Effect of vinegar steaming on the composition and structure of Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide and its anti-colitis activity.

In this study, infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) technology were applied to systematically explain the Schisandra chinensis's polysaccharide transformation in configuration, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and anti-ulcerative colitis (UC) activity after vinegar processing. Scanning electron microscopic results showed that the appearance of S. chinensis polysaccharide changed significantly after steaming with vinegar. The MALDI-TOF-MS results showed that the mass spectra of raw S. chinensis polysaccharides (RSCP) were slightly lower than those of vinegar-processed S. chinensis polysaccharides (VSCP). The RSCP showed higher peaks at m/z 1350.790, 2016.796, and 2665.985, all with left-skewed distribution, and the molecular weights were concentrated in the range of 1300-3100, with no higher peak above m/z 5000. The VSCPs showed a whole band below m/z 3000, with m/z 1021.096 being the highest peak, and the intensity decreased with the increase of m/z. In addition, compared to RSCPs, VSCPs can significantly increase the content of intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This study showed that the apparent morphology and molecular weight of S. chinensis's polysaccharides significantly changed after steaming with vinegar. These changes directly affect its anti-UC effect significantly, and its mechanism is closely related to improving the structure and diversity of gut microbiota and SCFA metabolism.

Research on quality marker based on the processing from Aconiti lateralis radix praeparata to Heishunpian.

INTRODUCTION: Aconiti lateralis radix praeparata (ALRP), the sub root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx., is a traditional Chinese medicine with good pharmacological effects. Heishunpian (HSP), prepared through the process of brine immersing, boiling, rinsing, dyeing, and steaming ALRP is one of the most widely used forms of decoction pieces in clinical practice. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the mechanisms of component changes and transformations during the processing from ALRP to HSP, and to screen for their quality markers through UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis. METHODS: Samples from ALRP to HSP during processing were prepared and analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS. By comparing the differences between before and after each processing step, the purpose of processing and the transformation of components during processing were studied. In addition, multiple batches of ALRP and HSP were determined, and potential quality markers were screened. RESULTS: Through the analysis of ALRP and five key processing samples, 55 components were identified. Immersing in brine, rinsing, and dyeing were the main factors of component loss, and boiling caused a slight loss of components. Some components were enhanced during the steaming process. Combining the screened differences components between multiple ALRP and HSP, 10 components were considered as potential quality biomarkers. CONCLUSION: This study found that the adjacent hydroxyl groups of the ester group may have a positive impact on the hydrolysis of the ester group, and 10 quality markers were preliminarily screened. It provides a reference for quality control and clinical application of ALRP and HSP.

Thermally Induced Orderly Alignment of Porphyrin Photoactive Motifs in Metal-Organic Frameworks for Boosting Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

Efficient transfer of charge carriers through a fast transport pathway is crucial to excellent photocatalytic reduction performance in solar-driven CO2 reduction, but it is still challenging to effectively modulate the electronic transport pathway between photoactive motifs by feasible chemical means. In this work, we propose a thermally induced strategy to precisely modulate the fast electron transport pathway formed between the photoactive motifs of a porphyrin metal-organic framework using thorium ion with large ionic radius and high coordination number as the coordination-labile metal node. As a result, the stacking pattern of porphyrin molecules in the framework before and after the crystal transformations has changed dramatically, which leads to significant differences in the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers in MOFs. The rate of photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO by IHEP-22(Co) reaches 350.9 µmol·h-1·g-1, which is 3.60 times that of IHEP-21(Co) and 1.46 times that of IHEP-23(Co). Photoelectrochemical characterizations and theoretical calculations suggest that the electron transport channels formed between porphyrin molecules inhibit the recombination of photogenerated carriers, resulting in high performance for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The interaction mechanism of CO2 with IHEP-22(Co) was clarified by using in-situ electron paramagnetic resonance, in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, in-situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. These results provide a new method to regulate the efficient separation and migration of charge carriers in CO2 reduction photocatalysts and will be helpful to guide the design and synthesis of photocatalysts with superior performance for the production of solar fuels.

