, was isolated from the root of Camellia sinensis collected from Puer, south-west China. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the strain belongs to the family Sphingobacteriaceae and a neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree suggested that strain TMCC 8258T formed a cluster with the type strain of Olivibacter ginsengisoli (showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 95.8%). Chemotaxonomic data [major fatty acid iso-C15:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c), iso-C17:0 3-OH and major respiratory quinone MK-7] confirmed the affiliation of strain TMCC 8258T to the genus Olivibacter. The G + C content was 39.1 mol %. The results of the phylogenetic analysis, together with the physiological, morphological and biochemical tests, suggested that strain TMCC 8258T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Olivibacter, for which the name Olivibacter flavus is proposed. The type strain is TMCC 8258T (=CGMCC 1.16141 = KCTC 42683).

Glycomyces lacisalsi sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from a hypersaline habitat.

A novel actinomycete strain, designated XHU 5089T, was isolated from a hypersaline habitat in China. The strain was aerobic, Gram-stain-positive and the optimum NaCl concentration for growth was 1-3 % (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on the almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain XHU 5089T showed that the organism was related most closely to Glycomyces albusTRM 49136T (97.7 % similarity). However, it had a relatively low mean DNA-DNA relatedness value with G. albusTRM 49136T (18.9±5.8 %). The whole-cell sugar pattern consisted of glucose and galactose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-10(H4) and MK-9(H4). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C16 : 1 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two unidentified glycolipids and two unknown phospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68.6 mol%. A novel species, Glycomyces lacisalsi sp. nov., is proposed, with XHU 5089T (=CCTCC AA 2015034T=KCTC 39688T) as the type strain.

Longimycelium tulufanense gen. nov., sp. nov., a filamentous actinomycete of the family Pseudonocardiaceae.

A novel filamentous actinomycete strain, designated TRM 46004(T), was isolated from sediment of Aiding Lake in Tulufan Basin (42° 64' N 89° 26' E), north-west China. The isolate was characterized using a polyphasic approach. The isolate formed abundant aerial mycelium with few branches and vegetative mycelium, occasionally twisted and coiled; spherical sporangia containing one to several spherical spores developed at the ends of short sporangiophores on aerial mycelium. The G+C content of the DNA was 65.2 mol%. The isolate contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid and xylose, galactose and ribose as the major whole-cell sugars. The diagnostic phospholipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H10). The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain TRM 46004(T) formed a distinct lineage within the family Pseudonocardiaceae and showed 91.7-96.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with members of the family Pseudonocardiaceae. On the basis of the evidence from this polyphasic study, a novel genus and species, Longimycelium tulufanense gen. nov., sp. nov., are proposed. The type strain of Longimycelium tulufanense is TRM 46004(T) (= CGMCC 4.5737(T) = NBRC 107726(T)).

Actinopolyspora lacussalsi sp. nov., an extremely halophilic actinomycete isolated from a salt lake.

A novel halophilic, filamentous actinobacterium, designated strain TRM 40139(T), was isolated from a hypersaline habitat in Xinjiang Province, north-west China. Its taxonomic status was determined using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on the almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain showed that it formed a well-separated sub-branch within the radiation of the genus Actinopolyspora and the organism was related most closely to the type strains of Actinopolyspora alba (97.6 % similarity), Actinopolyspora xinjiangensis (97.6 %) and Actinopolyspora erythraea (97.1 %). However, it had relatively lower mean DNA-DNA relatedness values with the above strains (36.4, 31.3 and 26.1 %, respectively). Optimal growth occurred at 35 °C, at pH 7.0 and in the presence of 12 % (w/v) NaCl. The whole-cell sugar pattern consisted of xylose, glucose, ribose and arabinose. The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 (28.0 %) and anteiso-C17 : 0 (27.6 %). The diagnostic phospholipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and two unknown phospholipids. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H4) (49.8 %) and MK-10(H4) (24.2 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 66.4 mol%. Strain TRM 40139(T) therefore represents a novel species of the genus Actinopolyspora, for which the name Actinopolyspora lacussalsi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TRM 40139(T) (= KCTC 19657(T) = CCTCC AA 2012020(T)).

Myceligenerans salitolerans sp. nov., a halotolerant actinomycete isolated from a salt lake in Xinjiang, China.

A halotolerant actinomycete strain, designated XHU 5031(T), was isolated from a salt lake in Xinjiang Province, northwest China. Its taxonomic status was determined using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the organism was most closely related to Myceligenerans xiligouense DSM 15700(T) (98.4 %), Myceligenerans halotolerans XJEEM 11063(T) (98.0 %) and Myceligenerans crystallogenes DSM 17134(T) (97.5 %). However, it had relatively low values for DNA-DNA relatedness with the above strains (46.2, 39.4 and 36.5 %, respectively). The peptidoglycan type was A4α. This organism contained glucose, mannose and galactose as the major whole cell sugars. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H(4)). The major fatty acids were iso-C(15:0,) anteiso-C(15:0) and iso-C(16:0). The polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), one unknown phospholipid (PL) and two unknown glycolipids (GL). The G+C content of genomic DNA was 71.2 mol %. Phenotypic data clearly distinguished the isolate from its closest relatives. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data indicated that the isolate XHU 5031(T) represented a novel species of the genus Myceligenerans. The proposed name for this organism is Myceligenerans salitolerans sp. nov., with type strain XHU 5031(T) (=KCTC 29128(T) = CCTCC AB 2012908(T)).

