The Importance of Team Alignment and Retention in Vascular Center Development: A Clinician's Perspective.

The healthcare landscape is in a state of constant evolution, presenting both challenges and opportunities. Recent trends, including the departure or retirement of medical professionals, the rise in travel and per diem positions, and the expansive growth of healthcare networks, have resulted in a palpable divide within the field. This divide often manifests as a shift from prioritizing patient care and staff well-being toward financial security and operational efficiency and productivity. Amid these ongoing changes, vascular centers possess the potential for a positive distinction that extends beyond their specialization to encompass their approaches to patient care and team dynamics. This article presents a 3-phase strategy for vascular clinicians and centers to consider as they seek to attract and retain top-tier staff, provide exceptional patient care, and attain sustainable growth and financial success.

Traumatic Aorto-Cisterna Chlyi Fistula with Treatment of Aortic Pseudoaneurysm with CT-Guided Thrombin Injection.

BACKGROUND: Only 3 cases of aorto-cisterna chyli fistula have been described in the literature but none with a resulting pseudoaneurysm (PSA). METHODS: A 68-year-old man presented following a motor vehicle collision. Imaging revealed a retroperitoneal hematoma with enhancement of the cisterna chyli, representing an aortic to cisterna chyli fistula. Three days later, computed tomography angiography showed resolution of the fistula, but revealed a PSA. The patient underwent arteriography that confirmed the PSA, and then a computed tomography-guided thrombin injection was performed. Follow-up imaging showed resolution of the PSA. RESULTS: Only 3 cases of aorto-cisterna chyli fistula have been described. We hypothesize that this fistula was caused from his L2 vertebral body fracture, which avulsed the lumbar artery and injured the cisterna chyli. The cisterna chyli provided an outflow tract for the aortic injury. We believe this type of fistula follows a benign clinical course. Aorto-cisterna chyli fistula is rare, and reports point to spontaneous resolution. Our case is unique in that the patient progressed from a fistula to a PSA. Options for treatment of this PSA include covered stent graft, open repair, coil embolization, or thrombin injection. CONCLUSIONS: This case report describes an extremely rare diagnosis and the natural history of this aorto-cisterna chyli fistula. Furthermore, the resulting aortic PSA was successfully treated with computed tomography-guided thrombin injection, which in the appropriate setting, should be considered an acceptable option.

Impact of sarcopenia on long-term mortality following endovascular aneurysm repair.

Sarcopenia, also known as a reduction of skeletal muscle mass, is a patient-specific risk factor for vascular and cancer patients. However, there are no data on abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) patients treated with endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) who have sarcopenia. To determine the impact of sarcopenia on mortality following EVAR, we retrospectively reviewed 200 patients treated with EVAR by estimating muscle mass on abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans. Mortality was analyzed according to its presence (n=25) or absence (n=175). Sarcopenia was more common in women than men (32.0% vs 9.7%; p=0.005). Patients with sarcopenia had an increased risk of mortality compared to those without (76% vs 48%; p=0.016). Of note, the overall mortality rate was 51% with a median follow up of 8.4 years (interquartile range, 5.3-11.7). In conclusion, the presence of sarcopenia on a CT scan is an important predictor of long-term mortality in patients treated for AAA with EVAR. Pending further study, these data suggest that sarcopenia may aid in pre-procedural long-term survival assessment of patients undergoing EVAR.

Instituting Ultrasound-Guided FNA for Thyroid Nodules into a General Surgery Residency Program: What We Learned.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of a thyroid nodule is a common referral seen by surgeons and frequently requires ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (US-guided FNA). While surgical residents may have sufficient exposure to thyroid surgery, many lack exposure to office-based procedures, such as US-guided FNA. General surgery residents should be provided with knowledge and practical skills in the application of diagnostic and interventional neck ultrasound to manage the common workup of a thyroid nodule. METHODS: This study sought to instruct and measure surgical residents' performance in thyroid US-guided FNA and evaluate their views regarding instituting such a formal curriculum. Twelve (n = 12) senior residents completed a written pretest and questionnaire, then watched an instructional video and practiced a simulated thyroid US-guided FNA on our created model. Then residents were evaluated while performing actual thyroid US-guided FNAs on patients in our clinic. Residents then completed the same written exam and questionnaire for objective measure. RESULTS: Eight of the chief residents (62%) felt "not comfortable" with the procedure on the pre-course survey; this was reduced to 0% on the post-course survey. Moderate comfort level increased from 15% to 50% and extreme comfort increased from 0% to 8%. From the 11 residents who completed the pre- and post-test exam, 82% (n = 9) significantly improved their score through the curriculum (pre-test: 40.9 vs. post-test: 61.8; p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: With focused instruction, residents are able to learn ultrasound-guided thyroid biopsy with improvement in subjective confidence level and objective measures. Resident feedback was positive and emphasized the importance of such training in surgical residency curriculum.

