RESUMEN
Yohimbine (YHB) has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cardiac function-enhancing properties. Additionally, it has been reported to inhibit the proliferation, migration, and neointimal formation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation by suppressing the phospholipase C-gamma 1 pathway. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of YHB controlling the behavior of VSMCs is not fully understood. In this study, YHB downregulated the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), and cyclin E, by modulating the transcription factor FOXO3a in VSMCs induced by PDGF. Furthermore, YHB decreased p-38 and mTOR phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, YHB significantly reduced the phosphorylation at Y397 and Y925 sites of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and this effect was greater at the Y925 site than Y397. In addition, the expression of paxillin, a FAK-associated protein known to bind to the Y925 site of FAK, was significantly reduced by YHB treatment in a dose-dependent manner. A pronounced reduction in the migration and proliferation of VSMCs was observed following co-treatment of YHB with mTOR or p38 inhibitors. In conclusion, this study shows that YHB inhibits the PDGF-induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs by regulating the transcription factor FOXO3a and the mTOR/p38/FAK signaling pathway. Therefore, YHB may be a potential therapeutic candidate for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and vascular restenosis.
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Movimiento Celular , Proliferación Celular , Proteína Forkhead Box O3 , Músculo Liso Vascular , Miocitos del Músculo Liso , Factor de Crecimiento Derivado de Plaquetas , Yohimbina , Músculo Liso Vascular/citología , Músculo Liso Vascular/metabolismo , Músculo Liso Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína Forkhead Box O3/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Factor de Crecimiento Derivado de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Derivado de Plaquetas/farmacología , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/efectos de los fármacos , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Yohimbina/farmacología , Ratas , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Quinasa 1 de Adhesión Focal/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Paxillin/metabolismo , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Delirium is a critical postoperative complication in older patients. Based on the hypothesis that intraoperative dexmedetomidine sedation would lower postoperative delirium than propofol sedation would, the authors compared the incidence of postoperative delirium in older adults, using the mentioned sedatives. METHODS: This double-blinded, randomized controlled study included 748 patients, aged 65 yr or older, who were scheduled for elective lower extremity orthopedic surgery, between June 2017 and October 2021. Patients were randomized equally into two groups in a 1:1 ratio according to the intraoperative sedative used (dexmedetomidine vs. propofol). The postoperative delirium incidence was considered the primary outcome measure; it was determined using the confusion assessment method, on the first three postoperative days. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate were evaluated as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: The authors enrolled 732 patients in the intention-to-treat analyses. The delirium incidence was lower in the dexmedetomidine group than in the propofol group (11 [3.0%] vs. 24 [6.6%]; odds ratio, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.201 to 0.86; P = 0.036). During sedation, the mean arterial pressure (median [interquartile range] mmHg) was higher in the dexmedetomidine group (77 [71 to 84]) than in the propofol group (74 [69 to 79]; P < 0.001); however, it significantly fell lower (74 [68 to 80]) than that of the propofol group (80 [74 to 87]) in the postanesthesia care unit (P < 0.001). Lower heart rates (beats/min) were recorded with the use of dexmedetomidine than with propofol, both during sedation (60 [55 to 66] vs. 63 [58 to 70]) and in the postanesthesia care unit (64 [58 to 72] vs. 68 [62-77]; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine showed a lower incidence of postoperative delirium than propofol in healthy older adults undergoing lower extremity orthopedic surgery.
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Anestesia Raquidea , Delirio , Dexmedetomidina , Delirio del Despertar , Propofol , Humanos , Anciano , Propofol/efectos adversos , Dexmedetomidina/efectos adversos , Delirio del Despertar/inducido químicamente , Anestesia Raquidea/efectos adversos , Delirio/inducido químicamente , Delirio/epidemiología , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/efectos adversos , Extremidad Inferior/cirugíaRESUMEN
This study aims to compare the effects of three enzyme-rich foods, including one fermented (grain enzyme) and two non-fermented foods (enzyme foods 1 and 2), by investigating their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-adipogenic properties. Grain enzyme exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity and was rich in antioxidant components, including total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents. Grain enzyme and enzyme foods 1 and 2 inhibited nitric oxide production by 27, 34, and 17%, respectively, at a concentration of 200 µg/mL in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Among the tested enzymes, grain enzyme demonstrated the strongest inhibition on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin (IL)-1ß, while Enzyme Food 2 exhibited the most significant suppression of IL-6 mRNA levels. Furthermore, Grain Enzyme demonstrated a stronger inhibitory effect compared to Enzyme Food 1 and 2. Grain Enzyme decreased the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)α, and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP)4 by 28, 21, and 30%, respectively, at a concentration of 400 µg/mL. In summary, fermented grain enzymes outperformed non-fermented enzymes in suppressing inflammation and adipogenesis. This study highlights the anti-inflammatory and anti-adipogenic effects of grain enzyme, suggesting its potential as a valuable dietary supplement for managing metabolic disorders.