Factors associated with brain white matter damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a tract-based spatial statistics study.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis and related factors of central nervous system abnormality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have always been the focus of clinical research. PURPOSE: To compare and analyze the area of white matter (WM) damage in patients with T2DM based on their level of hemoglobin A1C (HBA1c) and discuss any related factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on their levels of HBA1c, 87 patients with T2DM were divided into three groups (Group B, C, or D), of which 29 non-diabetic volunteers served as the control group (Group A). DTI data analysis was based on tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). The obtained parameters were compared among each group and the relevant clinical factors were analyzed. RESULTS: For age, sex, mini-mental state examination (MMSE), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores, there were no statistically significant differences among groups. For fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD) of WM, there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05, two-tailed, FWE corrected) in the local area of corpus callosum, corona radiate, superior longitudinal fasciculus, etc. Most of these were significantly correlated with body mass index (BMI), left systolic blood pressure (SBP_L), and ß2 microglobulin. CONCLUSION: Before the cognitive function was obviously impaired, abnormalities of FA and RD had been found in the corpus callosum, corona radiate, and upper fasciculus in patients with T2DM, which suggested that the damage mainly occurred in the myelin sheath of WM and may be related to systemic vascular damage.

[Optimization of processing technology of wine-processed Polygonati Rhizoma based on orthogonal test and AHP-comprehensive scoring method and comparison of immunomodulation functions of Polygonati Rhizoma processed with different methods].

This study employed orthogonal design and AHP-comprehensive scoring method to optimize the processing technology of wine-processed Polygonati Rhizoma, and then explored the immunomodulation performance of the product. Orthogonal test was established based on single factor test results to study the effects of soaking time, steaming time, and drying temperature on the quality of wine-processed Polygonati Rhizoma. Further, the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) and comprehensive scoring method were employed to determine the optimum processing parameters. The immunosuppression model of mice was established by injecting cyclophosphamide intraperitoneally. The body weight, immune organ index, and white blood cell count(WBC) and red blood cell count(RBC) in peripheral blood were compared between the mice administrated with the non-processed Polygonati Rhizoma and the wine-processed Polygonati Rhizoma prepared with modern and traditional methods. Further, the levels of interleukin-2(IL-2) and interferon-gamma(IFN-γ) in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) for comparison. The processing parameters were optimized as follows: soaking in Chinese rice wine for 10 h, steaming for 20 h, and drying thick slices at 60 ℃. The wine-processed Polygonati Rhizoma prepared with both modern and traditional methods can significantly enhance the immune function, with similar performance. The optimized processing technology of wine-processed Polygonati Rhizoma is stable and feasible and the product prepared with this process has obvious immune-enhancing effect, which provides a basis for the quality standard formulation and the modern research of wine-processed Polygonati Rhizoma.

Preliminary Investigation and Imaging Analysis of Early Lung Cancer Screening Among Petroleum Workers in North China.

BACKGROUND: The detection rate of lung nodules has increased significantly among petroleum workers in North China since the low-dose CT (LDCT) screening has been widely carried out. What's more, the number of confirmed early lung cancers is increasing continuously. Therefore, a great deal of concern for the high risk of lung cancer has been shown among petroleum workers. PURPOSE: To improve the screening efficiency and maximize the benefits of the subjects, the current situation of LDCT lung cancer screening should be understood and the imaging characteristics of early lung cancer should be analyzed for petroleum workers in North China. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Firstly, the dynamic changes of LDCT early lung cancer screening for petroleum workers in North China were analyzed in recent years. Then, the survey data of 3121 petroleum workers was compared with that of 1868 non-petroleum workers, which was analyzed. Finally, 91 patients (129 nodular lung cancer) confirmed by pathology were retrospectively analyzed, and the data of which was compared with the clinical features obtained from survey data above. The imaging characteristics and related factors of different subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma were discussed and analyzed. RESULTS: Lung nodules were found in 810 cases (25.95%) out of 3121 petroleum workers; and the surgery was chosen by 42 patients, 38 of whom were confirmed as lung cancer. Compared with the data of screened petroleum workers, there were more older people and more females as well as a higher proportion of people with family malignancy history, and a lower proportion of smoking people in 91 patients with lung cancer. As the pathological grade of tumor nodules increased, the volume and diameter of nodules gradually increased, and the mean density, maximum density and standard deviation of density also increased (p < 0.001). The volume and diameter of nodules were positively correlated with ages (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of lung adenocarcinoma is closely related to the family history of malignant tumors, and the constituent ratio of young women without a history of smoking increased significantly. At the same time, the quantitative information obtained by using CT images has important value in predicting its pathological subtypes.

