Double Catalytic Activity Unveiled: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications of Iridium Complexes in Transfer Hydrogenation and Photomediated Transformations.

Iridium complexes have been demonstrated to be highly active catalysts for a wide variety of transformations. Their unique photophysical and photochemical properties render them as one of the most established photocatalysts. Moreover, iridium complexes are widely acknowledged for their efficiency in transfer hydrogenation reactions. However, the development of iridium complexes able to promote both traditional organometallic catalysis and photocatalysis is scarce. Thus, the design of iridium-based catalysts is still an active area of research. In this context, we targeted the synthesis of a family of Ir-Cp* systems to explore their (photo)catalytic applications. Here, we describe the synthesis, structural characterization, and photophysical properties of iridium complexes of formula [IrCp*Cl(N^O)]. These complexes have been applied with a double catalytic function, in transfer hydrogenation for carbonyl reduction and in different photomediated transformations.

COVID-19 in children and the influence on the employment activity of their female caregivers: A cross sectional gender perspective study.

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, women disproportionately assume more unpaid activities, affecting their employment. Objective: Describe the influence of COVID-19 on the employment of caregivers of children and adolescents from a gender perspective. Methods: Cross-sectional study in three high-complexity hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia from April 2020 to June 2021. A subsample of the FARA cohort was taken, including those patients with a positive test for SARS-COV2. We took as our analysis category children older than 8 years and younger than 18 years who had a positive SARS-COV2 test, as well as, caregivers of all children with a positive SARS-COV2 test. This subsample was drawn from the FARA cohort. A survey was applied to them. We carried out a descriptive and stratified analysis by age group, educational, and socioeconomic level. Results: We included 60 surveys of caregivers and 10 surveys of children. The main caregiver in 94.8% of the cases was a female. At the beginning of the pandemic, 63.3% of the caregivers were employed, and 78.9% of those lost their employment. The vast majority of these caregiver were women (96.6%, n = 29). A predominance of loss of work activity was documented in caregivers of children in early childhood 66.6% (n = 20), with lower education 66.6% (n = 20), and from lower strata 56.6% (n = 17). Conclusion: Caregivers of children with COVID-19 with low educational levels and lower socioeconomic conditions, as well as those with children under 5 years showed greater likelihood of employment loss between the interviewed subsample.

Medication Competence, Numeracy, and Health Literacy.

Two studies investigated the association between medication literacy and numeracy. Study 1 revealed an association between both variables in a sample of adults. Study 2 replicated the finding in a sample of parents of young children, even after controlling for level of parental health literacy. Both studies employed the Medication Literacy in Spanish and English (MedLitRxSE) assessment tool. Objective and subjective numeracy scores were significantly correlated with MedLitRxSE scores in both studies, suggesting that interventions for reducing medication errors might benefit by simplifying the numerical information presented in medication instructions. [HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice. 2019;3(3):e181-e186.].

Systematic review of cigars, cigarillos, and little cigars among adolescents: Setting research agenda to inform tobacco control policy.

INTRODUCTION: We conducted a systematic review of the literature on cigar research on youth to identify potential future research agenda to generate evidence to inform cigar regulations to prevent cigar use among youth. METHODS: We searched articles on Medline, EMBASE, and PsycINFO in April 2017 to identify articles relevant to cigars and adolescents. Two independent coders examined 48 articles to determine eligibility: (1) published between 2000-April 2017; (2) published in English; (3) conducted in the United States; (4) published in a peer-review journal; (5) examined cigars, cigarillos, or little cigars; (6) included youth (12-18 years old); and (7) included empirical data. Three independent coders reviewed the included articles (n = 48) to identify whether the studies addressed FDA's Research Priorities. RESULTS: The studies addressed FDA's Research Priorities of "behavior" (n = 48), "communications" (n = 4), "marketing influences" (n = 1), and "impact analysis" (n = 1). Studies on "behavior" underscored the need for improvements in measurement, such as using brand names and distinguishing cigar products. The review revealed the need for restrictions on cigar flavors, development of media campaigns and interventions, increasing the cost (via taxation), and evaluating the impact of cigar policies. CONCLUSIONS: The studies mostly focused on surveillance of behaviors and use patterns, which revealed cigar specific issues to address in policies to decrease cigar use among youth. The lack of studies addressing other FDA's research priorities highlighted the critical need for future studies that inform prevention of youth cigar use.