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Antioxidantes , Lipogénesis , Antioxidantes/química , Antiinflamatorios/química , Macrófagos , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Chitin is mostly produced from crustaceans, but it is difficult to supply raw materials due to marine pollution, and the commonly used chemical chitin extraction method is not environmentally friendly. Therefore, this study aims to establish a chitin extraction process using enzymes and to develop edible insect-derived chitin as an eco-friendly new material. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis. The optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis by RSM were determined to be the substrate concentration (7.5%), enzyme concentration (80 µL/g), and reaction time (24 h). The solubility and DDA of the mealworm chitosan were 45% and 37%, respectively, and those of the commercial chitosan were 61% and 57%, respectively. In regard to the thermodynamic properties, the exothermic peak of mealworm chitin was similar to that of commercial chitin. In the FT-IR spectrum, a band was observed in mealworm chitin corresponding to the C=O of the NHCOCH3 group at 1645 cm-1, but this band showed low-intensity C=O in the mealworm chitosan due to deacetylation. Collectively, mealworm chitosan shows almost similar physical and chemical properties to commercial chitosan. Therefore, it is shown that an eco-friendly process can be introduced into chitosan production by using enzyme-extracted mealworms for chitin/chitosan production.
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Quitina , Quitosano , Subtilisinas , Tenebrio , Animales , Acetilación , Rastreo Diferencial de Calorimetría , Quitina/química , Quitina/aislamiento & purificación , Quitina/metabolismo , Quitosano/química , Quitosano/aislamiento & purificación , Quitosano/metabolismo , Crustáceos/química , Insectos Comestibles/química , Insectos Comestibles/metabolismo , Hidrólisis , Proteolisis , Solubilidad , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Subtilisinas/metabolismo , Tenebrio/química , Tenebrio/metabolismo , TermodinámicaRESUMEN
CADASIL is an inherited disease caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene. We aimed to investigate the mutation and clinical spectrum, and genotype-phenotype correlations of Korean CADASIL patients. Samples from 492 clinically suspicious patients were collected from four hospitals. Sanger sequencing was performed to screen exons 2 to 25 of the NOTCH3 gene and variants of unknown significance (VUS) were analyzed using the ACMG guidelines. The medical records and MRI data were received from each hospital, for comprehensive analysis of genotype-phenotype correlations. Previously reported NOTCH3 variants were most commonly detected in exon 11 whereas exon 4 was the most common in European studies. The variants were detected equally between the EGFr domains 1-6 and 7-34, which was different from EGFr 1-6 predominant European studies. The average age-of-onset of patients with EGFr 1-6 variants were 4.81 ± 1.95 years younger than patients with EGFr 7-34 variants. Overall, it took Korean patients 51.2 ± 10 years longer to develop CADASIL in comparison to European patients. The most common mutation was p.R544C, which was associated with a later onset of stroke and a significant time-to-event curve difference. We verified four atypical phenotypes of p.R544C that had been reported in previous studies. Eight novel variants in 15 patients were detected but remained a VUS based on the ACMG criteria. This study reported a different EGFr distribution of Korean patients in comparison to European patients and its correlation with a later age-of-onset. An association between a later onset of stroke/TIA and p.R544C was observed.