A new method of CT for the cardiac measurement: correlation of computed tomography measured cardiac parameters and pulmonary obstruction index to assess cardiac morphological changes in acute pulmonary embolism patients.

Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a serious disease which is life-threatening. Since it is crucial for APE patients to assess the changes of cardiac function safely and timely, the imaging research of cardiac morphology and function is becoming more and more important. The correlation of computed tomography (CT) measured cardiac parameters and pulmonary obstruction index (POI) was analyzed to discuss the morphological changes of the heart of APE patients in order to provide a new method to evaluate cardiac functions accurately and effectively. 118 APE patients confirmed with CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) were divided into high-risk group (47 cases, POI ≥ 20) and low-risk group (71 cases, POI < 20) according to the Qanadli Score. The left to right diameter (RL) and the anteroposterior diameter (AP) of the cardiac chambers were compared among the high-risk group, the low-risk group, and the normal group (60 cases). The correlation between CT measured cardiac parameters and the POI was analyzed. Except for left ventricular AP and right atrial AP, there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in the RL and AP of the each cardiac cavity, these parameters meant that right hearts were enlarged and the left hearts were decreased in size. The ratio of right/left heart diameter was statistically significant among the three groups, a < b < c (P < 0.05). Moreover, the POI of 118 APE patients was 14.29 ± 9.53, and there was significant linear correlation between CT measured cardiac parameters and the POI (P < 0.05), excluding the left ventricular AP and right atrial AP. The correlation coefficient reached 0.5 or more in terms of the right atrial LR, the right ventricular LR, the ratio of right/left atrial diameter and the ratio of right/left ventricular diameter. With the increasing value of POI, the right atrium and right ventricular of APE patients were enlarged, and the left atrium and left ventricular were decreased in size. These heart changes can be observed by using CTPA, even non-enhanced chest CT.

Accelerated hypofractionated three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3 Gy/fraction) combined with concurrent chemotherapy for patients with unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer: preliminary results of an early terminated phase II trial.

BACKGROUND: Increasing the biological effective dose (BED) of radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can increase local control rates and improve overall survival. Compared with conventional fractionated radiotherapy, accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy can yield higher BED, shorten the total treatment time, and theoretically obtain better efficacy. However, currently, there is no optimal hypofractionated radiotherapy regimen. Based on phase I trial results, we performed this phase II trial to further evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of accelerated hypofractionated three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy(3-DCRT) combined with concurrent chemotherapy for patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC. METHODS: Patients with previously untreated unresectable stage III NSCLC received 3-DCRT with a total dose of 69 Gy, delivered at 3 Gy per fraction, once daily, five fractions per week, completed within 4.6 weeks. At the same time, platinum doublet chemotherapy was applied. RESULTS: After 12 patients were enrolled in the group, the trial was terminated early. There were five cases of grade III radiation esophagitis, of which four cases completed the radiation doses of 51 Gy, 51 Gy, 54 Gy, and 66 Gy, and one case had 16 days of radiation interruption. The incidence of grade III acute esophagitis in patients receiving an irradiation dose per fraction ≥2.7 Gy on the esophagus was 83.3% (5/6). The incidence of symptomatic grade III radiation pneumonitis among the seven patients who completed 69 Gy according to the plan was 28.6% (2/7). The median local control (LC) and overall survival (OS) were not achieved; the 1-year LC rate was 59.3%, and the 1-year OS rate was 78.6%. CONCLUSION: For unresectable stage III NSCLC, the accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy with a total dose of 69 Gy (3 Gy/f) combined with concurrent chemotherapy might result in severe radiation esophagitis and pneumonitis to severely affect the completion of the radiotherapy. Therefore, we considered that this regimen was infeasible. During the hypofractionated radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy, the irradiation dose per fraction to esophagus should be lower than 2.7 Gy. Further studies should be performed using esophageal tolerance as a metric in dose escalation protocols. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02720614, the date of registration: March 23, 2016.