E-cigarette advertising exposure in e-cigarette naïve adolescents and subsequent e-cigarette use: A longitudinal cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Electronic (E-) cigarettes are one of the most popular tobacco products used by adolescents today. This study examined whether exposure to advertisements in (1) social networking sites (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Pinterest/Google Plus), (2) traditional media (television/radio, magazines, billboards), or (3) retail stores (convenience stores, mall kiosks, tobacco shops) was associated with subsequent e-cigarette use in a longitudinal cohort of adolescents. METHODS: Data were drawn from longitudinal surveys conducted in fall 2013 (wave 1) and spring 2014 (wave 2) of a school-based cohort attending 3 high schools and 2 middle schools in Connecticut. Adolescents were asked about tobacco use behaviors and where they had recently seen e-cigarette advertising at wave 1. We used logistic regression to determine whether advertising exposure at wave 1 increased the odds of e-cigarette use by wave 2, controlling for demographics and cigarette smoking status at wave 1. RESULTS: Among those who have never used e-cigarettes in wave 1 (n = 1742), 9.6% reported e-cigarette use at wave 2. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that exposure to e-cigarette advertising on Facebook (OR 2.12 = p < 0.02) at wave 1, but not other venues, significantly increased the odds of subsequent e-cigarette use wave 2. Age, white race, and cigarette smoking at wave 1 also was associated with e-cigarette use at wave 2. CONCLUSION: This study provides one of the first longitudinal examinations demonstrating that exposure to e-cigarette advertising on social networking sites among youth who had never used e-cigarettes increases the likelihood of subsequent e-cigarette use.

The use of social networking sites: A risk factor for using alcohol, marijuana, and synthetic cannabinoids?

BACKGROUND: The use of social networking sites (SNS) has become a central aspect of youth culture allowing individuals to explore and assert their identities. A commonly portrayed online identity is an "alcohol identity," and past research suggests such identities may contribute to one's risk of using alcohol. The present study builds on past research by examining the relationship between alcohol, marijuana, and synthetic cannabinoid use (e.g., Spice, K2) and time spent on SNS in a sample of college students. METHODS: Six hundred ninety nine undergraduates (62.4% female; Mage=21.0, SD=8.56) were recruited from a university on the U.S./Mexico border for an online study. Participants completed measures assessing demographics, substance use history, and amount of time spent on SNS. RESULTS: Participants reported spending 46h per month on SNS. Seventy-one percent, 14%, and 3% of the sample reported past month use of alcohol, marijuana, and synthetic cannabinoids, respectively. Regression analyses revealed that hours spent on SNS in the past month were significantly associated with frequency of alcohol (p<0.001) and synthetic cannabinoid use (p<0.001). In addition, being male was associated with frequency of alcohol and marijuana use in the past month (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that assessment of time spent on SNS is warranted in studies investigating drug use among college students.

The Space That Difference Makes: On Marginality, Social Justice and the Future of the Health Humanities.

Feminist theorist and educator, bell hooks, asserts that to seek true liberation one must choose marginality. One must choose to occupy the space outside the binary between colonizer-colonized, hegemonic center-periphery, and us-them in order to create a location of possibility. This essay will reveal the practice of social justice as the navigation of the space that difference makes and argue that choosing marginality provides a framework for health humanities work towards social justice in health care. The space of the launderette that is depicted in Hanif Kureishi's 1986 film, My Beautiful Laundrette, provides an example of choosing marginality and illustrates how difference structures both real and imagined spaces, which influences how individuals ultimately perceive one another. We will draw from the work of bell hooks; political geographer, Edward Soja; and Marxist philosopher, Henri Lefebvre, to demonstrate the importance of the health humanities' position at the margin to traditional health care education.

Bringing home the health humanities: narrative humility, structural competency, and engaged pedagogy.

As health humanities programs grow and thrive across the country, encouraging medical students to read, write, and become more reflective about their professional roles, educators must bring a sense of self-reflexivity to the discipline itself. In the health humanities, novels, patient histories, and pieces of reflective writing are often treated as architectural spaces or "homes" that one can enter and examine. Yet, narrative-based learning in health care settings does not always allow its participants to feel "at home"; when not taught with a critical attention to power and pedagogy, the health humanities can be unsettling and even dangerous. Educators can mitigate these risks by considering not only what they teach but also how they teach it.In this essay, the authors present three pedagogical pillars that educators can use to invite learners to engage more fully, develop critical awareness of medical narratives, and feel "at home" in the health humanities. These pedagogical pillars are narrative humility (an awareness of one's prejudices, expectations, and frames of listening), structural competency (attention to sources of power and privilege), and engaged pedagogy (the protection of students' security and well-being). Incorporating these concepts into pedagogical practices can create safe and productive classroom spaces for all, including those most vulnerable and at risk of being "unhomed" by conventional hierarchies and oppressive social structures. This model then can be translated through a parallel process from classroom to clinic, such that empowered, engaged, and cared-for learners become empowering, engaging, and caring clinicians.