Use of Bioabsorbable Tissue Reinforcement Reduces Incidence of Internal Hernia in Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Patients.

Internal hernias are one of the most devastating late, postsurgical complications associated with laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). The objective of this study was to determine whether placement of a bioabsorbable tissue matrix in soft tissue defects after gastric bypass resulted in a lower incidence of internal hernia development. Prospective database was used to identify all patients who underwent LRYGB between January 2002 and January 2016. These patients were then retrospectively reviewed to determine the development of internal hernia. Before 2009, the retro-Roux defect was left open during the primary operation and the defect at the jejunojejunostomy was closed with sutures or staples. Beginning in 2009, all soft tissue internal defects were reinforced with an 8 cm × 8-cm piece of bioabsorbable matrix. The incidence of subsequent internal hernia development was compared between these two groups: no bioabsorbable matrix versus use of a bioabsorbable matrix. A total of 2771 patients underwent LRYGB during our study period. From these, 1215 procedures were performed without tissue reinforcement and 1556 were performed using a bioabsorbable matrix. During the study period, 274 patients developed an internal hernia. Patients who did not have tissue reinforcement at closure had a significantly higher internal hernia rate [225/1215 (18.5%) vs 49/1556 (3.1%), P < 0.005]. This study demonstrates a statistically significant reduction in internal hernia formation after LRYGB with the addition of a bioabsorbable tissue matrix. Although prospective studies are needed, early evidence suggests that reinforcement with a bioabsorbable tissue scaffold is an effective method for minimizing internal hernias after LRYGB.

Improving Patient Outcomes and Health Care Provider Communication with a Small, Yellow Plastic Band: the Patient URinary Catheter Extraction (PURCE) Protocol©.

INTRODUCTION: Great efforts are being made to reduce catheter associated urinary tract infections as they increase patient morbidity and are costly to health care centers. Although various catheter associated urinary tract infection prevention initiatives exist, efficient communication between physicians and nurses continues to be a significant barrier. In an effort to enhance communication and reduce catheter associated urinary tract infections, we implemented a novel Patient URinary Catheter Extraction (PURCE) Protocol© and in this study we evaluate the utility of the PURCE Protocol. METHODS: The PURCE Protocol was implemented for all urology and vascular surgical patients admitted to 1 surgical specialty unit between January and December 2014 (treatment group, 901 patients). The control group consisted of urology and vascular surgical patients admitted to the same surgical specialty unit during the 12-month period (January to December 2013) before protocol implementation (926). End points included annual catheter associated urinary tract infection rates, device utilization ratio and protocol deviations. RESULTS: The majority of urology/vascular surgery patients in both groups underwent catheter placement (control 55.4% vs treatment 58.9%). The annual catheter associated urinary tract infection rate for urology/vascular surgery patients in the control group was 2.5 compared to 0.0 in the treatment group. The annual device utilization ratio increased slightly from 0.15 in the control to 0.17 in the treatment group. Within the first 6 months of implementation there were 405 patient audits and 28 protocol deviations (6.9%), and no additional deviations occurred in the last 6 months of the study. CONCLUSIONS: According to our findings implementation of the PURCE Protocol led to a reduction in catheter associated urinary tract infections in a highly susceptible surgical patient population.