Correlation of computed tomography angiography parameters and shock index to assess the transportation risk in aortic dissection patients.

BACKGROUND: Aortic dissection (AD) is a serious, life-threatening disease. It is currently crucial for AD patients to be transferred to a specialised hospital in a safe and timely manner. For this reason, the search for clinical and imaging changes related to transportation risk is becoming increasingly important. PURPOSE: The transportation risks of AD patients were assessed by studying the correlation between computed tomography angiography (CTA) parameters and shock index. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six cases of AD confirmed with 64-slice volumetric CT (VCT) (18 cases of Stanford type A and 18 cases of type B) were divided into a high-risk group (14 cases, six Stanford type A and eight type B) and a low-risk group (22 cases, 12 Stanford type A and 10 type B) according to the modified Early Warning Score. The shock index (ratio of heart rate to systolic blood pressure) and measured CTA parameters were compared between the high-risk group and the low-risk group, and the correlation between the measured CTA parameters and shock index was analysed. RESULTS: The shock index and ratio of false/true lumen were compared between Stanford type A and type B, and no statistically significant differences were found. The shock index and ratio of false/true lumen were compared between the high-risk group and low-risk group, revealing a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant linear correlation was found between the ratio of false/true lumen and the shock index (r = 0.691; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The higher the shock index and the ratio of false/true lumen are, the greater the transportation risk for AD patients. The shock index and the ratio of false/true lumen proved to be essential clinical and radiological indices for assessing the transportation risk of AD patients.

[Chemical Constituents from Processed Products of Aconitum Vilmoriniani Radix].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical constituents of the processed products of Aconitum Vilmorinian Radix. METHODS: The constituents were isolated by repeated column chromatography over silica gel, alumina and RP-C18 as well as recrystallization. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis and physicochemical properties. RESULTS: Ten compounds were obtained from the methanol extract, and they were identified as yunaconitine (1), 8-deacetyl-yunaconitine (2), geniculatine C (3), vilmorrianine B (4), vilmorrianine C(5), vilmorrianine D (6), talatisamine (7), ß-sitosterol (8), ß-daucosterol (9) and ß-sitosterol acetate (10). CONCLUSION: All compounds are obtained from the processed products of Aconitum Vilmoriniani Radix for the first time.

Effect of rescue breathing during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on lung function after restoration of spontaneous circulation in a porcine model of prolonged cardiac arrest.

OBJECTIVE: The destruction of the pulmonary structure after cardiopulmonary resuscitation may lead to lung function breakdown. The aim of this study was to investigate lung function after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the influence of rescue breathing on lung function. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized animal study. SETTING: A university animal research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Twenty-eight male domestic pigs weighing 30 ± 2 kg. INTERVENTIONS: The animals were randomized into three groups: continuous compressions (n = 12), 30:2 compression/rescue ventilation cardiopulmonary resuscitation (n = 12), and sham cardiopulmonary resuscitation (n = 4). Ventricular fibrillation was induced in the continuous compressions and compression/rescue ventilation groups. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Cardiac output, extravascular lung water, and airway resistance were measured at baseline and 1, 2, and 4 hrs after restoration of spontaneous circulation. Thoracopulmonary compliance, lower inflection point, and dead space were calculated. Lung ventilation/perfusion scans with Tc were performed 48 hrs before the experiment and 24 hrs after restoration of spontaneous circulation. Conventional histopathology evaluation was performed. Dead space, airway resistance, lower inflection point, and extravascular lung water significantly increased and compliance decreased after restoration of spontaneous circulation in the continuous compressions and compression/rescue ventilation groups. Lung injury was more severe in the continuous compressions group. Significant differences were found between the two groups in the three time points after restoration of spontaneous circulation (p < 0.05). Variables of the sham cardiopulmonary resuscitation group remained stable during the whole protocol. Poor ventilation/perfusion and mismatch were found after restoration of spontaneous circulation, but the injury was mitigated in the compression/rescue ventilation group. Histopathology injury in the compression/rescue ventilation group was also improved. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate rescue breathing during cardiopulmonary resuscitation does not influence the prognosis of cardiac arrest or the hemodynamics after restoration of spontaneous circulation but can improve lung function and alleviate lung injury.

