The Impact of Sociodemographic and Hospital Factors on Length of Stay Before and After Pyloromyotomy.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to determine whether racial or ethnic and insurance disparities exist in pre- and post-operative length of stay (LOS) in patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kid's Inpatient Database database (years 2006, 2009, and 2012) was analyzed for patients aged <1 y with HPS with a primary procedure of pyloromyotomy. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the association between race or ethnicity and insurance status with the primary outcomes of prolonged pre- and post-operative LOS (defined as >1 d). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were tabulated using SPSS v24. RESULTS: A total of 13,706 cases were identified: 8503 (62%) non-Hispanic whites, 3143 (23%) Hispanics, 1007 (7%) non-Hispanic blacks (NHB), and 1053 (8%) non-Hispanic other race or ethnicity. NHB and Hispanics were 45% and 37%, respectively, more likely to have prolonged preoperative LOS compared with non-Hispanic whites (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.19-1.77; OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.18-1.60, respectively). Children with public insurance had 21% increased odds of increased preoperative LOS (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06-1.38). All minority groups had increased odds of postoperative LOS (NHB OR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.17-1.54; Hispanic OR 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03-1.26; NHO OR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.15-1.51). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that NHB, Hispanics, and other race or ethnicity were more likely to have prolonged pre- and post-operative LOS. In addition, children with public insurance were more likely to have prolonged preoperative LOS. Further work is needed to better characterize and eliminate disparities in the management and outcomes of children with HPS.

Retroperitoneal lymph node staging in paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma-are we meeting expectations?

BACKGROUND: Staging retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is recommended for all patients aged ≥10 y. The purpose of this study was to evaluate adherence with surgical resection guidelines for RPLND in patients with paratesticular RMS as a measure for surgical quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with paratesticular RMS were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1973 to 2012. Patients were divided into two eras to reflect before (1973-2002) and after (2003-2012) the release and dissemination of the 2001 surgical guidelines for staging ipsilateral RPLND in all patients aged ≥10 y with paratesticular RMS. Survival outcomes associated with lymph node dissection were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-five patients with paratesticular RMS were identified and included in the study, among whom 111 were adolescents aged 10-20. RPLND did not significantly increase after 2003 among adolescents (45%-61%, P = 0.09). The benefit of RPLND on improved 5-y overall survival was evident among adolescents (92% versus 64%, P = 0.003). Adjusting for histology, age, stage at diagnosis, and race/ethnicity, RPLND was associated with improved overall survival among patients aged ≥10 y (hazard ratio 0.37, 95% confidence interval 0.17-0.83). CONCLUSIONS: Despite surgical guidelines recommending RPLND in pediatric patients aged ≥10 y, nearly one-third of adolescent patients did not undergo RPLND. These findings are disturbing considering the survival benefit associated with RPLND among adolescent patients and indicate an opportunity for improvement in surgical quality.

Are we missing the near misses in the OR?-underreporting of safety incidents in pediatric surgery.

BACKGROUND: Electronic hospital variance reporting systems used to report near misses and adverse events are plagued by underreporting. The purpose of this study is to prospectively evaluate directly observed variances that occur in our pediatric operating room and to correlate these with the two established variance reporting systems in our hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Trained individuals directly observed pediatric perioperative patient care for 6 wk to identify near misses and adverse events. These direct observations were compared to the established handwritten perioperative variance cards and the electronic hospital variance reporting system. All observations were analyzed and categorized into an additional six safety domains and five variance categories. The chi-square test was used, and P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Out of 830 surgical cases, 211 were audited by the safety observers. During this period, 137 (64%) near misses were identified by direct observation, while 57 (7%) handwritten and 8 (1%) electronic variance were reported. Only 1 of 137 observed events was reported in the handwritten variance system. Five directly observed adverse events were not reported in either of the two variance reporting systems. Safety observers were more likely to recognize time-out and equipment variances (P < 0.001). Both variance reporting systems and direct observation identified numerous policy and process issues. CONCLUSIONS: Despite multiple reporting systems, near misses and adverse events remain underreported. Identifying near misses may help address system and process issues before an adverse event occurs. Efforts need to be made to lessen barriers to reporting in order to improve patient safety.

Surgical Feeding Tubes in Pediatric and Adolescent Cancer Patients: A Single-institution Retrospective Review.

