Long-term outcomes of chimney endovascular aneurysm repair procedure for complex abdominal aortic pathologies.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to update our earlier experience and to evaluate long-term outcomes of chimney endovascular aortic repair performed for selected cases with complex abdominal aortic aneurysm. METHODS: A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted on 51 consecutive patients who underwent chimney endovascular aortic repair procedure, deemed unfit for open surgical repair and fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair, from October 2009 to November 2019. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to assess the estimated overall survival, freedom from aneurysm related mortality, freedom from reintervention, freedom from target vessel instability, and freedom from type Ia endoleaks. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients (mean age, 77.1 ± 7.5 years) with a mean preoperative maximum aneurysm diameter of 74.2 ± 20.1 mm were included. Mean follow-up duration was 48.6 months (range, 0-136 months). Estimated overall survival at 5 and 7 years was 36.3% ± 7.1% and 18.3% ± 6.0%, respectively. Freedom from aneurysm-related mortality was 88.6% ± 4.9% at 7 years. Estimated freedom from type Ia endoleaks at 7 years was 91.8% ± 3.9%. A total of 21 late reinterventions were performed in 17 patients (33%). Most of them were performed to treat type II endoleaks with sac growth (47.6%; n = 10) and type Ib endoleak (23.8%; n = 5). Estimated freedom from reintervention at 7 years was 56.3% ± 7.9%. Estimated freedom from target vessel instability at 7 years was 91.5% ± 4.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The 7-year results of chimney endovascular aortic repair procedures performed in our center confirm the long-term safety and effectiveness of this technique in a series of high-risk patients with large aneurysms. The present study has, to the best of our knowledge, the longest follow-up for patients treated with chimney endovascular aortic repair, and it provides data to the scarce literature on the long-term outcomes of this procedure, showing acceptable to good long-term results.

Editor's Choice - Radiation Dose Reduction During Contralateral Limb Cannulation Using Fiber Optic RealShape Technology in Endovascular Aneurysm Repair.

OBJECTIVE: The increasing number of endovascular procedures has resulted in an increasing radiation burden, particularly for the treatment team. Fiber Optic RealShape (FORS) technology uses laser light instead of fluoroscopy to visualise the endovascular guidewire and catheters. These devices can be used during the navigational part of procedures, such as cannulation of the contralateral limb (CL) in endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). The aim of this study was to describe the effect of using FORS on radiation dose during CL cannulation in standard EVAR. METHODS: This was a non-randomised, retrospective comparison study of prospectively collected, single centre data from FORS guided EVAR compared with a conventional fluoroscopy only guided EVAR cohort. A total of 27 FORS guided cases were matched 1:1 based on sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) with 27 regular (fluoroscopy only) EVARs. This study primarily focused on (1) technical success of FORS and (2) navigation time and radiation dose (cumulative air kerma [CAK], air kerma area product [KAP], and fluoroscopy time [FT]) during cannulation of the CL. In addition, overall procedure time and radiation dose of the complete EVAR procedure were studied. RESULTS: In 22 (81%) of the 27 FORS guided cases the CL was successfully cannulated using FORS. All radiation dose parameters were significantly lower in the FORS group (CAK, p < .001; KAP, p = .009; and FT, p < .001) for an equal navigation time (p = .95). No significant differences were found when comparing outcomes of the complete procedure. CONCLUSION: Use of FORS technology significantly reduces radiation doses during cannulation of the CL in standard EVAR.

