Mixed-Methods Study of Disability Self-Management in Mexican Americans With Osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Health disparities in osteoarthritis (OA) outcomes exist both in the occurrence and treatment of functional limitation and disability for Mexican Americans. Although the effect of self-management of chronic illness is well established, studies demonstrate little attention to self-management of function or disability, despite the strong potential effect on both and, consequently, on patients' lives. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study pilot was to develop and test key variable relationships for a measure of disability self-management among Mexican Americans. METHODS: In this sequential, two-phased, mixed-methods, biobehavioral pilot study of Mexican American women and men with OA, a culturally tailored measure of disability self-management was created, and initial relationships among key variables were explored. RESULTS: First, a qualitative study of 19 adults of Mexican American descent born in Texas (United States) or Mexico was conducted. The Mexican American Disability Self-Management Scale was created using a descriptive content analysis of interview data. The scale was tested and refined, resulting in 18 items and a descriptive frequency of therapeutic management efforts. Second, correlations between study variables were estimated: Disability and function were negatively correlated. Disability correlated positively with social support and activity effort. Disability correlated negatively with disability self-management, pain, and C-reactive protein. Function was positively correlated with age, pain, and depression. Liver enzymes (alanine transaminase) correlated positively with pain and anxiety. DISCUSSION: This mixed-methods study indicates directions for further testing and interventions for disability outcomes among Mexican Americans.

Longitudinal Effects of Sex, Aging, and Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis on Function.

BACKGROUND: A gap in research about the trajectories of function among men and women aging with functional limitations because of multiple sclerosis (MS) hinders ability to plan for future needs. OBJECTIVES: Using a biopsychosocial model, we characterize how men and women with MS report changes over time in their function and test how person-level differences in age, diagnosis duration, and sex influence perceived function. METHODS: A longitudinal study with multiple waves of surveys was used to collect data on participant perceptions of function, as well as demographic and contextual variables. Self-reported functional limitation was measured over a decade. The study participants were community residing with physician-diagnosed MS. RESULTS: The people with MS had a diagnosis duration of about 13 years and were around 51 years of age, on average, at the start of the study. They were primarily women and non-Hispanic White. We analyzed the data using mixed-effects models. Subject-specific, functional limitation trajectories were described best with a quadratic growth model. Relative to men, women reported lower functional limitation and greater between-person variation and rates of acceleration in functional limitation scores. DISCUSSION: Results suggest function progressed through two pathways for over a decade, particularly closer to diagnoses. Variability in trajectories between individuals based on sex and years since diagnosis of disease indicates that men and women with MS may experience perceptions of their function with age differently. This has implications for clinician advice to men and women with MS.

The Life-Course Perspectives of Mexican American Men With Mobility Limitation.

The life-history narratives of 10 Mexican American men with mobility limitations, age 55-77 years (mean = 63.8, SD = 5.8), were explored using a qualitatively driven, life-history mixed-methods study to understand perceptions of mobility limitations over the life course. Within that methodological and paradigmatic framework, conceptualizations of alterity and masculinity guided interpretation of data. Through an iterative, thematic analysis, we detail the way the men's lives were influenced by growing familial responsibility with age. Quantitative data were integrated into themes of narrative inheritance, family, and masculinity. It was posited that masculinity with mobility limitations shaped and was shaped by ethnic identity and responsibility. This has implications for understanding the experience of Mexican American men over the life course.

Pursuing Well-Being Among Rural-Dwelling Adults With Disabilities.

Through this constructivist grounded theory study, it was our purpose to create a substantive theory to explain how rural-dwelling, working-age adults with disabilities define and pursue well-being. Twelve rural-dwelling participants were interviewed up to 3 times to understand the processes involved in defining and pursuing well-being. From this exploration, we suggest that well-being is not a set state to be achieved and then enjoyed, rather well-being results from establishing and maintaining membership in the rural community. Membership facilitated access to the array of material and psychological supports needed for a sense of well-being. Findings support the assumption that urban models of care are insufficient for rural areas. This study also provides an understanding of how individuals in this population mobilize resources to overcome functional limitations and environmental barriers to establish group membership and create a sense of well-being. Implications for health care practice and policy are discussed.