The preliminary exploration of 64-slice volume computed tomography in the accurate measurement of pleural effusion.

BACKGROUND: Using computed tomography (CT) to rapidly and accurately quantify pleural effusion volume benefits medical and scientific research. However, the precise volume of pleural effusions still involves many challenges and currently does not have a recognized accurate measuring. PURPOSE: To explore the feasibility of using 64-slice CT volume-rendering technology to accurately measure pleural fluid volume and to then analyze the correlation between the volume of the free pleural effusion and the different diameters of the pleural effusion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The 64-slice CT volume-rendering technique was used to measure and analyze three parts. First, the fluid volume of a self-made thoracic model was measured and compared with the actual injected volume. Second, the pleural effusion volume was measured before and after pleural fluid drainage in 25 patients, and the volume reduction was compared with the actual volume of the liquid extract. Finally, the free pleural effusion volume was measured in 26 patients to analyze the correlation between it and the diameter of the effusion, which was then used to calculate the regression equation. RESULTS: After using the 64-slice CT volume-rendering technique to measure the fluid volume of the self-made thoracic model, the results were compared with the actual injection volume. No significant differences were found, P = 0.836. For the 25 patients with drained pleural effusions, the comparison of the reduction volume with the actual volume of the liquid extract revealed no significant differences, P = 0.989. The following linear regression equation was used to compare the pleural effusion volume (V) (measured by the CT volume-rendering technique) with the pleural effusion greatest depth (d): V = 158.16 × d - 116.01 (r = 0.91, P = 0.000). The following linear regression was used to compare the volume with the product of the pleural effusion diameters (l × h × d): V = 0.56 × (l × h × d) + 39.44 (r = 0.92, P = 0.000). CONCLUSION: The 64-slice CT volume-rendering technique can accurately measure the volume in pleural effusion patients, and a linear regression equation can be used to estimate the volume of the free pleural effusion.

Characteristics of changes in volatile organic compounds and microbial communities during the storage of pickles.

The variations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and microbial communities of three pickles during storage at 4°C for one week were analyzed by headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS), high-throughput sequencing, and Spearman correlation analysis. A total of 50 VOCs were identified from three pickles. During storage, most alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters decreased, while acids increased, and sulfides, alkenes, and phenols were relatively equal. Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the predominant bacterial phyla, and Weissella, Streptophyta, Leuconostoc, Bacillariophyta, and Lactobacillus were the predominant bacterial genera in three pickles. The bacterial diversity level significantly decreased during storage (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation coefficient indicated that Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Weissella were highly correlated with the flavor of pickles, while Bacillariophyta and Streptophyta were highly correlated with the flavor formation of pickles during storage. These results could contribute to a better understanding of the impact of bacteria in flavor formation during pickle storage.

Role of MEG3 in Cellular Physiology of Atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of the lncRNA MEG3 (MEG3) in opposing the biochemical processes thought to be involved in the development of atherosclerosis (AS). METHODS: Thirty patients with AS and thirty healthy control subjects were enrolled in this study. The expression of MEG3, miR-200b-3p and ABCA1 was analyzed by RT-qPCR in the individuals and the macrophages-derived foam cells. Lipid accumulation was detected by oil red O staining. Cholesterol efflux was measured by ELISA assay in the foam cells. Expression of miR-200b-3p was identified by sequencing. Targeting relationships were determined by dual luciferase assay between MEG3 and miR-200b-3p, miR-200b-3p and ABCA1. RESULTS: In the patients with AS, MEG3 and ABCA1 expression were decreased and miR-200b-3p expression was upregulated. Foam cells transfected with an expression vector (pcDNA3.1) containing MEG3 (pcDNA3.1-MEG3) induced decrease of lipid accumulation and increase of cholesterol efflux compared to cells transfected with control plasmid alone. Foam cells transfected by pcDNA3.1-MEG3 also showed decreased miR-200b-3p and increased ABCA1 expression. Interestingly, co-expression of miR-200b-3p partially prevented these effects of MEG3 expression. CONCLUSION: Expression of MEG3 is downregulated in the patients with AS and foam cells. Overexpressed MEG3 may act as an anti-atherosclerotic factor by reducing lipid accumulation and accelerating cholesterol efflux through the miR-200b-3p/ABCA1 axis.