Short-Term Preoperative Weight Loss and Postoperative Outcomes in Bariatric Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative weight loss is often encouraged before undergoing weight loss surgery. Controversy remains as to its effect on postoperative outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine what impact short-term preoperative excess weight loss (EWL) has on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing primary vertical sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). STUDY DESIGN: All patients who underwent SG (n = 167) or RYGB (n = 188) between 2014 and 2016 and who completed our program-recommended low calorie diet (LCD) for 4 weeks immediately preceding surgery were included. These patients (N = 355) were then divided into 2 cohorts and analyzed according to those who achieved ≥8% EWL (n = 224) during the 4-week LCD period and those who did not (n = 131). Primary endpoints included percent excess weight loss (% EWL) at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Patients achieving ≥8% EWL preoperatively experienced a greater % EWL at postoperative month 3 (42.3 ± 13.2% vs 36.1 ± 10.9%, p < 0.001), month 6 (56.0 ± 18.1% vs 47.5 ± 14.1%, p < 0.001), and month 12 (65.1 ± 23.3% vs 55.7 ± 22.2%, p = 0.003). Median operative duration (117 minutes vs 125 minutes; p = 0.061) and mean hospital length of stay (1.8 days vs 2.1 days; p = 0.006) were also less in patients achieving ≥8% EWL. No significant differences in follow-up, readmission, or reoperation rates were seen. Linear regression analysis revealed that patients who achieved ≥8% EWL during the 4-week LCD lost 7.5% more excess weight at postoperative month 12. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these data, preoperative weight loss of ≥8% excess weight, while following a 4-week LCD, is associated with a significantly greater rate of postoperative EWL over 1 year, as well as shorter operative duration and hospital length of stay.

Reconstruction of a Long-Segment Tracheal Defect Using an AlloDerm Conduit.

This case describes successful reconstruction of a long-segment tracheal defect using AlloDerm as the conduit for reconstruction. A 38-year-old woman who had undergone a thyroid lobectomy in 2011 presented several months later unable to swallow. Chest computed tomography results revealed a tracheal/esophageal mass and a subsequent bronchoscopy, and esophagogastroduodenoscopy results revealed an upper esophageal/tracheal mass with two areas concerning for fistula. She underwent a bronchoscopy with a tracheal stent and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement. All biopsies were nondiagnostic for malignancy and the patient recovered well. After a repeat bronchoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy a few months later, she underwent a diagnostic right video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and thoracotomy. To obtain adequate tissue for diagnosis, the fistula was opened, resulting in a large defect in the esophagus and trachea, as portions of the trachea, esophagus, and right recurrent laryngeal nerve liquefied. A 7-cm portion of her esophagus, 8 cm of the posterior trachea, and 5 cm of the right trachea wall were removed. The pathology came back as Hodgkin lymphoma. Because of the size of the esophageal defect, reconstruction was not an option. Therefore, the remainder of the esophagus was resected, the stomach stapled off, and esophageal hiatus closed. The tracheal defect was also too large for patch repair and was reconstructed with a tube of AlloDerm (6 × 10 cm). Four years after reconstruction, the patient is disease free and living a normal life. This case demonstrates successful tracheal reconstruction with AlloDerm.

Atrial Esophageal Fistula Secondary to Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.

This article describes 2 patients who presented to our institution with left atrial esophageal fistula after atrial fibrillation ablation; it also compares our experience with other atrial esophageal fistula cases reported in the literature. We performed a retrospective review of 2 patients who presented to our hospital between July 2015 and September 2015 with atrial esophageal fistula. Patient A, a 57-year-old man, presented 31 days postablation with a fever and right-sided weakness. A chest computed tomography showed gas in the left atrium and esophagus; an echocardiogram confirmed the diagnosis of atrial esophageal fistula. The patient subsequently underwent a left thoracotomy. Postoperative recovery was poor and included significant coagulopathy, sepsis, cardiogenic shock, and multisystem organ failure. The patient died on postoperative day 28. Patient B, a 77-year-old man, presented 21 days post-atrial fibrillation ablation with left-arm weakness and altered mental status. An esophagram was performed and showed no evidence of an esophageal perforation. Because of positive cultures and worsening altered mental status, the patient underwent a head computed tomography, which showed pneumocephalus, leading to our suspicion of the atrial esophageal fistula. A follow-up chest computed tomography confirmed the atrial esophageal fistula. Treatment included an esophagectomy and repair of the atrium. Unfortunately, the atrial esophageal fistula closure dehisced, and the patient developed acute respiratory failure and cardiac tamponade, which led to cardiopulmonary arrest, and the patient died on postoperative day 10. Based on our experience, and the literature, we recommend that a chest computed tomography be immediately performed on patients presenting with the described symptoms after a recent atrial fibrillation ablation.