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CADASIL , Adulto , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , CADASIL/genética , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación , Receptor Notch3/genética , República de CoreaRESUMEN
Loss of muscle mass is the primary symptom of sarcopenia. Protein intake is recommended to prevent muscle mass loss, and Spirulina platensis, a microalga with high protein content, is a potential protein supplement. Here, we evaluated the differentiation ability of C2C12 cells and the inhibitory effect of Spirulina hydrolysates (SPH) prepared by Collupulin on dexamethasone (DEX)-treated C2C12 cells. SPH contained 578.27 mg/g protein and 92.30 mg/g branched-chain amino acids. SPH increased C2C12 myotube length and diameter, likely owing to increased MyoD1 and Myf5 expression. Inhibition of increased Atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and FoxO3 expression by SPH in DEX-treated C2C12 cells suppressed DEX-induced muscle atrophy. Moreover, SPH inhibited the DEX-induced increase in cytosolic p-Akt protein expression and suppressed the increase in nuclear FoxO3a protein expression, thereby suppressing the increase in the protein expression of the ubiquitin-proteasome-related factors Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1, which are involved in muscle atrophy. SPH suppressed DEX-induced muscle atrophy by activating the Akt/FoxO3a pathway. SPH promoted C2C12 myoblast differentiation into myotubes and inhibited DEX-induced myotube atrophy by suppressing Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 expression and regulating the FoxO3a transcription factor. Collectively, SPH can be used as a functional food to inhibit muscle atrophy and promote muscle regeneration.
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Spirulina , Dexametasona/toxicidad , Proteína Forkhead Box O3/metabolismo , Humanos , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas , Músculo Esquelético , Atrofia Muscular/inducido químicamente , Atrofia Muscular/metabolismo , Atrofia Muscular/prevención & control , Hidrolisados de Proteína/metabolismo , Hidrolisados de Proteína/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Spirulina/metabolismoRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Depression is a severe mental illness caused by a deficiency of dopamine and serotonin. Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) has long been used to treat pain, nausea, and depression. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the anti-depressant effects of C. sativa (hemp) seed ethanol extract (HE) in chlorpromazine (CPZ)-induced Drosophila melanogaster depression model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The normal group was untreated, and the control group was treated with CPZ (0.1% of media) for 7 days. The experimental groups were treated with a single HE treatment (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of media) and a mixture of 0.1% CPZ and HE for 7 days. The locomotor activity, behavioural patterns, depression-related gene expression, and neurotransmitters level of flies were investigated. RESULTS: The behavioural patterns of individual flies were significantly reduced with 0.1% CPZ treatment. In contrast, combination treatment of 1.5% HE and 0.1% CPZ significantly increased subjective daytime activity (p < 0.001) and behavioural factors (p < 0.001). These results correlate with increased transcript levels of dopamine (p < 0.001) and serotonin (p < 0.05) receptors and concentration of dopamine (p < 0.05), levodopa (p < 0.001), 5-HTP (p < 0.05), and serotonin (p < 0.001) compared to those in the control group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, HE administration alleviates depression-like symptoms by modulating the circadian rhythm-related behaviours, transcript levels of neurotransmitter receptors, and neurotransmitter levels in the CPZ-induced Drosophila model. However, additional research is needed to investigate the role of HE administration in behavioural patterns, reduction of the neurotransmitter, and signalling pathways of depression in a vertebrate model system.
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Cannabis/química , Depresión/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Clorpromazina/farmacología , Depresión/inducido químicamente , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster , Modelos Animales , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Neurotransmisores/metabolismo , Receptor de Serotonina 5-HT1A/metabolismo , Receptores Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , SemillasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Postoperative sore throat and airway injuries are relatively common after double-lumen tube (DLT) intubation. OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of fibreoptic-guided advance of DLT on postoperative sore throat and airway injuries associated with intubation. DESIGN: A randomised controlled study. SETTING: Tertiary hospital, Seongnam, Korea, from January 2018 to January 2019. PATIENTS: One hundred twenty three patients undergoing one-lung ventilation with a left-side DLT were randomised into two groups: 62 in the conventional group and 61 in the fibreoptic-guided group. INTERVENTION: After entering the glottis, the DLT was rotated left 90° and advanced blindly into the left main bronchus in the conventional group. In the fibreoptic-guided group, DLT was advanced into the main bronchus under the guide of fibreoptic bronchoscope, which had been passed through the bronchial lumen and inserted into the left main bronchus. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was postoperative sore throat at 24âh after operation. The airway injuries were also examined using a bronchoscope during extubation. RESULTS: At postoperative 24âh, the fibreoptic-guided group showed lower pain score (Pâ=â0.001) and lower incidence (risk ratio [95% CI]: 0.2 [0.1 to 0.5], Pâ<â0.001) of sore throat, compared with the conventional group. Moreover, tracheal injury was more severe in the conventional group than in the fibreoptic group (Pâ=â0.003). Vocal cord injuries also occurred less frequently in the fibreoptic-guided group (risk ratio [95% CI]: 0.4 [0.2 to 1.0], Pâ=â0.036). CONCLUSION: The fibreoptic-guided advancement seems to reduce irritation to the airway, leading less postoperative complications. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, registration number: NCT03368599.