Prognostic Factors and Models to Predict Mortality Outcomes in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: Predicting adverse outcomes in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a complex task owing to the heterogeneity in patient and disease characteristics. This systematic review aimed to identify prognostic factors and prognostic models to predict mortality outcomes in patients with PAD Fontaine stage I - III or Rutherford category 0 - 4. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched to identify studies examining individual prognostic factors or studies aiming to develop or validate a prognostic model for mortality outcomes in patients with PAD. REVIEW METHODS: Information on study design, patient population, prognostic factors, and prognostic model characteristics was extracted, and risk of bias was evaluated. RESULTS: Sixty nine studies investigated prognostic factors for mortality outcomes in PAD. Over 80 single prognostic factors were identified, with age as a predictor of death in most of the studies. Other common factors included sex, diabetes, and smoking status. Six studies had low risk of bias in all domains, and the remainder had an unclear or high risk of bias in at least one domain. Eight studies developed or validated a prognostic model. All models included age in their primary model, but not sex. All studies had similar discrimination levels of > 70%. Five of the studies on prognostic models had an overall high risk of bias, whereas two studies had an overall unclear risk of bias. CONCLUSION: This systematic review shows that a large number of prognostic studies have been published, with heterogeneity in patient populations, outcomes, and risk of bias. Factors such as sex, age, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking are significant in predicting mortality risk among patients with PAD Fontaine stage I - III or Rutherford category 0 - 4.

Sex Differences in Mortality Risk after the First Hospitalisation with Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease.

OBJECTIVE: Lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a severe condition that increases the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, major adverse limb events, and all cause mortality. This study aimed to investigate the mortality risk among females and males hospitalised for the first time with lower extremity PAD. METHODS: Three cohorts of patients who were admitted for the first time with lower extremity PAD in 2007 - 2010, 2011 - 2014, and 2015 - 2018 were constructed. For the 2007 - 2010 and 2011 - 2014 cohorts, the 28 day, one year, and five year mortality rates were calculated, assessing survival time from date of hospital admission until date of death, end of study period, or censoring. For the 2015 - 2018 cohort, only 28 day and one year mortality were investigated due to lack of follow up data. Mortality rates of these cohorts were compared with the general population using standardised mortality rates (SMRs), and the risk of death between sexes was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models. Cox models were adjusted for age, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus to account for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: In total, 7 950, 9 670, and 13 522 patients were included in the 2007 - 2010, 2011 - 2014, and 2015 - 2018 cohorts, respectively. Over 60% of individuals in each cohort were males. Mortality rates at 28 day and one year remained stable across all cohorts, while the five year mortality rate increased for both males and females in the 2011 - 2014 cohort. The SMRs both of females and males with PAD were significantly higher than in the general population. Multivariable regression analyses found no significant differences in mortality risk between sexes at 28 day and one year. However, the five year mortality risk was lower in females, with a hazard ratio of 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83 - 0.97) in the 2007 - 2010 cohort and 0.88 (95% CI 0.82 - 0.94) in the 2011 - 2014 cohort. CONCLUSION: The five year mortality risk has increased, and females face a lower mortality risk than males. Lower extremity PAD still carries unfavourable long term consequences compared with the general population.

Twelve-Month Outcomes of Intravascular Lithotripsy for Treatment of Calcified Popliteal and Infrapopliteal Lesions in Patients With Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia.