Patterns of Recurrence and Mechanisms of Failure after Open Ventral Hernia Repair with Mesh.

Recurrence after ventral hernia repair (VHR) remains a significant complication. We sought to identify the technical aspects of VHR associated with recurrence. Patients who underwent open midline VHR between 2006 and 2013 (n = 261) were retrospectively evaluated. Patients with recurrence (Group 1, n = 48) were compared with those without recurrence (Group 2, n = 213). Smoking, diabetes, and body mass index were not different between groups. More patients in Group 1 underwent clean-contaminated, contaminated, or dirty procedures (43.8 vs 27.7%; P = 0.021). Group 1 had a higher incidence of surgical site occurrence (52.1 vs 32.9%; P = 0.020) and surgical site infection (43.8 vs 15.5%; P < 0.001). Recurrences were due to central mesh failure (CMF) (39.6%), midline recurrence after biologic or bioabsorbable mesh repair (18.8%), superior midline (16.7%), lateral (16.7%), and after mesh explantation (12.5%). Most CMF (78.9%) occurred with light-weight polypropylene (LWPP). Recurrence was higher if the midline fascia was unable to be closed. Recurrence with midweight polypropylene (MWPP) was lower than biologic (P < 0.001), bioabsorbable (P = 0.006), and light-weight polypropylene (P = 0.046) mesh. Fixation, component separation technique, and mesh position were not different between groups. Wound complications are associated with subsequent recurrence, whereas midweight polypropylene is associated with a lower overall risk of recurrence and, specifically, CMF.

Electromagnetic Navigational Bronchoscopy Reduces the Time Required for Localization and Resection of Lung Nodules.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of the study were to evaluate electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy (ENB) and computed tomography-guided placement as localization techniques for minimally invasive resection of small pulmonary nodules and determine whether electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy is a safer and more effective method than computed tomography-guided localization. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of our thoracic surgery database to identify patients who underwent minimally invasive resection for a pulmonary mass and used either electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy or computed tomography-guided localization techniques between July 2011 and May 2015. RESULTS: Three hundred eighty-three patients had a minimally invasive resection during our study period, 117 of whom underwent electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy or computed tomography localization (electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy = 81; computed tomography = 36). There was no significant difference between computed tomography and electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy patient groups with regard to age, sex, race, pathology, nodule size, or location. Both computed tomography and electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy were 100% successful at localizing the mass, and there was no difference in the type of definitive surgical resection (wedge, segmentectomy, or lobectomy) (P = 0.320). Postoperative complications occurred in 36% of all patients, but there were no complications related to the localization procedures. In terms of localization time and surgical time, there was no difference between groups. However, the down/wait time between localization and resection was significant (computed tomography = 189 minutes; electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy = 27 minutes); this explains why the difference in total time (sum of localization, down, and surgery) was significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We found electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy to be as safe and effective as computed tomography-guided wire placement and to provide a significantly decreased down time between localization and surgical resection.

Preservation of Fat-free Mass after Bariatric Surgery: A Comparison of Malabsorptive and Restrictive Procedures.

The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has been shown to cause significant weight loss. However, fat-free mass (FFM) is often lost with this rapid weight change. It is suggested that the loss of FFM is minimized with restrictive-only procedures, such as the vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), when compared with malabsorptive surgery. The purpose of the study was to determine the difference in the postoperative loss of FFM between RYBG and VSG patients. We reviewed all patients who underwent RYGB or VSG between May 2012 and January 2013. Patients were evaluated one month before their procedure and 12 months after for comparison of results. Preoperative and postoperative body analysis data were procured using a body composition analysis device. Within the study period, 33 patients underwent a RYGB procedure and 20 patients a VSG. After 12 months, RYGB patients had an average increase of 38.15 per cent in their proportion of FFM, whereas VSG patients had an average FFM increase of 22.09 per cent, a statically significant difference (P = 0.004). The RYGB helps preserve overall FFM as compared with the VSG. These findings are unexpected because malabsorptive procedures require increased protein intake, resulting in a stronger likelihood of inadequate protein intake, which may lead to protein malnutrition.