Effects of different steaming times on the composition, structure and immune activity of Polygonatum Polysaccharide.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: As a commonly used traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Polygonati Rhizoma has high medicinal value, it can enhance the immune capacity of the body, regulate the metabolism of blood glucose and lipids, treat weakness of the stomach and intestines and physical fatigue, and so on. There are three plant varieties of Polygonati Rhizoma recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, including Polygonatum sibiricum Red., Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl. and Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, compared with the first two, Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua is less studied. Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua is one of the basal plants of the Chinese herb Polygonati Rhizoma, that strengthens the spleen, moistens the lungs, and benefits the kidneys. Polygonatum polysaccharide is the main active substance of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, which has various biological effects of regulating immune system, anti-inflammatory, anti-antidepressant, antioxidant and other effects. AIM OF THE STUDY: In order to analyze the necessity and scientificity of multiple cycles of steaming during the traditional nine-steaming and nine-drying process of the concoction of Polygonatum, we investigated the changes in the composition and structure of polysaccharides, and explored its immunomodulatory activity and molecular biological mechanism. METHODS: The structural characterization and molecular weight of polysaccharides were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), high-performance size exclusion chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector (HPSEC-ELSD) and Matrix.assisted laser resolutionu ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The composition and proportion of monosaccharides were determined by PMP-HPLC method. A mouse immunosuppression model was established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide to compare the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of different steaming times of Polygonatum, The changes of body mass and immune organ indices of mice were measured; the secretion levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon γ (IFN-γ) and the expression levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; and then flow cytometry was used to detect T-lymphocyte subpopulations to evaluate the differences of immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides during the processing and preparation of Polygonatum. Finally, the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform was used to analyze short-chain fatty acids and to investigate the effects of different steaming times of Polygonatum polysaccharides on immune function and intestinal flora in immunosuppressed mice. RESULTS: The structure of the Polygonatum polysaccharide with different steaming times changed significantly, the relative molecular weight of Polygonatum polysaccharide decreased significantly, and the monosaccharide composition of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua with different steaming times was the same but the content was different. The immunomodulatory activity of the Polygonatum polysaccharide was enhanced after concoction, which significantly increased the spleen index and thymus index, and increased the expression of IL-2, IFN-γ, IgA and IgM. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio of Polygonatum polysaccharide also increased gradually with different steaming times, indicating enhanced immune function and significant immunomodulatory effect. The content of short-chain fatty acids in the feces of mice in both six steaming six sun-drying of Polygonatum polysaccharides (SYWPP) and nine steaming nine sun-drying of Polygonatum polysaccharides (NYWPP) groups increased significantly, including the content of propionic acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid, and also had a good effect on the regulation and improvement of microbial community abundance and diversity, SYWPP and NYWPP increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides and the ratio of Bacteroides and Firmicutes (B:F), while SYWPP significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroides, Alistipes and norank_f__Lachnospiraceae, but the effect of raw Polygonatum polysaccharides (RPP) and NYWPP was not significant than SYWPP. CONCLUSION: Overall, both SYWPP and NYWPP could significantly enhance the immune activity of the organism, improve the imbalance of intestinal flora in immunosuppressed mice, and increase the content of intestinal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), it is noteworthy that SYWPP has a better effect on the improvement of the immune activity of the organism. These findings can explore the stage of the concoction process of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua to achieve the best effect, provide a reference basis for the development of quality standards, and at the same time promote the application of new therapeutic agents and health foods in raw and different steaming times of Polygonatum polysaccharide.

Apoptosis is involved in the mechanism of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction in a porcine model of cardiac arrest.