Asunto(s)
Ronquera , Intubación Intratraqueal , Broncoscopios , Humanos , Intubación Intratraqueal/efectos adversos , Estudios Prospectivos , República de Corea/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: During induction of general anesthesia, proper mask ventilation is crucial for supplying sufficient oxygen to unconscious patients. Midazolam has a relaxing effect on airway muscles. We hypothesized that sedative premedication with midazolam would facilitate mask ventilation during anesthetic induction. METHODS: Patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were randomized into 2 groups. The midazolam group received midazolam premedication at the reception area, 3 minutes before transfer to the operating room. Patients in the control group were treated with normal saline as a placebo. The primary outcome was difficulty of mask ventilation during induction, as evaluated using the Warters scales. RESULTS: A total of 97 patients completed the analysis: 49 in the control group and 48 in the midazolam group. The patients in the midazolam group showed a significantly lower mask ventilation difficulty score on the Warters scale than that of the control group (mean [standard deviation], 0.92 [1.13] vs 0.19 [0.57]; estimated difference [95% confidence interval], 0.73 [0.37-1.09]; P < .001). The incidence of difficult mask ventilation (≥2 Warters scale) was significantly lower in the midazolam group than in the control group (risk ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.15 [0.03-0.72]; P = .015). CONCLUSIONS: This randomized clinical trial demonstrated that midazolam premedication enhanced mask ventilation during induction of general anesthesia.
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Anestesia General/instrumentación , Midazolam/administración & dosificación , Fármacos Neuromusculares/administración & dosificación , Premedicación , Respiración Artificial/instrumentación , Adulto , Anestesia General/efectos adversos , Esquema de Medicación , Diseño de Equipo , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Midazolam/efectos adversos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fármacos Neuromusculares/efectos adversos , Premedicación/efectos adversos , Respiración Artificial/efectos adversos , Seúl , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: An immersive virtual reality tour of the operating theater could reduce preoperative anxiety. This study was designed to determine whether a preoperative immersive virtual reality tour demonstrates a reduction in emergence delirium through reducing the preoperative anxiety in children undergoing general anesthesia. METHODS: Eighty-six children were randomly allocated into either the control or virtual reality group. The control group received conventional education regarding the perioperative process. The virtual reality group watched a 4-minute virtual reality video showing the operating theater and explaining the perioperative process. Incidence and severity of emergence delirium were the main outcomes. Secondary outcomes included preoperative anxiety using modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale and postoperative behavioral disturbance. RESULTS: Eighty children completed the final analysis (control group = 39, virtual reality group = 41). The incidence (risk ratio [95% CI]: 1.1 [0.5-2.8], P = 0.773) and severity of emergence delirium (mean difference [95% CI]: -0.2 [-2.7 to 2.2], P = 0.791) were similar in the two groups. After the intervention, children in the virtual reality group had a significantly lower modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety score than those in the control group (mean difference [95% CI]: 9.2 [0.3-18.2], P = 0.022). No difference was observed regarding postoperative behavioral disturbance between the two groups at postoperative 1 day (mean difference [95% CI]: -0.1 [-0.3 to 0.1], P = 0.671) and 14 day (mean difference [95% CI]: -0.0 [-0.1 to 0.0], P = 0.329). CONCLUSION: Preoperative immersive virtual reality tour of the operating theater did not reduce the incidence and severity of emergence delirium, although it was effective in alleviating preoperative anxiety in children.