The purpose of our study was to evaluate surgical enteric access in pediatric cancer patients to determine factors associated with postoperative complications. We performed a single-institution retrospective review of all patients below 21 years old with a primary cancer diagnosis who underwent surgical procedures for enteral access between 2004 and 2014. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine independent predictors of postoperative complications. During the study period, 122 patients had surgically placed feeding tubes, of whom 58% developed ≥1 complication(s) and 16% experienced a major complication. No single factor was significantly associated with developing any complication or major complication. Several trends were noted including increased complications associated with jejunostomy tubes, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes, and abdominal radiation. Surgically placed enteric access in pediatric and adolescent cancer patients is associated with an extremely high complication rate emphasizing the importance of careful evaluation of these patients before embarking on surgical feeding access. Future work should evaluate mechanisms to decrease complications and/or explore alternative methods to provide supplemental nutrition in children and adolescents with cancer.

Health Disparities Influence Childhood Melanoma Stage at Diagnosis and Outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To identify health disparities in pediatric patients with melanoma that affect disease presentation and outcome. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of all persons aged ≤18 years diagnosed with melanoma and enrolled in the Texas Cancer Registry between 1995 and 2009. Socioeconomic status (SES) and driving distance to the nearest pediatric cancer treatment center were calculated for each patient. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with advanced-stage disease. Life table methods and Cox regression were used to estimate survival probability and hazard ratios. RESULTS: A total of 185 adolescents (age >10 years) and 50 young children (age ≤10 years) were identified. Hispanics (n = 27; 12%) were 3 times more likely than non-Hispanic whites (n = 177; 75%) to present with advanced disease (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.7-8.8). Young children were twice as likely as adolescents to present with advanced disease (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.3). Distance to treatment center and SES did not affect stage of disease at presentation. Hispanics and those in the lowest SES quartile had a significantly higher mortality risk (hazard ratios, 3.0 [95% CI, 1.2-7.8] and 4.3 [95% CI, 1.4-13.9], respectively). In the adjusted survival model, only advanced disease was predictive of mortality (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Hispanics and young children with melanoma are more likely to present with advanced disease, and advanced disease is the single most important predictor of survival. Heightened awareness among physicians is needed to facilitate early detection of melanoma within these groups.

A brief intervention may affect parents' attitudes toward using less physical punishment.

Ninety-six parents in a preschool and pediatric clinic participated in a randomized study of a brief parenting intervention. The Attitudes Toward Spanking (ATS) scale was measured at baseline, and, on average, 4 months postintervention. Higher ATS scores are correlated with increased use of physical punishment. In the intervention group, there was a 2.7-point decrease in the ATS score at follow-up compared with baseline (P = 0.01). There was no decrease in the ATS in the control group. Brief interventions may shift parental attitudes toward using less physical punishment and have implications for improving anticipatory guidance within primary care and early education.

Variability of child access prevention laws and pediatric firearm injuries.

BACKGROUND: State-level child access prevention (CAP) laws impose criminal liability on adults who negligently allow children access to firearms. The CAP laws can be further divided into strong CAP laws which impose criminal liability for negligently stored firearms and weak CAP laws that prohibit adults from intentionally, knowingly, and/or recklessly providing firearms to a minor. We hypothesized that strong CAP laws would be associated with a greater reduction in pediatric firearm injuries than weak CAP laws. METHODS: We constructed a cross-sectional national study using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-Kids Inpatient Database from 2006 and 2009 using weighted counts of firearm-related admissions among children younger than 18 years. Poisson regression was used to estimate the association of CAP laws with pediatric firearm injuries. RESULTS: After adjusting for race, sex, age, and socioeconomic income quartile, strong CAP laws were associated with a significant reduction in all (incidence rate ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.93), self-inflicted (incidence rate ratio, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.79), and unintentional (incidence rate ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.43-0.74) pediatric firearm injuries. Weak CAP laws, which only impose liability for reckless endangerment, were associated with an increased risk of all pediatric firearm injuries. CONCLUSION: The association of CAP laws on hospitalizations for pediatric firearm injuries differed greatly depending on whether a state had adopted a strong CAP law or a weak CAP law. Implementation of strong CAP laws by each state, which require safe storage of firearms, has the potential to significantly reduce pediatric firearm injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and epidemiology study, level III.

