[HIV risk perception and safe sex in migrants from the northern border of Mexico]. / Percepción de riesgo para VIH y sexo seguro en migrantes de la frontera norte de México.

INTRODUCTION: In 2019, 9,828 new cases of HIV and 5,825 of AIDS were detected in Mexico, the migrant population is considered highly vulnerable, which is presumed to be due to unfavorable conditions in their transit through the country, an important variable in the context of sexual health is the perception that they may have about being or not at risk. A study of perception of contracting HIV can have important implications for health. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the perception of risk for HIV and safe sex in migrants from the northern border of Mexico. METHODS: The design was predictive correlational and cross-sectional, sample of 302 migrants from two border cities of Tamaulipas, systematic random probability sampling. RESULTS: It was found that about 90% were men with a mean age of (M = 33,25, SD = 9,62) years, in general, migrants have a low perception of risk for HIV and this was correlated with safe sex (rs = -,134, p =,020), furthermore, a regression analysis showed that the perception of risk for HIV has a predictive effect on safe sex (ß = -, 143, F = 6,27 [gl=1,300], p = 0,013), CONCLUSION: Migrants are a group that requires interest in the field of research related to sexuality, despite being a vulnerable group and identified as at risk, their perception of acquiring HIV is low, this variable should be considered of importance in future research in the sexual field of migrants, because it can be used in conjunction with others as a model or as a mediator.

Estrés y espiritualidad relacionado con la sobrecarga en cuidadores de adultos mayores con dependencia total / Stress and Spirituality Related to Overload in Caregivers of Totally Dependent Older Adults

Introducción: La población adulta mayor requiere atención por los cambios del envejecimiento, la atención que los cuidadores otorgan al adulto mayor dependiente suele generar estrés; los cuidadores recurren a la espiritualidad para afrontar la sobrecarga y estresores del cuidado. Objetivo: Relacionar el estrés y la espiritualidad con la sobrecarga en cuidadores de adultos mayores con dependencia total. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y correlacional en una población de cuidadores de adultos mayores de un centro comunitario de jurisdicción sanitaria en Heroica Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México, entre enero y julio del 2021. Muestra de 75 participantes para una población infinita, se aplicó muestreo por conveniencia. Se aplicó una cédula de datos personales, la Escala de Estrés Percibido, el Cuestionario de Espiritualidad y la Escala de Zarit. Los datos se analizaron en el paquete estadístico SPSS versión-21, se utilizó estadística descriptiva y se realizó correlación de Spearman. Resultados: El 56 por ciento de los cuidadores son hijos o hijas del adulto mayor dependiente, en promedio tuvieron 5,21 (DE= 3,68) horas al día dedicadas al cuidado y 7,67 (DE= 2,28) meses. Se encontró relación entre el estrés y la sobrecarga del cuidador (rs= 0,462; p= 0,000), no hubo relación entre la espiritualidad global y la sobrecarga del cuidador (rs= -0,169; p= 0,147). Conclusiones: A pesar de que la relación entre la espiritualidad global y la sobrecarga del cuidador no fue significativa, se observó relación entre el estrés y sobrecarga del cuidador(AU)

Introduction: The older adult population requires attention because of the changes as a result of aging. The caregivers' attention provided to dependent older adults often produces stress. Caregivers turn to spirituality to cope with the overload and stressors of caregiving. Objective: To relate stress and spirituality with overload in caregivers of totally dependent older adults. Methods: A descriptive and correlational study was conducted with a population of caregivers of older adults from a community health jurisdiction center in Heroica Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico, between January and July 2021. Through convenience sampling, 75 participants made up a sample obtained as an infinite population. A personal data questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Spirituality Questionnaire and the Zarit scale were applied. The data were analyzed using the statistical package SPSS (version 21), descriptive statistics were used and Spearman's correlation was performed. Results: 56 percent of the caregivers were children to dependent older adults, who were, on average, 5.21 (SD = 3.68) daily hours or 7.67 (SD = 2.28) months dedicated to caregiving. A relationship was found between stress and caregiver overload (rs= 0.462; p= 0.000). There was no relationship between overall spirituality and caregiver overload (rs= -0.169; p= 0.147). Conclusions: Although the relationship between overall spirituality and caregiver overload was not significant, there was a relationship between stress and caregiver overload(AU)

Facilitating and Inhibiting Factors of Sexual Behavior among Migrants in Transition from Mexico to the United States.

INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the border region of Mexico due to the flow of migrants under desperate conditions, encouraging casual and unprotected sex. Since this has become a binational public health problem, it is important to understand the factors that predict these sexual behaviors. The aim of the current study was to investigate the facilitators and inhibitors of transition in the sexual behavior of migrants from two border regions on the Mexico-United States (US) border. METHODS: This was a predictive and cross-sectional study. A sample of 256 migrants in shelters for migrants on the border between Mexico and US were selected through systematic random sampling. Predictor variables investigated for effect on the safe sexual behavior (SSB) of the migrant were reasons for having sex; sexual attitudes; sexual machismo; knowledge about HIV; access to health services; and social discrimination. RESULTS: The sample was predominantly male (89.5%), with 46.1% reporting being single. The average age was 33.38 years (SD = 9.73) and the average number of years of education reported was 8.05 (SD = 3.37). A permissive sexual attitude and sexual machismo both correlated with condom use (rs = 0.130, p < 0.01 and rs = -0.174, p < 0.01, respectively). Regression analysis showed that a permissive sexual attitude decreased the practice of safe sex (ß = 0.17, t = 4.16, p < 0.001), as did sexual machismo (ß = -0.28, t = -4.83, p < 0.001) and HIV knowledge (ß = -0.11, t = -2.62, p = 0.006). DISCUSSION: It was found that access to health services did not influence the SSB of migrants, as suggested by the literature. However, a permissive sexual attitude, sexual machismo, and HIV knowledge were all variables capable of predicting SSB. It is recommended that the study is extended to study migrant populations from other parts of the border, as well undertaking as a qualitative approach to explore new variables.

Self-efficacy and Coping as Correlates of Migrant Safe Sexual Behavior to Prevent HIV.

Along the Mexico/United States border, migrants are at increased risk of HIV. The objective of our study was to investigate the relationship between two process indicators (self-efficacy to prevent HIV and coping with sexual risk) and safe sexual behaviors in migrants. A correlational design was used. Migrants were recruited from two cities on the northern border of Mexico. Transition theory informed the measurement of self-efficacy and coping process indicators. Three generalized linear models were built for each safe sexual behavior outcome: (a) partner communication, (b) use of condoms, and (c) safe sex. Of 311 migrants, indicators of self-efficacy and coping with sexual risk were associated with all three outcome measures of safe sexual behavior (p < .05). Process indicators explained 22.5% to 30.6% of the variance in the data. Therefore, self-efficacy to prevent HIV and coping ability are important correlates of migrant sexual risk behavior.

Función sensorial y cognición en adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica / Sensory function and cognition in older adults with chronic disease

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre función sensorial y cognición en adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio correlacional en 98 adultos mayores de Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México. La función sensorial se valoró a través de la medición del gusto, olfato y tacto o sensibilidad de los pies. Se aplicó la prueba de MoCA para la evaluación cognitiva. Los datos se analizaron en el paquete estadístico SPSS-20, se aplicó la prueba de Correlación de Spearman. Resultados: La cognición se relacionó positivamente con el gusto (rs=0.336; p=0.001), el olfato (rs=0.297; p=0.003), sensibilidad del pie izquierdo (rs=0.380; p=0.000) y sensibilidad del pie derecho (rs=0.256; p=0.011). Conclusiones: La función cognitiva y sensorial de los adultos mayores, se convierte en un escenario que puede orientar en la toma de decisiones, para intervenciones en la cronicidad y desarrollo de políticas públicas.

Abstract Objective: to determine the association between sensory function and cognition in elder adults with chronic disease. Materials and Methods: Correlational study in 98 elder adults from Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Sensory function was assessed through the measurement of taste, smell and touch or sensitivity of the feet. The MoCA test was applied for cognitive evaluation. The data was analyzed in the statistical package SPSS-20, the Spearman Correlation test was applied : cognition was positively related to taste (rs = 0.336; p=0.001), smell (rs = 0.297; p = 0.003), sensitivity of the left foot (rs = 0.380; p = 0.000) and sensitivity of the right foot (rs = 0.256; p = 0.011). Conclusions: The cognitive and sensory function of elder adults becomes a scenario that can guide decision-making for interventions in chronicity and development of public policies.