BACKGROUND: Postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction contributes to the low survival rate after successful resuscitation, but its mechanism remains poorly understood. This study investigated whether caspase 3-mediated apoptosis is activated in the heart after postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction. METHODS: After pigs were subjected to 8 minutes of electrically induced cardiac arrest (CA), standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed. Animals in the post-return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) group were randomly assigned to be killed (n = 6 per group) at 12 and 24 hours after ROSC, and myocardial specimens were analyzed with electron microscopy, Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. RESULTS: Myocardial function was significantly impaired after ROSC. Expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase 3 protein was markedly increased in the post-ROSC group compared with the sham-operated group (P < .05) at 12 and 24 hours after ROSC, whereas Bcl-2/Bax was significantly reduced in the post-ROSC group compared with the sham-operated group (P < .05). The messenger RNA levels of caspase 3 were significantly elevated at 12 and 24 hours after ROSC, and increases in caspase 3 activity indicated activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Typical apoptotic nuclei were observed in cardiomyocytes 24 hours after ROSC. More apoptotic cells were observed in animals that had undergone CA compared with sham-operated animals (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Caspase 3-mediated apoptosis may be one of the main pathologic mechanisms of postresuscitation myocardial injury in a porcine model of CA.

Characterization of Ferroptosis-Related Molecular Subtypes with Immune Infiltrations in Neuropathic Pain.

Background: Neuropathic pain (NP) caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system is a common chronic pain condition that has a major impact on quality of life. However, NP pathogenesis remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and specific and meaningful gene targets for the diagnosis and treatment of NP. Methods: Data from rat spinal nerve ligations and the sham group were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Based on the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) method, 29 immune gene sets were identified in each sample, and these samples were correlated with the immune infiltration phenotype. LASSO regression modeling was used to screen key genes to identify diagnostic gene markers. According to GSEA and GSVA, NP is concentrated in a large number of immune-related pathways and genes. Additionally, we used the DGIdb database and correlation test to construct gene-drug and transcription factor interaction networks for differentially expressed genes relevant to NP-related ferroptosis. We used WGCNA to identify gene co-expression modules of NP, and explored the relationship between gene networks and phenotypes. Finally, we crossed core genes with diagnostic markers and analyzed gene correlation with molecular subtypes and immune cells. Results: We identified 224 DEGs, including 191 upregulated genes and 33 downregulated genes. APC co-stimulation, CCR, cytolytic activity, humid-promoting, neutrophils, NK cells, and RGS4, CXCL2, DRD4 and other 7 genes related to ferroptosis were involved in NP development. Key genes of RGS4 and HIF-1 signaling pathway were screened. Conclusion: This study contributes to our understanding of the neuroimmune mechanism of neuropathic pain, provides a reference for NP biomarkers and drug targets. Ferroptosis may be the next research direction to explore NP mechanism.

The multi-omics and analysis to reveal thermal processing enhanced anti-rheumatoid arthritis efficacy of Radix Clematidis in rats.

Radix Clematidis (RC) is the roots and rhizomes of Clematis chinensis Osbeck, which has potent effects for expelling wind and dispelling dampness. Processing RC with yellow wine is a traditional processing method. This study aimed to investigate thermal and yellow wine processing influences on potential effective components of RC and its anti-rheumatoid arthritis enhancement mechanisms. Different thermal and wine processing were adopted to get different RC samples. Scanning electron microscope and mercury intrusion porosimetry were used to measure fractal parameters of pore structure. Based on ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS), main constituents were identified and quantified. Besides, the correlation between fractal parameters and main constituents was investigated. The anti-rheumatoid arthritis effect was researched in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats. The levels of inflammatory cytokine were determined with ELISA kits. Non-targeted serum metabolomics was performed with UPLC-QTOF/MS. 35 compounds were identified in RC, mainly triterpenoid saponins, also including organic acids and lignanoids. The extraction yield of four active triterpenoid saponins significantly increased because looser tissue and wider pore size distribution. Fractal dimension and total surface area significantly increased while total porosity and total volume decreased. In AIA rats, thermal and wine processed RC could markedly inhibit inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and VEGF. Besides, tryptophan and lipid metabolism disorders were ameliorated. Thermal and yellow wine treatments engendered complex pore structure to increase the contents of four active triterpenoid saponins of RC, leading to greater anti-rheumatoid arthritis efficacy.