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Anestesia General/métodos , Ansiedad/prevención & control , Delirio del Despertar/prevención & control , Realidad Virtual , Anestesia General/psicología , Ansiedad/psicología , Niño , Preescolar , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Electivos , Delirio del Despertar/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Cuidados Posoperatorios/psicología , Cuidados Preoperatorios/psicología , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Enzymatic hydrolysis and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) are common processing techniques in the extraction of active compounds from food materials. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis combined with HHP treatments on ginsenoside metabolites in red ginseng. RESULTS: The yield and changes in the levels of polyphenol and ginsenoside were measured in red ginseng treated with commercial enzymes such as Ultraflo L, Viscozyme, Cytolase PCL5, Rapidase and Econase E at atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa), 50 MPa, and 100 MPa. ß-Glucosidase activity of Cytolase was the highest at 4258.2 mg-1 , whereas Viscozyme showed the lowest activity at 10.6 mg-1 . Pressure of 100 MPa did not affect the stability or the activity of the ß-glucosidase. Treatment of red ginseng with Cytolase and Econase at 100 MPa significantly increased the dry weight and polyphenol content of red ginseng, compared with treatments at 0.1 MPa and 50 MPa (P < 0.05). The amounts of ginsenoside and ginsenoside metabolites derived from red ginseng processed using Cytolase were higher than those derived from red ginseng treated with the other enzymes. Treatment with Cytolase also significantly increased the skin and intestinal permeability of red ginseng-derived polyphenols. CONCLUSION: Cytolase could be useful as an enzymatic treatment to enhance the yield of bioactive compounds from ginseng under HHP. In addition, ginsenoside metabolites obtained by Cytolase hydrolysis combined with HHP are functional substances with increased intestinal and skin permeability. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Enzimas/química , Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Ginsenósidos/química , Ginsenósidos/metabolismo , Panax/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/metabolismo , Animales , Biocatálisis , Hidrólisis , Presión Hidrostática , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Masculino , Panax/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Piel/metabolismoRESUMEN
CONTEXT: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter and it is well established that activation of GABAA receptors favours sleep. l-Theanine, a naturally occurring amino acid first discovered in green tea, is a well-known anti-anxiety supplement with proven relaxation benefits. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the potential synergistic sleep enhancement effect of GABA/l-theanine mixture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pentobarbital-induced sleep test was applied to find proper concentration for sleep-promoting effect in ICR mice. Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis was performed to investigate total sleeping time and sleep quality in normal SD rats and caffeine-induced awareness model. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to investigate whether the sleep-promoting mechanism of GABA/l-theanine mixture involved transcriptional processes. RESULTS: GABA/l-theanine mixture (100/20 mg/kg) showed a decrease in sleep latency (20.7 and 14.9%) and an increase in sleep duration (87.3 and 26.8%) compared to GABA or theanine alone. GABA/l-theanine mixture led to a significant increase in rapid eye movement (REM) (99.6%) and non-REM (NREM) (20.6%) compared to controls. The use of GABA/l-theanine mixture rather than GABA or l-theanine alone restored to normal levels sleep time and quality in the arousal animal model. The administration of GABA/l-theanine led to increased expression of GABA and the glutamate GluN1 receptor subunit. CONCLUSIONS: GABA/l-theanine mixture has a positive synergistic effect on sleep quality and duration as compared to the GABA or l-theanine alone. The increase in GABA receptor and GluN1 expression is attributed to the potential neuromodulatory properties of GABA/l-theanine combination, which seems to affect sleep behaviour.
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Glutamatos/farmacología , Latencia del Sueño/efectos de los fármacos , Sueño de Onda Lenta/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/farmacología , Animales , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Glutamato/metabolismoRESUMEN
In 41 healthy volunteers, we investigated the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the subclavian vein (SCV) in the following head positions: neutral and 30° head rotation toward the contralateral or ipsilateral sides. Significant differences were observed in the CSA of the SCV at 3 different head positions: contralateral 30° versus neutral, -0.05 cm (95% confidence interval, -0.08 to -0.03); contralateral 30° versus ipsilateral 30°, -0.15 cm (-0.19 to -0.12); neutral versus ipsilateral 30°, -0.10 cm (-0.13 to -0.07); all Pcorrected< .001). For SCV catheterization, 30° head rotation to the ipsilateral side provided significant improvements in the CSA compared with the other head positions.