The Relationship between Pain, Disability, and Sex in African Americans.

Older African Americans consistently report diminished capacities to perform activities of daily living (ADL) compared with other racial groups. The extent to which bodily pain is related to declining abilities to perform ADL/ADL disability in African Americans remains unclear, as does whether this relationship exists to the same degree in African American men and women. For nurses to provide optimal care for older African Americans, a better understanding of the relationship between bodily pain and ADL disability and how it may differ by sex is needed. The aim of this study was to examine whether pain, age, education, income, marital status and/or comorbid conditions were associated with ADL disabilities in older African American women and men. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample included 598 participants (446 women, 152 men) from the first wave of the Baltimore Study on Black Aging. African American women (odds ratio [OR] = 4.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.63-6.26) and African American men (OR = 6.44; 95% CI = 2.84-14.57) who reported bodily pain had greater ADL disability than those who did not report bodily pain. Having two or more comorbid conditions also was significantly associated with ADL disability in African American women (OR = 3.95; 95% CI: 2.09-7.47). Further work is needed to understand pain differences between older African American women and men to develop interventions that can be tailored to meet the individual pain needs of both groups.

Nursing Home Stakeholder Views of Resident Involvement in Medical Care Decisions.

Demand by nursing home residents for involvement in their medical care, or, patient-centered care, is expected to increase as baby boomers begin seeking long-term care for their chronic illnesses. To explore the needs in meeting this proposed demand, we used a qualitative descriptive method with content analysis to obtain the joint perspective of key stakeholders on the current state of person-centered medical care in the nursing home. We interviewed 31 nursing home stakeholders: 5 residents, 7 family members, 8 advanced practice registered nurses, 5 physicians, and 6 administrators. Our findings revealed constraints placed by the long-term care system limited medical involvement opportunities and created conflicting goals for patient-centered medical care. Resident participation in medical care was perceived as low, but important. The creation of supportive educational programs for all stakeholders to facilitate a common goal for nursing home admission and to provide assistance through the long-term care system was encouraged.

Mental health literacy and postpartum depression: a qualitative description of views of lower income women.

The purpose of this study is to understand mental health literacy (MHL) (Jorm, 2000) in lower income women postpartum and share participant experiences of recognizing and seeking help for depressive symptoms. Focus group textual data were received from 25 participants who completed a weight and psychosocial health longitudinal study. Iterative content data analysis using Jorm's framework provided thematic understandings descriptive of MHL. Women recognized behavioral changes indicating mental distress, but fears prevented them from seeking help, and some resorted to risky behaviors. This framework could guide providers to identify women who may benefit from early intervention for postpartum depressive symptoms.

Relationship difficulties postrape: being a male intimate partner of a female rape victim in Cape Town, South Africa.

In a longitudinal phenomenological study, the lived experience of being a male intimate partner (MIP) of a female rape victim in Cape Town, South Africa, is presented. Nine men participated in four face-to-face, semistructured interviews. The authors describe changes in communication and sexual intimacy postrape and how these changes spiralled into a dysfunctional relationship. Participants were interested in interventions for both partners and particularly for education to improve their communication and sexual relationships postrape. Researchers need to reconsider existing policies related to training programs to develop interventions that can address the needs of couples postrape and, ultimately, enhance their recovery.

Measuring gender satisfaction among women aging with paralytic polio.

In this study we tested the Gendered Outcome Scale as a measure of gender satisfaction among 295 women aging with the disabling effects of paralytic polio. Principal components analysis, reliability analyses, and content validity were analyzed on the scale. The scale had a Cronbach's alpha of.90. Younger women had more gender satisfaction (r =.181, p <.01), and women who had greater disability had greater gender satisfaction. (r = -.127, p <.05). The results support that the scale is a valid and reliable measure for determing gender satisfaction. Further work is needed to test the scale in diversified samples.