PURPOSE: Vessel calcification is estimated to be present in 30% to 50% of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and is one of the main challenges in endovascular treatment. The popliteal artery is unique compared with other arteries due to its exposure to significant deformation and biomechanical stress during knee motion. Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is a novel technique that uses acoustic pressure waves to cause microfractures within the intimal and medial wall calcification. Intravascular lithotripsy is safe in femoropopliteal and infrapopliteal lesions, but follow-up studies are lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe the first follow-up outcomes of IVL in popliteal and infrapopliteal arterial disease. METHODS: This prospective, multicenter cohort study included all patients treated with IVL in the popliteal and infrapopliteal arteries at 4 sites. Standardized follow-up with duplex ultrasonography was scheduled at 6 to 8 weeks and 12 months. The primary safety endpoint was a composite of major adverse events (MAEs) at 30 days. Primary efficacy endpoints were primary patency, limb salvage, and amputation-free survival (AFS) at 12 months. Secondary endpoints were primary-assisted patency and freedom from target lesion revascularization (TLR). Endpoints were distributed for patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) and intermittent claudication (IC) and estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Between April 2021 and March 2023, 29 patients with 30 limbs were treated. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and CLTI were present in 62.1% and 80.0% of patients, respectively. Within the 32 treated lesions, severe calcification was present in 84.4% and bailout stenting was necessary in 12.5% of the lesions. Four MAEs occurred within 30 days: 1 closure device failure, 1 major amputation, and 2 deaths, neither of which was related to the study device. The primary patency, primary-assisted patency, freedom from TLR, limb salvage, and AFS at 12 months were 68.8%, 90.0%, 93.3%, 83.9%, and 57.1% for CLTI patients, respectively. No events occurred in restenosis, re-occlusion, TLR, major amputation, or mortality in patients with IC. CONCLUSIONS: This first-ever analysis on follow-up outcomes of IVL in the popliteal and infrapopliteal arteries demonstrated promising safety and efficacy outcomes with a low rate of bailout stenting. CLINICAL IMPACT: Vessel calcification is a common feature in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and is one of the main challenges in endovascular treatment. The popliteal artery is subjected to biomechanical stress during knee motion, which makes stenting unappealing and often leads to worse clinical outcomes. This study aimed to describe the first follow-up outcomes of IVL in popliteal and infrapopliteal arterial disease. As in line with previous studies, no relevant procedural complications were found and the rate of bail-out stenting was only 12.5%. Moreover, in a complex patient population, this study demonstrated promising safety and efficacy outcomes. The comparison of IVL with angioplasty alone or other vessel preparation devices for popliteal and infrapopliteal arterial disease is warranted.

Peripheral Interventions in Patients with Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (PXE).

OBJECTIVE: Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that may be associated with a high prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) and related symptoms. However, the evidence supporting this association is weak, as only small cohort studies are available. Furthermore, limited data are available on the outcome of lower limb peripheral arterial interventions (PAI) in patients with PXE. It was the aim of this study to clarify the prevalence of PAD, and the occurrence and outcome of PAI in patients with PXE. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data from the Dutch Expertise Centre for PXE database. Clinical data of consecutive patients with a definitive diagnosis of PXE were examined. The primary endpoint was the prevalence of PAD (defined as an ankle brachial index of < 0.9). The secondary endpoint was to report an overview of PAI and target lesion revascularisations. RESULTS: In 285 PXE patients (median age 58 years), 50.9% of patients (n = 145) met the criteria for PAD. Seventeen patients underwent a PAI, mostly for intermittent claudication, at a median age of 51 years. The incidence of PAI was 2.25 per 1 000 patient years in patients with PAD and PXE. A total of 58 interventions was recorded, of which 35 were target lesion revascularisations in nine patients. Twenty one revascularisations were performed within a year following the primary intervention, in 16 cases due to an acute occlusion. CONCLUSION: Within a well phenotyped and large PXE cohort, the diagnosis of PAD was prevalent in one in two patients. The observed rate of peripheral interventions was low, while the re-intervention rate was unfavourable after endovascular or bypass surgical procedures, with over half of these re-interventions indicated within a year.

Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Serpin G1 and CD14 Levels are Associated with Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events and Major Adverse Limb Events in Patients Undergoing Femoral Endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Plasma extracellular vesicles (EV) are an emerging source of biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Risk stratification for common adverse events such as major adverse limb events (MALE) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) by an EV blood sample could improve healthcare management by individualising drug therapy or improving informed decision making regarding revascularisations in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). As such, this study investigated the associations between plasma EV proteins and prospectively registered MALE and MACE in consecutive patients undergoing femoral endarterectomy. METHODS: Using the Athero-Express biobank study, four EV proteins (Cystatin C, CD14, Serpin C1, and Serpin G1) were measured in the high density lipoprotein subfraction isolated from plasma of 317 PAD patients undergoing arterial revascularisation. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to investigate the association between plasma EV protein levels and MACE and MALE in the three year post-operative period. RESULTS: Most patients were treated for claudication (Fontaine II, 52.8%), although rest pain (Fontaine III, 30.1%) and ischaemic wounds (Fontaine IV, 17.1%) were common in this cohort. Within three years 51 patients died, amongst whom 25 deaths were due to CVD, 39 patients experienced a MACE, and 125 patients experienced a MALE. Multivariable regression models, based on statistically proven covariables and literature, showed a significant association of Serpin G1 (HR 1.49; 95% CI 1.08 - 2.06; p = .016) and CD14 (HR 1.40; 1.03 - 1.90; p = .029) with MACE, and of Serpin G1 (HR 1.29; 1.07 - 1.57; p = .009) with MALE. CONCLUSION: Serpin G1 and CD14 plasma EV protein levels are associated with future MACE and MALE in patients with severe PAD.

Vessel Preparation in Infrapopliteal Arterial Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: Infrapopliteal lesions are generally complex to treat due to small vessel diameter, long lesion length, multilevel disease, and severe calcification. Therefore, different vessel preparation devices have been developed to contribute to better peri- and postprocedural outcomes. This systematic review aims to compare different vessel preparation techniques prior to plain old balloon angioplasty (POBA) or drug-coated balloon (DCB) angioplasty with POBA or DCB alone in infrapopliteal arterial disease. METHODS: Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2022 assessing the value of adjunctive vessel preparation in infrapopliteal arterial disease. The primary outcomes were 12-month primary patency and limb salvage. RESULTS: A total of 1685 patients with 1913 lesions were included in 11 POBA studies. Methodological quality was assessed as poor to moderate in these studies. Only 2 studies with 144 patients assessed vessel preparation in conjunction with DCB angioplasty. These randomized trials were assessed as high quality and found no significant benefit of adjunctive atherectomy to DCB angioplasty. The pooled Kaplan-Meier estimates of 12-month primary patency and limb salvage in the POBA studies were 67.8% and 80.9% for POBA, 62.1% and 86.4% for scoring balloons, 67.9% and 79.6% for mechanical atherectomy (MA), and 79.7% and 82.6% for laser atherectomy, respectively. Within the pooled data only scoring balloons and MA demonstrated significantly improved 12-month limb salvage compared to POBA. CONCLUSIONS: Different forms of adjunctive vessel preparation demonstrate similar 12-month outcomes compared to POBA and DCB angioplasty alone in infrapopliteal disease, with the exception of improved 12-month limb salvage in scoring balloons and MA. However, since the included studies were heterogeneous and assessed as poor to moderate methodological quality, selection bias may have played an important role. Main conclusion is that this systematic review found no additional value of standard use of vessel preparation. CLINICAL IMPACT: Infrapopliteal arterial disease is associated with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) and generally complex to treat due to small vessel diameter, long lesion length, multilevel disease and severe calcification. A wide range of vessel preparation devices have been developed to contribute to improved peri- and postprocedural outcomes in these complex lesions. This systematic review aims to compare different vessel preparation techniques prior to plain old balloon angioplasty (POBA) or drug coated balloon (DCB) angioplasty with POBA or DCB angioplasty alone in infrapopliteal arterial disease. Different forms of adjunctive vessel preparation demonstrate similar 12-month outcomes compared to POBA and DCB angioplasty alone in infrapopliteal disease, with the exception of improved 12-month limb salvage in scoring balloons and mechanical atherectomy (MA). However, since the included studies were heterogeneous and assessed as poor to moderate methodological quality, selection bias may have played an important role. Main conclusion is that this systematic review found no additional value of standard use of vessel preparation.

Reduction of Occupational Radiation Exposure During Endovascular Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease Using Radiation Absorbing Drapes.