Hábitos alimentarios y actividad física en adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los factores relacionados con hábitos alimentarios y actividad física en adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica. Material y Método. Estudio correlacional de corte transversal en 200 adultos mayores de Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México. El trabajo de campo se realizó en el primer semestre de 2019 y mediante un cuestionario ex profeso, se midieron los hábitos alimentarios y actividad física. Se usaron medidas de tendencia central y dispersión para variables continuas; frecuencias y porcentajes para variables cualitativas; prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov con corrección de Lilliefors para determinar distribución de variables numéricas; coeficientes de correlación de Spearman para relaciones entre las variables sociodemográficas, enfermedad crónica, hábitos alimenticios y actividad física. El estudio fue aprobado por los comités de ética e investigación (FAEN-D-912). Resultados: El consumo de refrescos (p= ,039), legumbres (p= ,001) y pescado (p= ,005) se relacionó con la escolaridad; la ingesta de agua (p= ,007), legumbres (p< ,001) y escolaridad (p< ,001) se relacionó con la edad; la caminata por semana (p< ,001) y minutos que dedican a caminar (p< ,001) se relacionó con el consumo de agua. Conclusiones. La alimentación y la actividad física en los adultos mayores son importantes para la prevención y control de las enfermedades crónicas y otro tipo de enfermedades. Los resultados de este estudio reflejan la urgencia de intervenir en etapas tempranas para enfatizar hábitos de una alimentación balanceada y la práctica regular de actividad física asociada a la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the factors related to eating habits and physical activity in older adults with chronic disease. Material and Method: Cross-sectional correlational study, carried out with 200 older adults from Matamoros, Tamaulipas State, Mexico. The field work was conducted in the first semester of 2019 and eating habits as well as physical activity were measured using an ex profeso questionnaire. Different measures were used: central tendency and dispersion for continuous variables; frequencies and percentages for qualitative variables; Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with Lilliefors correction to determine distribution of numerical variables; Spearman's correlation coefficients for relationships among sociodemographic variables, chronic disease, eating habits and physical activity. The study was approved by the ethics and research committees FAEN-D-912. Results: The consumption of soft drinks (p= .039), legumes (p= .001) and fish (p= .005) were related to schooling; water intake (p= .007), legumes (p< 001) and schooling (p< .001) were related to age; walking per week (p< .001) and walking minutes (p< .001) were related to water consumption. Conclusions: Diet and physical activity in older adults are important for the prevention and control of chronic diseases and other diseases. The results of this study reflect the urgency of early intervention to emphasize balanced eating habits and the regular practice of health-related physical activity.

RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar os fatores relacionados aos hábitos alimentares e atividade física em idosos com doença crónica. Material e Método: Estudo correlacional transversal em 200 idosos de Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México. O trabalho de campo foi realizado no primeiro semestre de 2019 e por meio de um questionário deliberado foram mensurados os hábitos alimentares e a atividade física. Medidas de tendência central e dispersão foram utilizadas para variáveis contínuas; frequências e percentuais para variáveis qualitativas; teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov com correção de Lilliefors para determinar a distribuição das variáveis numéricas; coeficientes de correlação de Spearman para relações entre variáveis sociodemográficas, doença crónica, hábitos alimentares e atividade física. O estudo foi aprovado pelos comitês de ética e pesquisa (FAEN-D-912). Resultados: O consumo de refrigerantes (p= .039), legumes (p= .001) e peixe (p= .005) foram relacionados à escolaridade; a ingestão de água (p = .007), leguminosas (p= .001) e escolaridade (p= .001) foram relacionadas à idade; a caminhada por semana (p< .001) e os minutos dedicados à caminhada (p< .001) estavam relacionados ao consumo de água. Conclusões: A alimentação e a atividade física em idosos são importantes para a prevenção e o controle de doenças crónicas e outros tipos de doenças. Os resultados deste estudo refletem a urgência de intervir nas fases iniciais para enfatizar os hábitos de uma alimentação equilibrada e a prática regular de atividade física associada à saúde.

Conducta y hábitos alimentarios en estudiantes escolares / Behavior and eating habits in school students / Comportamento e hábitos alimentares em alunos do ensino básico / Conduites et habitudes alimentaires chez les écoliers

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la clasificación de conductas y hábitos alimentarios de estudiantes en etapa escolar mediante la exploración de once dimensiones. Materiales y métodos: Diseño cuantitativo, no experimental y transversal, población de interés 590 escolares de 6 a 12 años de edad, de la primaria Francisco Zarco, residentes de la ciudad de H. Matamoros, Tamaulipas México. Muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple, la muestra constituida por 243 participantes de 1° a 6° grado. Se utilizó el cuestionario para evaluar conductas y hábitos alimentarios en usuarios de la atención primaria de salud formado por 11 dimensiones, se clasificaron tres puntos de corte de acuerdo a percentiles, 1) <P25= Conducta y hábitos alimentarios deficientes; 2) P25 - P75= Conducta y hábitos alimentarios suficientes, y 3) >P75= Conducta y hábitos alimentarios saludables. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva (frecuencias y porcentajes) e inferencial (asociaciones). Resultados: 52.7% fueron de sexo masculino, 48.6% presentaron conducta y hábitos alimentarios suficientes. El sexo masculino presentó una relación con la conducta y los hábitos alimentarios (X2=11.11, p=.004), así como efecto predictivo (β= .307, F[1-241]= 11.516, p< .01). Conclusiones: Los hábitos alimentarios de los escolares representan una oportunidad para identificar conductas que puedan generar factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de complicaciones relacionadas con nutrición inadecuada. Los participantes masculinos demostraron tener las conductas menos saludables y esto indica que son ellos los que representan mayor riesgo en el futuro.