HIDA Scan with Ejection Fraction Is over Utilized in the Management of Biliary Dyskinesia.

Patients with upper abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting are often evaluated with ultrasound to diagnose symptomatic cholelithiasis or cholecystitis. With a normal ultrasound, a hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan with ejection fraction (EF) is recommended to evaluate gallbladder function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the HIDA scan with EF was appropriately utilized in considering cholecystectomy. Over 18 months, we performed 1533 HIDA scans with EF. After exclusion, 1501 were analyzable, 438 of whom underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients were divided into two groups: those with typical and atypical symptoms of biliary colic. Our primary endpoint was symptom resolution of those who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Symptom resolution was assessed by chart review of postop visits or readmissions. In patients with typical symptoms, resolution occurred in 66 per cent of patients with positive HIDA and 77 per cent with negative HIDA (P = 0.292). In patients with atypical symptoms, resolution occurred in 64 per cent of patients with positive HIDA and 43 per cent with negative HIDA (P = 0.013). A HIDA scan with EF was not useful in patients with typical symptoms of biliary colic and negative ultrasounds, and should not be used to make a decision for cholecystectomy. However, this test can be helpful in patients with atypical symptoms, as it does predict symptom improvement in this group.

Cost-effectiveness of Bariatric Surgery: Increasing the Economic Viability of the Most Effective Treatment for Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

There has been considerable debate on the cost-effectiveness of bariatric surgery within larger population groups. Despite the recognition that morbid obesity and its comorbidities are best treated surgically, insurance coverage is not universally available. One of the more costly comorbidities of obesity is Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We propose a model that demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of increasing the number of bariatric surgical operations performed on patients with T2DM in the United States. We applied published population cost estimates (2012) for medical care of T2DM to a retrospective cohort of morbidly obese patients in South Carolina. We compared differences in 10-year medical costs between those having bariatric surgery and controls. Resolution of T2DM in the bariatric cohort was assumed to be 40 per cent. Considering only the direct medical costs of T2DM, the 10-year aggregate cost savings compared with a control group is $2.7 million/1000 patients; the total (direct and indirect) cost savings is $5.4 million/1000 patients. When considering resolution of T2DM alone, increasing the number of bariatric operations for a given population leads to a substantial cost savings over a 10-year period. This study adds to the growing body of evidence suggesting that bariatric surgery is a cost-effective means of caring for the obese patient.

Electromagnetic Navigational Bronchoscopy: A Safe and Effective Method for Fiducial Marker Placement in Lung Cancer Patients.

The emergence of Electromagnetic Navigational Bronchoscopy (ENB) as a diagnostic tool for small peripheral lung nodules has introduced a new method for delivery of fiducial markers. This technique has not been well studied in the literature. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of ENB when used in fiducial marker placement. We reviewed all patients undergoing ENB fiducial placement between June 2010 and February 2014 (n = 64). These 64 patients had 68 lung lesions, in which we placed a total of 190 markers. Primary end points were marker retention and postoperative complications. The retention rate for the study was 82 per cent (n = 156). Upper lobe lesions had a 78 per cent retention rate and the middle/lower lobe lesions had an 89 per cent retention rate; the difference was not significant (P = 0.126). Complications included hospital admissions, respiratory failure, and pneumothorax. The difference in complication rates between upper and middle/lower lobe markers was not significant. We found ENB to be a safe method for the placement of fiducial markers. We also found that placement of an average of three markers/lesion led to an adequate retention rate to allow for successful treatment of lung cancer in nonsurgical patients using lung-sparing stereotactic radiation.

Videoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy in malignant melanoma: safe in pregnancy?

Lymphadenectomy is the standard of care for metastatic melanoma in the inguinal lymph node basin. Historically, open surgery was the only treatment option. However, in recent years, videoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (VIL) has become a popular approach as it offers a minimally invasive alternative, provides similar oncologic control and reduces wound complications. Even though the VIL approach is being used more frequently, the patient populations that stand to benefit the most from this approach are still under investigation. Despite continued advances in safety for laparoscopic surgery, many surgeons are hesitant to perform these procedures on pregnant women. In this report, we present a successful VIL in a pregnant patient, describe our technique and demonstrate the safety of performing VIL in expectant mothers. To our knowledge, this case represents the first VIL performed in an expectant mother.