Life Course Perspectives of Aging With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders in Psychiatric and Long-Term Care Facilities.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders must manage residual symptoms as they age, and they may experience premature or accelerated aging in comparison with those without their diagnosis. To explore their life course perspectives, we interviewed institutionalized adults aging with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in middle and older age. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used an exploratory descriptive design and qualitative methods. Participants answered semistructured, open-ended questions about perceptions of their mental illness along the life course. RESULTS: Participants (N = 30, age 45-83 years) were from an acute care psychiatric facility and a long-term care facility: 16 (53%) men, 14 (47%) women; 6 (20%) Hispanic, 10 (33%) African American, 14 (47%) non-Hispanic White. Participants' life course included traumas from violence, homelessness, and stigma; psychiatric symptoms such as worry and sadness; and age-related physiological symptoms including illness, loss of strength, falls, and incontinence, with falls and incontinence reported only in long-term care. Aging within institutionalization included lack of privacy and autonomy, and isolation (less socialization). Participants provided insights for potential improvements. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Because these aging adults are experts on their own care, researchers should continue to seek their input to inform their healthcare.

Epigenetic Aging and Rheumatoid Arthritis.

This is the first known comparative assessment of the associations of epigenetic age estimates with the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We used data available in Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE42861) from the Swedish Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis study. Information regarding RA diagnosis and 450K DNA methylation (DNAm) of 18- to 70-year-old participants was available. Utilizing Horvath's online DNAm Age Calculator, we determined the DNAm estimate of Telomere length (DNAmTL), Hannum's epigenetic age, Horvath's 2013 and 2018 epigenetic ages, PhenoAge, GrimAge, and the respective age-acceleration measures. The association of RA prevalence with epigenetic age measures was assessed using linear regression, adjusting for sex and smoking status. The p values were corrected for multiple testing using a false discovery rate. We identified statistically significant associations of RA with Horvath 2013 age acceleration (estimate: -1.34; FDR p value: 1.0 × 10-2), Horvath 2018 age acceleration (estimate: -1.32; FDR p value: 4.0 × 10-5), extrinsic age acceleration (estimate: 1.34; FDR p value: 1.0 × 10-2), PhenoAge acceleration (estimate: 2.31; FDR p value: 1.1 × 10-5), GrimAge (estimate: 2.54; FDR p value: 1.0 × 10-2), and GrimAge acceleration (estimate: 3.15; FDR p-value: 1.7 × 10-17). Of note, the raw and age-adjusted GrimAge surrogate DNAm protein components were significantly higher in RA cases than controls. Interestingly, the first-generation measures were associated only with women. No sex-specific effects were identified for PhenoAge or GrimAge accelerations. In this cross-sectional assessment, the second-generation clocks show promise as markers of biological aging, with higher epigenetic age acceleration observed in RA cases compared with healthy controls.

Translation cost, quality, and adequacy.

PURPOSE: Although the inclusion of non-native-speaking participants in nursing research is important in every country where nursing research takes place, the literature contains little on the method of achieving quality translation while simultaneously addressing cost containment. We describe a process for evaluating translation adequacy and demonstrate its use in comparing procedures for translating data from non-native-speaking interviews. ORGANIZING CONSTRUCT: This work demonstrates a process for establishing, evaluating, and achieving translation adequacy when conducting qualitative research for cross-cultural comparisons. METHODS: In an ethnographic investigation of disability in Mexican American women, we describe a process for obtaining translation adequacy, defined here as the methodological goal whereby the quality of the translated text meets the needs of the specified study. Using a subset of responses transcribed from Spanish audiotapes into Spanish text, the text was subjected to two separate translation processes, which were compared for adequacy based on error rates and accuracy of meaning, as well as for cost. FINDINGS: The process for discriminating translation adequacy was sensitive to differences in certified versus noncertified translators. While the noncertified translation initially appeared to be seven times less expensive than the certified process, auditing and correcting errors in noncertified translations substantially increased cost. No errors were found with the certified translations. CONCLUSIONS: The level of translation adequacy needed for any qualitative study should be considered before beginning the study itself. Based on a predetermined level, translation choices can be assessed using specified methods, which can also lead to greater transparency in the research process. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An ongoing process to verify translation outcomes including cost, a component minimally discussed in the current literature, is relevant to nurses worldwide. Awareness of expense and quality issues makes greater methodological transparency possible in the design of translation projects and research studies.