Abstract Objective: To determine the classification of behaviors and eating habits of students in school stage through eleven dimensions. Materials and methods: Quantitative, non-experimental and transversal design, population of interest 590 schoolchildren aged from 6 to 12, Francisco Zarco elementary school, residents of the city of H. Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Simple random probabilistic sampling, the sample consisting of 243 participants from 1st to 6th grade. The questionnaire was used to evaluate behaviors and eating habits in users of primary health care formed by 11 dimensions, three cutoff points were classified according to percentiles, 1) <P25 = Poor behavior and eating habits; 2) P25 - P75 = Sufficient behavior and eating habits, and 3)> P75 = Healthy behavior and eating habits. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics (associations) were used. Results: 52.7% were male, 48.6% showed sufficient behavior and eating habits. Male sex presented a relationship with behavior and eating habits (X2 = 11.11, p= .004), as well as predictive effect (β= .307, F[1-241] = 11,516, p<.01). Conclusions: The eating habits of schoolchildren represent an opportunity to identify behaviors that may generate risk factors for the development of complications related to inadequate nutrition. Male participants were shown to have less healthy behavior and this indicates that they represent the most risk in the future.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a classificação dos comportamentos alimentares e hábitos em alunos do ensino básico através de onze dimensões. Materiais e métodos: Desenho quantitativo, náo experimental e transversal, sendo a população de 590 alunos dos 6 aos 12 anos, da Escola Francisco Zarco, da cidade de H. Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México. A amostragem é probabilística aleatória simples, sendo a amostra constituída por 243 alunos do 1° ao 6° ano. Utilizou-se um questionário para avaliar os comportamentos e hábitos alimentares, em utentes dos cuidados de saúde primários, formado por 11 dimensoes e tres pontos de corte foram classificados de acordo com os percentis: 1) <P25 = Comportamento e hábitos alimentares pobres; 2) P25 - P75 = comportamento e hábitos alimentares suficientes e 3)> P75 = comportamento e hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Aplicou-se as estatísticas descritivas (frequências e percentagens) e estatísticas inferenciais (associações). Resultados: 52,7% dos inqueridos eram do sexo masculino, 48,6% apresentavam um comportamento e hábitos alimentares suficientes. Existe uma relação significativa entre o sexo masculino e os comportamentos e hábitos alimentares (X2= 11,11, p= 0,004), bem como um efeito preditivo (β= 0,307, F[1-241]= 11,516, p< 0,01). Conclusões: os hábitos alimentares dos alunos representam uma oportunidade para identificar comportamentos geradores de fatores de risco no desenvolvimento de complicações relacionadas com uma alimentação nutrição inadequada. Os inqueridos do sexo masculino demonstraram ter comportamentos menos saudáveis, sendo estes a população de maior risco no futuro.

Résumé Objectif: Déterminer la classification des conduites et des habitudes alimentaires des écoliers selon onze dimensions. Matériaux et méthodes: La conception de l'étude est quantitative, non expérimentale et transversale. La population cible est constituée de 590 éleves de l'école primaire Francisco Zarco, agés de 6 a 12 ans et résidents dans la ville de H. Matamoros, Tamaulipas, au Mexico. Un échantillonnage probabiliste aléatoire simple a permis de sélectionner 243 participants de la 1ere a la 6eme année. L'instrument utilisé a été le questionnaire pour évaluer les conduites et les habitudes alimentaires des utilisateurs de soins de santé primaires, composé de 11 dimensions. Trois points de coupures ont été établis en fonction des percentiles: 1) <P25 = conduite et habitudes alimentaires malsaines; 2) P25 - P75 = conduites et habitudes alimentaires suffisamment saines, et 3) > P75 = conduites et habitudes alimentaires particulierement saines. Des statistiques descriptives (fréquences et pourcentages) et inférentielles (associations) ont été utilisées. Résultats: Parmi les personnes interrogées, 52,7% étaient de sexe masculin et 48,6% ont indiqué une conduite et des habitudes alimentaires suffisamment saines. Une relation entre le sexe masculin et la conduite et les habitudes alimentaires a été établie (X2= 11,11; p= 0,004) ainsi qu'un effet prédictif (β = 0,307, F[1-241] = 11,516, p<0,01). Conclusions: L'étude des habitudes alimentaires des écoliers représentent une opportunité pour identifier les comportements qui peuvent constituer des facteurs de risque de complications liées a une alimentation inadéquate. Les participants masculins se sont avérés avoir des conduites moins saines, ce qui indique un plus grand risque pour l'avenir.