Safety and immunogenicity of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 vaccines in China: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The current influenza pandemic calls for a safe and effective vaccine. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of eight formulations of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 vaccine produced by ten Chinese manufacturers. METHODS: In this multicentre, double-blind, randomised trial, 12 691 people aged 3 years or older were recruited in ten centres in China. In each centre, participants were stratified by age and randomly assigned by a random number table to receive one of several vaccine formulations or placebo. The study assessed eight formulations: split-virion formulation containing 7.5 microg, 15 microg, or 30 microg haemagglutinin per dose, with or without aluminium hydroxide adjuvant, and whole-virion formulation containing 5 microg or 10 microg haemagglutinin per dose, with adjuvant. All formulations were produced from the reassortant strain X-179A (A/California/07/2009-A/PR/8/34). We analysed the safety (adverse events), immunogenicity (geometric mean titre [GMT] of haemagglutination inhibition antibody), and seroprotection (GMT >or=1:40) of the formulations. Analysis was by per protocol. Two sites registered their trial with ClinicalTrials.gov, numbers NCT00956111 and NCT00975572. The other eight studies were registered with the State Food and Drug Administration of China. FINDINGS: 12 691 participants received the first dose on day 0, and 12 348 participants received the second dose on day 21. The seroprotection rate 21 days after the first dose of vaccine ranged from 69.5% (95% CI 65.9-72.8) for the 7.5 microg adjuvant split-virion formulation to 92.8% (91.9-93.6) for the 30 microg non-adjuvant split-virion formulation. The seroprotection rate was 86.5% (796 of 920; 84.1-88.7) in recipients of one dose of the 7.5 microg non-adjuvant split-virion vaccine compared with 9.8% (140 of 1432; 8.3-11.4) in recipients of placebo (p<0.0001). One dose of the 7.5 microg non-adjuvant split-virion vaccine induced seroprotection in 178 of 232 children (aged 3 years to <12 years; 76.7%, 70.7-82.0), 211 of 218 adolescents (12 years to <18 years; 96.8%, 93.5-98.7), 289 of 323 adults (18-60 years; 89.5%, 85.6-92.6), and 118 of 147 adults older than 60 years (80.3%, 72.9-86.4), meeting the European Union's licensure criteria for seroprotection in all age-groups. In children, a second dose of the 7.5 microg formulation increased the seroprotection rate to 97.7% (215 of 220, 94.8-99.3). Adverse reactions were mostly mild or moderate, and self-limited. Severe adverse effects occurred in 69 (0.6%, 0.5-0.8) recipients of vaccine compared with one recipient (0.1%, 0-0.2) of placebo. The most common severe adverse reaction was fever, which occurred in 25 (0.22%; 0.14-0.33) recipients of vaccine after the first dose and four (0.04%; 0.01-0.09) recipients of vaccine after the second dose compared with no recipients of placebo after either dose. INTERPRETATION: One dose of non-adjuvant split-virion vaccine containing 7.5 microg haemagglutinin could be promoted as the formulation of choice against 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 for people aged 12 years or older. In children (aged <12 years), two 7.5 mug doses might be needed. FUNDING: Sinovac Biotech, Hualan Biological Bacterin, China National Biotec Group, Beijing Tiantan Biological Products, Changchun Institute of Biological Products, Changchun Changsheng Life Sciences, Jiangsu Yanshen Biological Technology Stock, Zhejiang Tianyuan Bio-Pharmaceutical, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, and Dalian Aleph Biomedical.

CT virtual endoscopy of the ampulla of Vater: preliminary report.

AIM: To explore multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT) virtual endoscopy (CTVE) in the detection of Vater's ampulla lesions. METHODS: In addition to 30 healthy volunteers, 18 cases of common bile duct stones, and 7 cases of ampullary carcinoma were scanned with MSCT including virtual endoscopy (VE) reconstruction. Patterns of the duodenal papilla were then observed, and its size was measured. RESULTS: Reconstructed images of CTVE in the volunteers showed that the normal type of the duodenal papilla was nodular in 16 cases, V-shaped in 8 cases, and Y-shaped in 6 cases. Its mean diameter was 0.84 ± 0.17 cm in the healthy volunteers; in patients with common bile duct stones of nodular type, mean diameter was 1.72 ± 0.32 cm. In ampullary cancer patients with an irregular protruded type, its diameter was 2.30 ± 0.85 cm, Overall the mean differences between the groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: CTVE is a convenience, no-wound, and precise clinical examination mode utilizing which the shape of duodenal papilla can be observed, and size of the latter can be measured.