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Cateterismo Venoso Central/métodos , Movimientos de la Cabeza/fisiología , Vena Subclavia/diagnóstico por imagen , Vena Subclavia/fisiología , Posición Supina/fisiología , Ultrasonografía Intervencional/métodos , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Vena Subclavia/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of romaine lettuce leaves extract (RE), skullcap root extract (SE) and their mixture on sleep behaviors in vertebrate models. HPLC analysis showed that RE contains lactucopicrin (0.02±0.01 mg/g extract), chlorogenic acid (4.05±0.03 mg/g extract), caffeic acid (2.38±0.03 mg/g extract), and chicoric acid (7.02±0.32 mg/g extract) as main phenolic compounds, while SE includes baicalin (99.4±0.5 mg/g extract), baicalein (8.28±0.21 mg/g extract), and wogonin (3.09±0.32 mg/g extract). The mixture of RE (100 mg/g extract) and SE (40 mg/g extract) increased total sleep time by 50.9% compared with the control in pentobarbital-induced sleep model. In electroencephalography (EEG) analysis, RE/SE mixture significantly increased Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM), in which delta wave was enhanced by around 40% compared with normal control, leading to the increase of sleep time. In caffeine-induced wake model, RE/SE mixture greatly decreased (53%) caffeine-induced wake time, showing a similar level to normal control. In addition, caffeine-induced decreased of NREM and delta wave effectively increased with RE/SE mixture; NREM and delta wave increased by 85% and 108%, respectively. Furthermore, RE/SE mixture was shown to bind to a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA)-benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor stronger than RE or SE single extract. Taken together, RE/SE mixture effectively improved sleep behavior with the increase of NREM via GABAA-BZD receptor binding. RE/SE mixture can be used as an herbal agent for sleep disorders.
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Hipnóticos y Sedantes/farmacología , Lactuca , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Scutellaria , Sueño/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Cafeína , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/farmacología , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/análisis , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de GABA-A/metabolismo , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño/inducido químicamente , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Krill (Euphausia superba) is a small marine crustacean with a lipid content. The mechanism of Krill oil function is not clear yet and research reports on the absorption rate of the phospholipids of krill oil in the blood and brain are very poor. METHODS: We studied the effect of oral short-term and long-term administration of Krill oils (KOs) on bioavailability in the blood and brain of rats. For short-term testing of fish and KO bioavailability, rats were divided into four groups: normal, fish oil (FO), Krill oil 1 (KO), and Krill oil 2 (CKO). The blood and brain were collected at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after oral administration (1000 mg/rat). Five hundred milligrams of FO, KO, and CKO were orally administered daily for 2 weeks for long-term administration, and then the brain and blood were collected. RESULTS: Two types of KOs showed high content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the PL. The EPA content of CKO and KO were 41.13 and 32.49%, respectively. After short-term KO administration, KO showed a higher EPA content than CKO in the blood after 2 h. KO showed higher content of DHA than CKO even after 2 h. FO increased until 8 h, but then decreased rapidly until 12 h. Although the total unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content of KOs was lower than the total UFS content in FO, the remaining UFS content in the brain was higher than that in FO over time. Following oral administration of FO, KO, and CKO for 1 and 2 weeks, triglycerides (TG) and PL contents in the blood for KOs were slightly higher than for FO. EPA and DHA levels in the brain were slightly higher in KOs following long-term administration, but the difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Base on these findings, KOs have functional potential for the brain and vascular diseases, and can be utilized as a multi-functional material composed mainly of functional ingredients.