Investigating correlates of synthetic marijuana and Salvia use in light and intermittent smokers and college students in a predominantly Hispanic sample.

Few studies have examined correlates related to the use of synthetic cannabinoids (e.g., Spice, K2) and Salvia divinorum. Two studies were conducted to investigate whether demographic, smoking-related, and substance-related variables were associated with the use of synthetic cannabinoids and Salvia. In Study 1, 185 participants (50% female; 83% Hispanic; Mage = 32 years; SD = 13.68) were recruited from a local health clinic and a university on the U.S./Mexico border for a smoking-cessation study targeting light and intermittent smokers. In Study 2, 675 participants (62.4% female; 89.1% Hispanic; Mage = 21.0, SD = 8.56) were recruited from a university on the U.S./Mexico border for an online study. In Study 1, 10% of the sample indicated they had ever used either synthetic cannabinoids or Salvia in their lifetime. Being male and dual/multiple use of tobacco products were significantly associated with having ever used synthetic cannabinoids or Salvia. In Study 2, 9%, 5%, and 3% of the sample indicated lifetime, past-year, and past 30-day use of synthetic cannabinoids, respectively. Five percent, 2%, and 1% of the sample indicated lifetime, past-year, and past 30-day use of Salvia, respectively. Logistic regression analyses revealed that past 30-day marijuana use and past 30-day ecstasy use were significantly associated with use of synthetic cannabinoids and Salvia in one's lifetime. These findings suggest that the assessment of synthetic marijuana and Salvia use is warranted in studies of other addictive behaviors, particularly among current marijuana and ecstasy users.

Terapia familiar sistémica en contextos de pobreza / Systemic family therapy in contexts of poverty

Sin duda alguna, un par de páginas se han de quedar cortas a la hora de desglosar un poco sobre aquellos enfoques direccionados hacia el ser humano, desde lo individual, hasta su interacción en grupo y sociedad. Aun así, el presente artículo permite dar una mirada estructural y básica de lo que conlleva a la mención del concepto de Terapia Familiar Sistémica, en éste caso desarrollada en contextos de pobreza, básicamente en América Latina, y más específicamente en Colombia. A través de una contextualización estructurada de términos, ubicados en la raíz del tema principal, se pretende hacer un recorrido que vaya desde lo más sencillo, hasta lo más elaborado, para finalmente impregnar al lector, de una forma más clara y globalizada, de la ubicación y el universo que se constituye alrededor de la Terapia Familiar Sistémica, en los contextos de pobreza; su constitución, fundamento e importancia en nuestra sociedad.

Anyway a couple of pages will be short when we want to drill down a bit on those directed towards the human being approaches from the individual to his group interaction and society. Even so, this article can give a structural and basic look of what it takes to mention the concept of Systemic Family Therapy, developed in contexts of poverty, mainly in Latin America and more specifically in Colombia. Through a structured contextualization of terms, located in the root of the main theme it is to make a journey that goes from the simplest to the most elaborated, and finally imbue the reader of a clearer and globalized form of the location and the universe that is around the Systemic Family Therapy in contexts of poverty; its constitution, foundation and importance in our society.

Síndrome de Cotard asociado a trastorno depresivo mayor con síntomas catatonicos: informe de caso / Síndrome de Cotard associada ao transtorno depressivo maior com sintomas catatonicos: relato de caso / Cotard Syndrome Associated to major depressive disorder with catatonic symptoms: case report

Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome with abnormal postures, mutism and stupor. Colombia has a prevalence of 11.4% of psychiatric patients. Objective: To discuss the clinical curse of a 34-year-old woman with major depressive disorder that presents to emergency department with nihilistic delirium and catatonic symptoms. Case presentation: A young woman with history of unipolar major depression with psychotic features was hospitalized nine months ago. She was medicated with a pharmacological treatment she did not remember. At admission, the patient had three days of bizarre behavior, mutism and negativism. Paraclinics and brain computer tomography did not report any abnormality or changes. Treatment began with benzodiazepine, which achieved full remission of catatonic symptoms. After this, she developed anhedonia, sadness and nihilistic delusions and was considered as a relapse of a previous depressive episode from nine months ago, associated with CotardÆs syndrome. Sertraline was added with gradual increase to 100mg and 5mg of olanzapine, getting a complete remission of psychotic and mood symptoms. Discussion: Affective disorders are most common cause of catatonia. There has already been a history of similar reports, but in few times these three entities were associated; this is the first case reported in Hospital Universitario de Santander, with informed consent. Conclusions: It is unusual for a depressed patient to present denial delusions and catatonic symptoms simultaneously; therefore this case is unusual and may contribute to literature. The catatonic symptoms make it difficult to explore other mental spheres, though they may be secondary to a medical condition, therefore, it is essential to dismiss organic pathologies and give initial treatment, so we can discover the underlying etiopsychopathology.