Isoptericola salitolerans sp. nov., a halotolerant filamentous actinobacterium isolated from a salt lake, China.

A novel bacterial strain, TRM F109(T), was isolated from hypersaline habitat in Sichuan Province, China. It was a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, halotolerant, filamentous bacterium. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed levels of similarity of 97.0-98.4% to the type strains of recognized species of the genus Isoptericola. Chemotaxonomic data also supported the placement of strain TRM F109(T) within the genus Isoptericola. The low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between the novel strain and the type strains of recognized species of the genus Isoptericola, in combination with differential phenotypic data, demonstrate that strain TRM F109(T) represents a novel species of the genus Isoptericola, for which the name Isoptericola salitolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TRM F109(T) (=JCM 15901(T)=KCTC 19617(T)).

Actinopolyspora dayingensis sp. nov., a novel halophilic actinomycete isolated from a hypersaline lake.

A novel halophilic, filamentous actinomycete, designated TRM 4064(T), was isolated from a hypersaline habitat in Sichuan Province, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on an almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain TRM 4064(T) showed that it was most closely related to Actinopolyspora mortivallis (99.1 % sequence similarity). The sequence similarities between strain TRM 4064(T) and other Actinopolyspora species with validly-published names were <97.0 %. However, it had relatively low mean values for DNA-DNA relatedness with the A. mortivallis DSM 44261(T) (23.2 %). Optimal growth occurred at 37 °C, pH 7.0 and in the presence of 13 % (w/v) NaCl. The whole-cell sugar pattern consists of xylose, glucose, ribose and arabinose. The predominant menaquinones are MK-10(H4) (38.2 %), MK-9(H4) (25.1 %), MK-9(H2) (28.6 %) and MK-8(H4) (7.3 %). The major fatty acids are anteiso-C17:0 (36.9 %) and iso-C17:0 (19.3 %). The diagnostic phospholipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and two unknown phospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of the type strain is 66.3 mol%. Strain TRM 4064(T) therefore represents a novel species of the genus Actinopolyspora, for which the name Actinopolyspora dayingensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TRM 4064(T) (= KCTC 19979(T) = CCTCC AA 2010010(T)).

[Screening of antifungi endophytic actinomyces strains from salvia przewalskii in Tibean Plateau].

Twenty-four endophytic actinomycetes strains were isolated from the Salvia przewalskii in Tibetan Plateau of China by tablet coating method. Fusarium moniliforme, Helminthosporium turcicum and Bipolaris maydis were selected as indicator fungi to test the antimicrobial activities of these endophytic actinomycetes by tablet confrontation method. The results showed that 21 strains can produce antimicrobial substances which accounts for 85.7% of the total separates number. Four strains of endogenous actinomyces have more obvious antifungi activity. According to results of morphology and culture properties and 16S rDNA sequences of endophytic actinomyces, it is concluded that all of the isolates were streptomycetes trains.

Cellular differentiation into hyphae and spores in halophilic archaea.

Several groups of bacteria have complex life cycles involving cellular differentiation and multicellular structures. For example, actinobacteria of the genus Streptomyces form multicellular vegetative hyphae, aerial hyphae, and spores. However, similar life cycles have not yet been described for archaea. Here, we show that several haloarchaea of the family Halobacteriaceae display a life cycle resembling that of Streptomyces bacteria. Strain YIM 93972 (isolated from a salt marsh) undergoes cellular differentiation into mycelia and spores. Other closely related strains are also able to form mycelia, and comparative genomic analyses point to gene signatures (apparent gain or loss of certain genes) that are shared by members of this clade within the Halobacteriaceae. Genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of non-differentiating mutants suggest that a Cdc48-family ATPase might be involved in cellular differentiation in strain YIM 93972. Additionally, a gene encoding a putative oligopeptide transporter from YIM 93972 can restore the ability to form hyphae in a Streptomyces coelicolor mutant that carries a deletion in a homologous gene cluster (bldKA-bldKE), suggesting functional equivalence. We propose strain YIM 93972 as representative of a new species in a new genus within the family Halobacteriaceae, for which the name Actinoarchaeum halophilum gen. nov., sp. nov. is herewith proposed. Our demonstration of a complex life cycle in a group of haloarchaea adds a new dimension to our understanding of the biological diversity and environmental adaptation of archaea.

Amycolatopsis salitolerans sp. nov., a filamentous actinomycete isolated from a hypersaline habitat.