BACKGROUND: A chronic exposure to low dose radiation, as encountered in endovascular procedures, may impact the health of surgeons and radiologists over a timespan of several months to a lifetime. This study evaluates the feasibility and efficacy of a radiation absorbing sterile drape (RADPAD) to reduce operator exposure during the endovascular treatment of obstructive peripheral artery disease (PAD). METHODS: Between February 2016 and September 2017, patients with PAD who received percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, stent placement, remote endarterectomy, or a combination thereof were included in this nonrandomized study. Patients were equally divided over a study cohort (with RADPAD) and a control cohort (without RADPAD). The unshielded body dose (E) of the staff was measured via electronic dosimeters placed at a chest height of the first operator (FO), second operator (SO), and sterile nurse (SN). A virtual maximum operator (MO) dose was constructed, yielding the highest dose per fluoroscopy run for either of the operators. Simultaneously, the dose area product (DAP) and C-arm settings for each fluoroscopy run were extracted. Staff exposures of the study cohort and control cohort were compared in terms of relative exposure (E/DAP). A secondary analysis involved an analysis of the individual fluoroscopy runs using a multivariate generalized linear mixed effect model. RESULTS: In total, 49 patients were included in this study. The use of RADPAD was technically feasible. Significant reductions of relative exposure were observed when comparing the study cohort with the control cohort. The relative exposure of the FO was reduced with 66.5% (1.82 vs. 0.61 µSv/Gycm2, P < 0.001), the relative exposure of the SO with 68.3% (0.55 vs. 0.17 µSv/Gycm2, P = 0.02), and the relative exposure of the MO with 65.8% (2.06 vs. 0.71 µSv/Gycm2, P < 0.001). Dose levels of SN were too low to draw conclusions under the current sample size. The multivariate generalized linear mixed effect model showed a significant correlation between absolute exposure of the MO and the use of the RADPAD (odds: 0.51, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Usage of a radiation absorbing drape (RADPAD) during endovascular treatment of PAD results in statistically significant reduction in a relative operator dose while presenting no drawbacks. The use of these drapes is advised in future peripheral endovascular procedures.

Mid-Term Outcomes of Chimney Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: To provide an overview of the literature on the mid-term outcomes of chimney EVAR (ChEVAR) for the treatment of juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (JAAA). METHODS: Different electronic databases were searched for published articles up to January 2020. The eligibility criteria were studies describing mid- or long-term outcomes of chimney EVAR (mean follow-up at least 1 year) for treatment of JAAA, including more than 10 cases, published in English, and with full text available. The outcomes measure were overall survival rate, target vessel patency, and freedom from reintervention at 3 years. Quality of the included studies was analyzed using the MINORS criteria. Pooled effect estimates were analyzed using random-effect models and heterogeneity was tested using I2 statistics. RESULTS: Thirteen articles met the inclusion criteria. The included studies described 1,019 patients. According to the quality assessment, methodological quality was moderate to poor. The pooled overall survival, freedom from reintervention, and target vessel patency at 3 year was 81.4 % (95%CI 73.8-87.9), 85.7% (95%CI 75.6-93.5), and 95.1% (95%CI 89.3-98.7) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review show good to acceptable short and mid-term survival and good mid-term durability, which supports that ChEVAR as a suitable alternative in high-risk JAAA. However, proper patient selection for ChEVAR seems essential to attain good mid-term outcomes, and further large prospective and good quality studies are required to demonstrate its long-term results and enable conclusions on specific determinants for outcome.

Superficial Femoral Artery Recanalization Using Fiber Optic RealShape Technology.