A catatonia é uma síndrome neuropsiquiatrica com posturas anormais, silêncio e estupor. A Colômbia tem uma prevalência de 11,4% de pacientes psiquiatricos. Objetivo: Discutir o caso clínico de uma mulher de 34 anos com uma história de transtorno depressivo maior que chega ao departamento de emergência com delírios niilistas e os sintomas catatónicos. Relato de caso: Foi relatado o caso de uma jovem adulta com transtorno depressivo maior e sintomas psicóticos que tinha sido hospitalizada nove meses antes, a quem deram alta com tratamento medicamentoso que ela não se lembrava. A paciente chegou ao pronto socorro do Hospital Universitário de Santander, apresentando três dias de um comportamento incomum, mutismo e negativismo. Exames laboratoriais e tomografia do crânio normal. O tratamento foi iniciado com uma benzodiacepina que a remeteu aos sintomas catatónicos. Posteriormente demonstrou anedonia, tristeza e delírios niilistas; considerou-se que seu estado correspondia a uma recorrência de episódio depressivo, começado nove meses antes, relacionado com a síndrome de Cotard. Gradualmente a paciente foi medicada com sertralina de 150,0 mg a 5,0 mg e olanzapina de 5.0 mg, obtendo a remissção dos sintomas afetivos e psicoticos. Discussão: A desordem afetiva é a causa mais comum de catatonia. Hß relatos semelhantes, embora poucos onde coexistam os três sintomas; este é o primeiro caso relatado no Hospital Universitário de Santander, com prévio consentimento informado. Conclusões: É incomum para uma pessoa deprimida ter delírios de negação e sintomas catatónicos simultaneamente, de modo que este caso, por ser único, gera novidade para a literatura. No caso, os sintomas catatónicos dificultam a exploração de outras esferas mentais e podem ser considerados secundários a uma condição médica, motivo pelo qual é essencial excluir causas orgânicas, trata-los prontamente e assim esclarecer a psicopatologia subjacente.

Acceso y calidad del agua para el consumo humano en Santa Marta como indicador de inequidad en salud / Access and quality of water for human consumption in Santa Marta as an indicator of inequity in health

Objetivo: Determinar el acceso y la calidad del agua para el consumo humano en el área urbana de Santa Marta, por ser este un determinante del proceso salud­enfermedad que se debe transformar desde el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio para el año 2015. Método: Estudio de corte transversal con 1557 viviendas seleccionadas por muestreo probabilístico por conglomerados, en las cuales se aplicó una encuesta de acceso al agua segura domiciliaria. Por cada comuna se tomó una muestra de agua para evaluar su calidad a través de la técnica de filtración de membrana y sustrato definido. Se utilizó Epi Info 7 para analizar los datos a través de asociación con Odds Ratio y para georeferenciarlos. Resultados: 94,7% de las viviendas tienen servicio de agua domiciliaria pero el 49,7% presentó cortes frecuentes del servicio. Las relaciones entre: acceso al agua domiciliaria y estrato (OR=4,27), y cortes del servicio y estrato (OR=2,61) fueron significativas (p<0,0001). Cuatro de las nueve muestras resultaron contaminadas con coliformes. Conclusión: Los tomadores de decisiones deben garantizar la calidad y acceso permanente al agua segura para el consumo humano a todas las personas para avanzar en la reducción de las brechas de inequidad en salud.

Objective: To determine the access and quality of water for human consumption in the urban area of Santa Marta as one of Social Determinants of Health that must be transformed in the framework of the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1557 selected houses by cluster samplings, which were surveyed of household access to safe water. A water sample was taken from each district of Santa Marta in order to evaluate its quality of it through the membrane filtration technique and defined substrate. Epi Info 7 was used to analyze the data through association with Odds Ratio and to georeference them. Results: 94.7% of houses have home water service but 49.7% showed frequent service cuts. The relationship between household water access and socioeconomic stratum (OR = 4.27), and between service cuts and socioeconomic stratum (OR = 2.61) were significant (p < 0.0001). Four of the nine samples were contaminated with coliform. Conclusion: Decision makers must ensure quality and permanent access to safe water for human consumption to all people, so that there is an advance in reducing the health inequality gaps.