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Encéfalo/metabolismo , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/sangre , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/sangre , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/sangre , Euphausiacea/química , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Administración Oral , Animales , Disponibilidad Biológica , Barrera Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Química Encefálica , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Fosfolípidos/sangre , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we compared the laryngoscopic view depending on the size of the Macintosh curved blade in edentulous patients. METHODS: Thirty-five edentulous adult patients scheduled for elective surgery were included in the study. After induction of anesthesia, two direct laryngoscopies were performed alternately using a standard-sized Macintosh curved blade (No. 4 for men and No. 3 for women) and smaller-sized Macintosh curved blade (No. 3 for men and No. 2 for women). During direct laryngoscopy with each blade, two digital photographs of the lateral view were taken when the blade tip was placed in the valleculae; the laryngoscope was lifted to achieve the best laryngeal view. Then, the best laryngeal views were assessed using the percentage of glottic opening (POGO) score. On the photographs of the lateral view of direct laryngoscopy, the angles between the line extending along the laryngoscopic handle and the horizontal line were measured. RESULTS: The POGO score was improved with the smaller-sized blade compared with the standard-sized blade (87.3% [11.8%] vs. 71.3% [20.0%], P<0.001, respectively). The angles between the laryngoscopic handle and the horizontal line were greater with the smaller-sized blade compared to the standard-sized blade when the blade tip was placed on the valleculae and when the laryngoscope was lifted to achieve the best laryngeal view (both P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to a standard-sized Macintosh blade, a smaller-sized Macintosh curved blade improved the laryngeal exposure in edentulous patients.
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Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Electivos , Intubación Intratraqueal/métodos , Laringoscopios , Boca Edéntula , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Anestesiología , Estudios Cruzados , Diseño de Equipo , Femenino , Glotis/anatomía & histología , Humanos , Intubación Intratraqueal/instrumentación , Laringoscopía/métodos , Masculino , República de CoreaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Spinal cord ischemic injury remains a serious complication of open surgical and endovascular aortic procedures. Simvastatin has been reported to be associated with neuroprotective effect after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of starting simvastatin after spinal cord IR injury in a rat model. METHODS: In adult Sprague-Dawley rats, spinal cord ischemia was induced using a balloon-tipped catheter placed in the descending thoracic aorta. The animals were then randomly divided into 4 groups: group A (control); group B (0.5 mg/kg simvastatin); group C (1 mg/kg simvastatin); and group D (10 mg/kg simvastatin). Simvastatin was administered orally upon reperfusion for 5 days. Neurological function of the hind limbs was evaluated for 7 days after reperfusion and recorded using a motor deficit score (MDS) (0: normal, 5: complete paraplegia). The number of normal motor neurons within the anterior horns of the spinal cord was counted after final MDS evaluation. Then, the spinal cord was harvested for histopathological examination. RESULTS: Group D showed a significantly lower MDS than the other groups at post-reperfusion day 1 and this trend was sustained throughout the study period. Additionally, a greater number of normal motor neurons was observed in group D than in other groups (group D 21.2 [3.2] vs. group A: 15.8 [4.2]; group B 15.4 [3.4]; and group C 15.5 [3.7]; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study suggest that 10 mg/kg can significantly improve neurologic outcome by attenuating neurologic injury and restoring normal motor neurons after spinal cord IR injury.
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Miembro Posterior/fisiopatología , Inhibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/farmacología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Daño por Reperfusión/tratamiento farmacológico , Simvastatina/farmacología , Médula Espinal/fisiopatología , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Although minor, a sore throat after endotracheal intubation can adversely affect patient satisfaction and postoperative function. We compared the effects of 2 endotracheal tube cuff shapes on postoperative sore throat. METHODS: One hundred ninety-one adult patients were included in the study. After induction of anesthesia, patients were randomized to endotracheal intubation with a conventional cylindrical-shaped cuff (Group C, n = 95) or a tapered-shaped cuff (Group T, n = 96). The number of intubation attempts, time to achieve endotracheal intubation, and duration of intubation were recorded. Postoperative sore throat and hoarseness were assessed at 1, 6, and 24 hours after surgery. A 0- to 100-mm visual analog scale was used to evaluate sore throat severity. The primary outcome of this study was the overall cumulative incidence of postoperative sore throat in the 24-hour evaluation period in the 2 groups. RESULTS: The overall incidence of postoperative sore throat was lower in Group T than in Group C (32% vs 54%; relative risk = 0.60, 95% confidence interval: 0.43-0.85; P= .003). At 6 hours after surgery, the incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat were lower in Group T compared with Group C (Bonferroni-corrected P< .05). Postoperative hoarseness also occurred less frequently in Group T compared with Group C (19% vs 37%; P= .006). Group T had lower incidence of hoarseness at 1 and 6 hours after surgery than Group C (Bonferroni-corrected P< .05), but the incidence of hoarseness at 24 hours after surgery did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intubation using an endotracheal tube with a tapered cuff reduced the incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat and the incidence of hoarseness after surgery when compared with an endotracheal tube with a cylindrical cuff.