A novel actinomycete strain, designated TRM F103(T), was isolated from a hypersaline habitat of the Tarim basin in Xinjiang province, north-west China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate belonged to the genus Amycolatopsis and was most closely related to Amycolatopsis halophila YIM 93223(T) (99.3% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). However, DNA-DNA relatedness between these two strains, based on triplicate experiments, was only 31.6%. The isolate contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and ribose, glucose and galactose as the major whole-cell sugars. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H(4)). The major fatty acids were iso-C(16:0) and C(16:0). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and glucosamine-containing phospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 66.4 mol%. The phenotypic data clearly distinguished the isolate from its closest relatives. The combined phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data indicate that the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis. The proposed name is Amycolatopsis salitolerans sp. nov., with TRM F103(T) (=JCM 15899(T)=CCTCC AB 208326(T)) as the type strain.

Saccharopolyspora lacisalsi sp. nov., a novel halophilic actinomycete isolated from a salt lake in Xinjiang, China.

A novel actinomycete strain, designated TRM 40133(T), was isolated from a hypersaline habitat of Tarim basin in Xinjiang Province, north-west China. Its taxonomic status was determined using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on an almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain showed that it formed a well-seperated sub-branch within the radiation of the genus Saccharopolyspora. The highest levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity was found between the strain TRM 40133(T) and Saccharopolyspora qijiaojingensis YIM 91168(T) (96.5%). The chemotaxonomic characteristics of the isolate are typical for the genus Saccharopolyspora. It contained meso-DAP as the diagnostic diamino acid. Whole cell hydrolysate contained arabinose, xylose, ribose and glucose. The diagnostic phospholipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and two unknown phospholipids. The main menaquinone was MK-9(H(6)) and MK-9(H(4)). No mycolic acid was detected. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C(16:0) and anteiso-C(17:0). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68.2 mol%. In addition, the strain TRM 40133(T) had a phenotypic profile that readily distinguished it from the recognized representatives of the genus Saccharopolyspora. The strain TRM 40133(T) therefore represents a novel species of the genus Saccharopolyspora, for which the name Saccharopolyspora lacisalsi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TRM 40133(T) (=KCTC 19987(T) =CCTCC AA 2010012(T)).

Glycomyces halotolerans sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from a hypersaline habitat in Xinjiang, China.

A novel actinomycete strain, designated TRM 40137(T), was isolated from a hypersaline habitat in Xinjiang Province, north-west China, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. The strain was aerobic, Gram-positive and the optimum NaCl concentration for growth was 4-5% (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain TRM 40137(T) has a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 95.02% with the described species Glycomyces sambucus E71(T) and can be distinguished from all previously described representatives of the genus Glycomyces. The whole-cell sugar pattern consisted of xylose and galactose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-10(H(2)) and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and anteiso-C17:0. The phospholipid pattern consists of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unknown aminophospholipids and two unknown phospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68.8 mol%. A novel species Glycomyces halotolerans sp. nov. is proposed, with strain TRM 40137(T) (=CCTCC AA 2010013(T) = KCTC 19988(T)) as the type strain of G. halotolerans.

Brevibacterium salitolerans sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from salt-lake sediment.

A novel bacterium, designated TRM 415(T), belonging to the genus Brevibacterium, was isolated from a sediment sample from a salt lake in Xinjiang province, China. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain TRM 415(T) was phylogenetically most closely related to Brevibacterium album YIM 90718(T) (98.4 % sequence similarity) and had low similarity (<95.5 %) to other species of the genus Brevibacterium; however, DNA-DNA hybridization studies between strain TRM 415(T) and B. album YIM 90718(T) showed only 41.3 % relatedness. Strain TRM 415(T) possessed meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic cell-wall diamino acid, MK-8(H(2)) as the major menaquinone and polar lipids including phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C(17 : 0) and anteiso-C(15 : 0). The genomic DNA G+C content was 69 mol%. Based on the evidence from this polyphasic study, strain TRM 415(T) represents a novel species of the genus Brevibacterium, for which the name Brevibacterium salitolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TRM 415(T) (=JCM 15900(T) =CCTCC AB 208328(T) =KCTC 19616(T)).

Actinopolyspora xinjiangensis sp. nov., a novel exteremely halophilic actinomycete isolated from a salt lake in Xinjiang, China.

A novel halophilic, filamentous actinobacterium, designated TRM 40136(T), was isolated from a hypersaline habitat in Xinjiang Province, north-west China. The strain is aerobic, Gram-positive, halophilic, and the optimum NaCl concentration for growth is 10-15% (w/v). The whole-cell sugar pattern consists of xylose, glucose and arabinose. The predominant menaquinone is MK-6 (51.2%) and the major fatty acids are anteiso-C15:0 (35.2%), anteiso-C17:0 (15.9%) and iso-C15:0 (13.7%). The phospholipid pattern consists of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and two unknown phospholipids. The G + C content of the genomic DNA is 68.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain TRM 40136(T) had 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.1% with the closest described species Actinopolyspora mortivallis, and it can be distinguished from all species in the genus Actinopolyspora by using these data of polyphasic taxonomy study. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence, the strain TRM 40136(T) should be designated as a novel species of the genus Actinopolyspora for which the name Actinopolyspora xinjiangensis sp.nov. is proposed. The type strain is TRM 40136(T) (=CCTCC AA 209080(T) = KCTC 19656(T)).