Music Compared with Auditory Books: A Randomized Controlled Study Among Long-Term Care Residents with Alzheimer's Disease or Related Dementia.

BACKGROUND: Over 5 million Americans age 65 years and older were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and/or related dementia (ADRD), a majority of whom exhibit behavioral and psychological symptoms leading to placement in long-term care settings. These facilities need nonmedical interventions, and music-based programs have received supportive evidence. SETTING: Thirteen long-term care facilities were among a wave of facilities that volunteered to be trained and to administer a music-based intervention. The residents within were randomized into intervention or control groups (intervention/music, n = 103; control/audiobook, n = 55). DESIGN: This team used a pragmatic trial to randomly embed music and control (audiobooks) into 13 long-term care facilities to compare the effects on agitation in people with ADRD. METHODS: Measures included a demographic survey; the Mini-Mental Status Examination, used to assess cognitive status; and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory with 4 subscales, used to measure agitation. These measures were implemented at baseline and every 2 weeks for 8 weeks. Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate change in agitation measures while addressing dependencies of scores within participants and facility. RESULTS: Decreases in agitation were attributable to both music and audiobooks in 3 of 4 agitation subscales. In the fourth, physical agitation, which was not directed toward staff, initially, it decreased given music, and increased thereafter; and generally, it increased with the audiobooks. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Both music and control audiobooks delivered by headphones after personalized selection reduced some aspects of agitation in residents diagnosed with ADRD. The effects of music were greater initially then diminished.

Timing of impairment and health-promoting lifestyles in women with disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to develop a substantive theory to explain how the timing of impairment in women's lives influenced health-promoting lifestyles among 45 women age 43 to 79 years with impairments of varying onset across the life course. From this grounded theory exploration, we suggest that women created health-related lifestyles that were comprised of changing abilities, roles, and rituals in support of perceived self. The ultimate goal of a healthy lifestyle was healthy aging, which was self-determination in the support of positive relationships. Environment and resources had direct influence on the perceived self. Our proposed substantive theory provides an understanding of how women develop a healthy lifestyle after the onset of permanent sensory or physical impairment. It also takes steps toward an understanding of how timing of impairment influences the perceptions women have of themselves and their health behaviors.

Reaching the "Hard-to-Reach": Recruitment of Rural-Dwelling Adults With Disabilities.

Introduction: There are 46 million individuals living in rural America that require unique consideration for rural health research. Recruitment of research participants from disparity groups can be difficult as these groups can be hard-to-reach. In particular, strategies for reaching rural-dwelling Americans with disabilities are not well-documented. Furthermore, researchers sometimes underestimate the time and effort needed to recruit participants from hard-to-reach populations. The purpose of this article is to report the methods used to recruit 12 rural-dwelling adults with disabilities into a qualitative study. Method: The recruitment strategies discussed in this article were used in a grounded theory study. Results: Fifty percent of the sample in this study was recruited via a community gatekeeper, 33% responded to a classified advertisement, and 17% were recruited via the researchers' professional networks. Discussion: Lessons learned yield insights as to effective recruitment methods for rural dwellers as well as other hard-to-reach populations.

The social construction of disability and the capabilities approach: Implications for nursing.