PURPOSE: Report of a successful case of endovascular recanalization of an occluded superficial femoral artery (SFA) using Fiber Optic RealShape (FORS) technology. CASE REPORT: A 79-year-old male was referred for evaluation of multiple ischemic pretibial ulcers of the right lower extremity. Computed tomography-angiography (CTA) imaging confirmed significant stenosis of the right common femoral artery (CFA) and an occlusion of the SFA from its origin to the Hunter's canal. The patient was treated with a hybrid surgical procedure: an endarterectomy of the CFA and SFA origin was performed combined with an endovascular recanalization of the occluded SFA using FORS technology. During recanalization, the FORS guidewire slowly twisted subintimally around the occluded lumen of the SFA, maintaining the created corkscrew shape after pre-dilation with the percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) balloon and subsequent stenting. CONCLUSIONS: FORS technology can be successfully used during recanalization of an occluded SFA without the use of fluoroscopy. The corkscrew shape formed during recanalization in this case was retained during PTA balloon pre-dilation and stenting; this potentially improves hemodynamics and thereby reduces the risk of in-stent restenosis. However, expanding patient series and longer follow-up data are needed to increase the understanding of the feasibility and effectiveness of using FORS in the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease.

Association of Hospital Volume with Perioperative Mortality of Endovascular Repair of Complex Aortic Aneurysms: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluate nationwide perioperative outcomes of complex EVAR and assess the volume-outcome association of complex EVAR. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Endovascular treatment with fenestrated (FEVAR) or branched (BEVAR) endografts is progressively used for excluding complex aortic aneurysms (complex AAs). It is unclear if a volume-outcome association exists in endovascular treatment of complex AAs (complex EVAR). METHODS: All patients prospectively registered in the Dutch Surgical Aneurysm Audit who underwent complex EVAR (FEVAR or BEVAR) between January 2016 and January 2020 were included. The effect of annual hospital volume on perioperative mortality was examined using multivariable logistic regression analyses. Patients were stratified into quartiles based on annual hospital volume to determine hospital volume categories. RESULTS: We included 694 patients (539 FEVAR patients, 155 BEVAR patients). Perioperative mortality following FEVAR was 4.5% and 5.2% following BEVAR. Postoperative complication rates were 30.1% and 48.7%, respectively. The first quartile hospitals performed <9 procedures/yr; second, third, and fourth quartile hospitals performed 9-12, 13-22, and ≥23 procedures/yr. The highest volume hospitals treated the significantly more complex patients. Perioperative mortality of complex EVAR was 9.1% in hospitals with a volume of < 9, and 2.5% in hospitals with a volume of ≥13 (P = 0.008). After adjustment for confounders, an annual volume of ≥13 was associated with less perioperative mortality compared to hospitals with a volume of < 9. CONCLUSIONS: Data from this nationwide mandatory quality registry shows a significant effect of hospital volume on perioperative mortality following complex EVAR, with high volume complex EVAR centers demonstrating lower mortality rates.

Radiation Awareness for Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair in the Hybrid Operating Room: An Instant Operator Risk Chart for Daily Practice.

INTRODUCTION: While the operator radiation dose rates are correlated to patient radiation dose rates, discrepancies may exist in the effect size of each individual radiation dose predictors. An operator dose rate prediction model was developed, compared with the patient dose rate prediction model, and converted to an instant operator risk chart. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The radiation dose rates (DRoperator for the operator and DRpatient for the patient) from 12,865 abdomen X-ray acquisitions were selected from 50 unique patients undergoing standard or complex endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) in the hybrid operating room with a fixed C-arm. The radiation dose rates were analyzed using a log-linear multivariable mixed model (with the patient as the random effect) and incorporated varying (patient and C-arm) radiation dose predictors combined with the vascular access site. The operator dose rate models were used to predict the expected radiation exposure duration until an operator may be at risk to reach the 20 mSv year dose limit. The dose rate prediction models were translated into an instant operator radiation risk chart. RESULTS: In the multivariate patient and operator fluoroscopy dose rate models, lower DRoperator than DRpatient effect size was found for radiation protocol (2.06 for patient vs 1.4 for operator changing from low to medium protocol) and C-arm angulation. Comparable effect sizes for both DRoperator and DRpatient were found for body mass index (1.25 for patient and 1.27 for the operator) and irradiated field. A higher effect size for the DRoperator than DRpatient was found for C-arm rotation (1.24 for the patient vs 1.69 for the operator) and exchanging from femoral access site to brachial access (1.05 for patient vs 2.5 for the operator). Operators may reach their yearly 20 mSv year dose limit after 941 minutes from the femoral access vs 358 minutes of digital subtraction angiography radiation from the brachial access. CONCLUSION: The operator dose rates were correlated to patient dose rate; however, C-arm angulation and changing from femoral to brachial vascular access site may disproportionally increase the operator radiation risk compared with the patient radiation risk. An instant risk chart may improve operator dose awareness during EVAR.