The impact of racial/ethnic disparities on survival for children and young adults with chest wall sarcoma: A population-based study.

BACKGROUND: To determine whether there are racial/ethnic disparities in disease presentation, treatment and survival outcomes among children and young adults with chest wall sarcomas. METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was analyzed for patients 21 years old and younger with chest wall sarcoma. We performed multivariate logistic regression to investigate the association of race/ethnicity with advanced stage of disease at presentation and likelihood of undergoing surgical resection. Overall survival (OS) was evaluated using Cox regression modeling to calculate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: A total of 669 patients were identified: 393 non-Hispanic whites (NHW) (59%), 151 Hispanics (23%), 64 non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) (11%), and 64 other race/ethnicity (9%). The 5- and 10-year OS rates for the entire cohort were 69% and 64%, respectively. NHB had significantly worse 5-year and 10-year OS compared to NHW based on the log rank test (61% versus 70%, 52% versus 66%, respectively; p = 0.037).). Most patients (80%) underwent surgical resection. However, NHB were less likely than NHW to undergo surgical resection by multivariate analysis (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22-0.82). CONCLUSIONS: NHB children and young adults with chest wall sarcoma have decreased overall survival. In addition, NHB are less likely to undergo surgical resection which may contribute to survival disparities. It is paramount that health care providers work to close the treatment gap between racial/ethnic groups to improve survival in children and young adults with chest wall sarcoma. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III Treatment Study.

The digital divide in adoption and use of mobile health technology among caregivers of pediatric surgery patients.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify mobile Health (mHealth) technology utilization among caregivers of pediatric surgery patients. METHODS: We provided a modified version of the 2012 mobile health survey from the Pew Research Center to English and Spanish-speaking caregivers of children aged <18years presenting to pediatric surgical outpatient clinics from June to July of 2016. RESULTS: A total of 171 caregivers completed the survey and included 57 (34%) whites, 30 (18%) blacks, 75 (44%) Hispanics, and 6 (4%) other races. Among these, 160 (94%) were smartphone owners. mHealth users were identified as individuals who used their phone to look up health information online, receive text updates from healthcare providers or pharmacists, or use any health-related smartphone applications. On univariate ordered logistic regression, race/ethnicity, primary language, education level, and income quartile were associated with level of mHealth technology use. The majority of responders (n=126, 76%) said that they would be very or moderately interested in trying a new smartphone app related to management of their child's health. CONCLUSION: While the majority of pediatric caregivers are smartphone owners, there are significant racial and socioeconomic differences in mHealth usage. Understanding these differences may be important in identifying barriers to adoption of mHealth technology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV case series with no comparison group.

Pediatric melanoma: incidence, treatment, and prognosis.

The purpose of this review is to outline recent advancements in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pediatric melanoma. Despite the recent decline in incidence, it continues to be the deadliest form of skin cancer in children and adolescents. Pediatric melanoma presents differently from adult melanoma; thus, the traditional asymmetry, border irregularity, color variegation, diameter >6 mm, and evolution (ABCDE) criteria have been modified to include features unique to pediatric melanoma (amelanotic, bleeding/bump, color uniformity, de novo/any diameter, evolution of mole). Surgical and medical management of pediatric melanoma continues to derive guidelines from adult melanoma treatment. However, more drug trials are being conducted to determine the specific impact of drug combinations on pediatric patients. Alongside medical and surgical treatment, prevention is a central component of battling the incidence, as ultraviolet (UV)-related mutations play a central role in the vast majority of pediatric melanoma cases. Aggressive prevention measures targeting sun safety and tanning bed usage have shown positive sun-safety behavior trends, as well as the potential to decrease melanomas that manifest later in life. As research into the field of pediatric melanoma continues to expand, a prevention paradigm needs to continue on a community-wide level.