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Diseño de Equipo/instrumentación , Intubación Intratraqueal/efectos adversos , Intubación Intratraqueal/instrumentación , Dolor Postoperatorio/prevención & control , Faringitis/prevención & control , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dimensión del Dolor/métodos , Dolor Postoperatorio/diagnóstico , Dolor Postoperatorio/epidemiología , Faringitis/diagnóstico , Faringitis/epidemiología , Método Simple CiegoRESUMEN
In this study, we used Drosophila as a model species to examine the effects of vitamin or energy-drink and theses ingredients on behavioral activity, life-span, and survivorship. Behavioral assays were performed to analyze total activity during the subjective daytime and nighttime and the lifespan assay was performed to investigate the influence of the drink ingredients. Quantitative RT-PCR and enzyme activity analyses were applied to analyze the mutual relationship of neural pathways and anti-oxidant activities. Caffeine and taurine treatments resulted in significant differences between the control and ascorbic acid groups with respect to subjective daytime and nighttime activity (p<0.05). Additionally, the lifespan and survival on individual flies significantly decreased with 1.6% taurine, and 0.025 and 0.05% caffeine treatment compared to the normal group (p<0.05). These results are related to the transcript levels of neuromodulator (p<0.05). In addition, ascorbic acid treatments significantly increased the activity of antioxidant-related enzymes (p<0.05). We successfully demonstrated that 0.5 and 1.0% ascorbic acid increases the lifespan of fruit flies to a greater extent than 1.6% taurine, and 0.025 and 0.05% caffeine, and that this effect is driven by changes in gene expression and the activity of oxidative stress-related enzyme. In summary, these findings support the use of ascorbic acid as a drink ingredient to enhance body function. Use of the fruit fly in combination with behavior activities and biological processes is recommended for validating the effects of functional substances used by the drink and food industry.
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Antioxidantes/farmacología , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/farmacología , Drosophila melanogaster/fisiología , Longevidad/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacología , Cafeína/farmacología , Ritmo Circadiano/efectos de los fármacos , Drosophila melanogaster/efectos de los fármacos , Bebidas Energéticas/efectos adversos , Locomoción/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Modelos Animales , Neurotransmisores/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Taurina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Korean cactus Cheonnyuncho (Opuntia humifusa) is rich in pectin, phenols, flavonoids, and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. Some Koreans drink Cheonnyuncho juice prepared by grinding Cheonnyuncho with water. Cheonnyuncho is well known for its functional properties and antioxidant effects, but its effect on constipation has not been sufficiently studied. METHODS: Loperamide (2 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously to induce constipation in rats. The animals were divided into four groups: a normal group (NOR), constipation control group (CON), and two constipation groups receiving the Cheonnyuncho extract (CE) at two different concentrations in drinking water, 3% (L-CE group) and 6% (H-CE group), for 25 days. RESULTS: The fecal pellet numbers of NOR and L-CE were significantly increased from 35.67 ± 2.09 (CON) to 50.60 ± 1.38 and 46.50 ± 2.91 after loperamide treatment, respectively (p < 0.05). The water content of fecal excretions was significantly enhanced in only the L-CE group (33.05 ± 0.49%) compared to control (23.38 ± 1.26%) (p < 0.05) after loperamide treatment. The oral intake of CE (L-CE and H-CE groups) significantly increased levels of the intestinal transit ratio (45.25 ± 1.86% and 41.05 ± 2.47%, respectively) compared to the CON group (32.15 ± 2.05%) (p < 0.05). Treatment with the low concentration of CE significantly increased fecal levels of acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acids, as well as the total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration. Histological analyses revealed that the thickness of the distal colon also increased in the CE-treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Constipation decreased when CE was fed to the rats. In particular, the fecal pellet number and water content, as well as histological parameters such as distal colon thickness, improved. The CE treatment also increased the fecal SCFA content. These results show that the extract of Cheonnyuncho (O. humifusa) alleviated the symptoms of loperamide-induced constipation.