PROBLEM: Improving the health and well-being of people with disabilities (PWD) should be included https://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=justice-distributivein any strategies aimed at eliminating health disparities and achieving health equity in the United States. However, practitioners and policymakers often overlook disability when considering health equity. This is problematic because structural injustices including social and environmental barriers frequently worsen health for PWD. A commitment to social justice, however, dictates that everyone should have equitable opportunities to participate in chosen aspects of life to the best of their abilities and desires. METHODS: We use a critical commentary to provide suggestions for the nursing discipline. Specifically, we 1) position the disparities in health and well-being experienced by PWD as matters of equity and social justice, 2) describe Amartya Sen's capabilities approach, and 3) provide suggestions for incorporating tenets of the capabilities approach into nursing practice, research, and policy. CONCLUSION: The capabilities approach can provide a useful framework to guide nursing practice, research, and policy in order to advance social justice for PWD.

Correlates of Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults With Physical Functional Limitations: A Cross-Sectional Study in China.

The current study sought to determine the prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among older adults with physical functional limitations in China. A total of 2,410 older adults (age ≥60 years) were enrolled. Depressive symptoms and physical function were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living, respectively. Univariate logistic regression and stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. The mean score for depressive symptoms was 5.45 (SD = 5.49), with a prevalence of 27% (95% confidence interval [25.2, 28.8]). Risk factors for depressive symptoms included female gender, rural residence, being a farmer before age 60, history of chronic disease, self-reported poor health status, complete dependence, stressful life events over the past 3 months, insufficient emotional and material support, and low social participation over the past 1 month and feeling depressed about it. However, individuals older than 80 with high educational levels and hobbies showed a relatively low prevalence of depressive symptoms compared to their counterparts. This study confirms the necessity to screen for depressive symptoms in older adults, particularly those with physical functional limitations. The information can be used to identify and reduce related risk factors of depressive symptoms for vulnerable older adults. [Res Gerontol Nurs. 2019; 12(3):133-146.].

A Capabilities Approach to Environmental Impact on Nursing Home Resident Quality of Life.

Nursing homes are the major provider of intermediate and long-term care outside of the hospital setting to individuals whose capacity for self-care is limited due to physical or cognitive impairments. Yet, despite their need for assistance, residents of nursing homes want to control their lives, set their routines, and do enjoyable things. The extent to which residents can maintain autonomy and dignity is important. The current study suggests an environmental gerontological framework, rooted in a capabilities approach, that can be used to consider environmental impact on quality of life in nursing homes. Using a cross-sectional survey of nursing home residents in Texas, environmental factors that might predict residents' quality of life as well as possible interactions of environmental factors and residents' characteristics that might predict well-being were examined. Environmental orientation and perception of social activities were important predictors of residents' quality of life, but geographic location and facility size were not important predictors. [Res Gerontol Nurs. 2017; 10(4):162-170.].

Life purpose: effect on functional decline and quality of life in polio survivors.

This article explores the protective effects that finding a purpose in life has on the level of physical and mental impairment and overall quality of life. Results were gathered from a national sample of 2,153 polio survivors. Although the combined social and physical experience of living with the disabling effects of polio has been associated with accelerated aging due to an increased allostatic load, finding a purpose in life may diminish these effects. The findings of this study indicate that purpose in life is associated with less perceived decline in health. Moreover, purpose in life is predictive of better quality of life despite levels of physical and mental impairment. Rehabilitation nurses should consider ways to help persons with polio maintain activities and interests that promote their sense of purpose in life.

Factors associated with disability among middle-aged and older African American women with osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Middle-aged and older African American women experience disproportionate rates of functional limitations and disability from osteoarthritis (OA) compared to other racial ethnic groups; however, little is known about what factors contribute to this disparity within African American women. OBJECTIVE: To examine factors associated with physical function and disability among African American women ages 50-80 with OA using the disablement process model. METHODS: This descriptive study included 120 African American women with OA from the Southwestern region of the United States. Regression techniques were used to model the correlates of physical function and disability and to test a mediation model. RESULTS: BMI and pain severity were significantly related to functional limitations. Depressive symptoms mediated the relationship between racial discrimination and disability. CONCLUSION: Biological, intra-individual, and extra-individual factors are related to disablement outcomes in this sample of African American women, which is consistent with theory suggesting the need for treatment coupled with environmental modifications. This study can inform the development of future bio-behavioral interventions.