Liver transplantation for primary hepatic malignancies of childhood: The UNOS experience.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with patient and graft survival following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in children and adolescents with primary hepatic malignancies. METHODS: The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was queried for all patients <18years old who received an OLT with a primary malignant liver tumor between 1987 and 2012 (n=544). Five-year patient and graft survival were determined using Kaplan-Meier methodology, and independent predictors of survival were determined using multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: The majority of patients were diagnosed with hepatoblastoma (HB) (n=376, 70%) with 84 (15%) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 84 (15%) other. HCC patients were older, more often hospitalized at the time of transplant, and more likely to receive a cadaveric organ compared to HB patients. Five-year patient and graft survival for the entire cohort was 73% and 74%, respectively, with the majority of deaths owing to malignancy. On multivariate analysis, independent predictors of 5-year patient and graft survival included diagnosis, transplant era, and medical condition at transplant. CONCLUSIONS: In recent years, there has been significant improvement in posttransplant patient and graft survival for children and adolescents with primary hepatic malignancies. However, patients with HCC continue to have worse outcomes than those with other cancer types. TYPE OF STUDY: Case series with no comparison group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

The impact of racial/ethnic disparities on survival for children and adolescents with extremity sarcomas: A population-based study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether racial/ethnic disparities exist in disease presentation, treatment, and survival among children and adolescents with extremity sarcoma. METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data were analyzed for patients <20years old with soft-tissue extremity sarcomas from 1973 to 2013. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the association between race/ethnicity and disease stage at presentation and likelihood of surgical resection. Overall survival (OS) was evaluated using hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: 1261 cases were identified: 650 (52%) non-Hispanic whites (NHW), 313 (25%) Hispanics, 182 (14%) non-Hispanic blacks (NHB), and 116 (9%) other race/ethnicity. Logistic regression results showed that Hispanics and NHB were 51% and 44%, respectively, less likely to undergo surgical resection compared to NHW (OR=0.49, 95% CI: 0.30-0.80; OR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.32-0.98, respectively). Factors associated with failure to undergo surgical resection included histology, lower extremity site, tumor size, and distant metastases. OS based on race/ethnicity significantly differed using the log-rank test, with NHB having the worst survival (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that NHB, Hispanics, and other race/ethnicity were less likely to undergo surgical resection for extremity sarcoma. Further work is needed to better characterize and eliminate disparities in the management and outcomes of children with extremity sarcomas. TYPE OF STUDY: Prognosis study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

The association of insurance status on the probability of transfer for pediatric trauma patients.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of insurance status on the probability of transfer of pediatric trauma patients to level I/II centers after initial evaluation at lower level centers. METHODS: A retrospective review of all pediatric trauma patients (age<16years) registered in the 2007-2012 National Trauma Data Bank was performed. Multiple regression techniques controlling for clustering at the hospital level were used to determine the impact of insurance status on the probability of transfer to level I/II trauma centers. RESULTS: Of 38,205 patients, 33% of patients (12,432) were transferred from lower level centers to level I/II trauma centers. Adjusting for demographics and injury characteristics, children with no insurance had a higher likelihood of transfer than children with private insurance. Children with public or unknown insurance status were no more likely to be transferred than privately insured children. There were no variable interactions with insurance status. CONCLUSIONS: Among pediatric trauma patients, lack of insurance is an independent predictor for transfer to a major trauma center. While burns, severely injured, and younger patients remain the most likely to be transferred, these findings suggest a triage bias influenced by insurance status. Additional policies may be needed to avoid unnecessary transfer of uninsured pediatric trauma patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Case-control study, level III.

Assessing gonadal function after childhood ovarian surgery.

PURPOSE: We aimed to assess the late effects of ovarian salvage or oophorectomy on gonadal function and fertility as measured by menstrual regularity. METHODS: We performed a 10-year retrospective review of females aged 20 years or younger who required surgery to treat an ovarian disorder. A mail survey was distributed to these patients to evaluate the effects of ovarian surgery on menarche, menstrual regularity, and pregnancy. RESULTS: A total of 180 females had surgery to treat an ovarian disorder. Eighty-six of these underwent unilateral oophorectomy (48%), whereas 94 (52%) had an ovary sparing procedure. Eighty-one patients (45%) returned completed surveys. Of the respondents, 44 had oophorectomy, and 37 had ovarian salvage. Ages of menarche were similar between surgical groups. Symptoms of menstrual irregularity differed most significantly according to painful menses (oophorectomy, 27.3%; salvage, 59.5%; P < .04). Interestingly, continuation of regular menses after surgery was higher in the oophorectomy group (oophorectomy, 70%; salvage, 15%; P = .013). CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral oophorectomy does not appear to impair late gonadal function when compared with ovarian salvage. Surprisingly, oophorectomy appears to maintain more normal ovarian activity as estimated by menstrual regularity. Oophorectomy may be performed without apparent adverse effect on gonadal activity.