First in Human Clinical Feasibility Study of Endovascular Navigation with Fiber Optic RealShape (FORS) Technology.

OBJECTIVE: Endovascular procedures are conventionally conducted using two dimensional fluoroscopy. A new technology platform, Fiber Optic RealShape (FORS), has recently been introduced allowing real time, three dimensional visualisation of endovascular devices using fiberoptic technology. It functions as an add on to conventional fluoroscopy and may facilitate endovascular procedures. This first in human study assessed the feasibility of FORS in clinical practice. METHODS: A prospective cohort feasibility study was performed between July and December 2018. Patients undergoing (regular or complex) endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) or endovascular peripheral lesion repair (EVPLR) were recruited. FORS guidance was used exclusively during navigational tasks such as target vessel catheterisation or crossing of stenotic lesions. Three types of FORS enabled devices were available: a flexible guidewire, a Cobra-2 catheter, and a Berenstein catheter. Devices were chosen at the physician's discretion and could comprise any combination of FORS and non-FORS devices. The primary study endpoint was technical success of the navigational tasks using FORS enabled devices. Secondary study endpoints were user experience and fluoroscopy time. RESULTS: The study enrolled 22 patients: 14 EVAR and eight EVPLR patients. Owing to a technical issue during start up, the FORS system could not be used in one EVAR. The remaining 21 procedures proceeded without device or technology related complications and involved 66 navigational tasks. In 60 tasks (90.9%), technical success was achieved using at least one FORS enabled device. Users rated FORS based image guidance "better than standard guidance" in 16 of 21 and "equal to standard guidance" in five of 21 procedures. Fluoroscopy time ranged from 0.0 to 52.2 min. Several tasks were completed without or with only minimal X-ray use. CONCLUSION: Real time navigation using FORS technology is safe and feasible in abdominal and peripheral endovascular procedures. FORS has the potential to improve intra-operative image guidance. Comparative studies are needed to assess these benefits and potential radiation reduction.

Telehealth and telemedicine applications for the diabetic foot: A systematic review.

The aim of this systematic review is to assess the peer-reviewed literature on the psychometric properties, feasibility, effectiveness, costs, and current limitations of using telehealth and telemedicine approaches for prevention and management of diabetic foot disease. MEDLINE/PubMed was searched for peer-reviewed studies on telehealth and telemedicine approaches for assessing, monitoring, preventing, or treating diabetic foot disease. Four modalities were formulated: dermal thermography, hyperspectral imaging, digital photographic imaging, and audio/video/online communication. Outcome measures were: validity, reliability, feasibility, effectiveness, and costs. Sixty-one studies were eligible for analysis. Three randomized controlled trials showed that handheld infrared dermal thermography as home-monitoring tool is effective in reducing ulcer recurrence risk, while one small trial showed no effect. Hyperspectral imaging has been tested in clinical settings to assess and monitor foot disease and conflicting results on its diagnostic use show that this method is still in an experimental stage. Digital photography is used to assess and monitor foot ulcers and pre-ulcerative lesions and was found to be a valid, reliable, and feasible method for telehealth purposes. Audio/video/online communication is mainly used for foot ulcer monitoring. Two randomized controlled trials show similar healing efficacy compared with regular outpatient clinic visits, but no benefit in costs. In conclusion, several technologies with good psychometric properties are available that may be of benefit in helping to assess, monitor, prevent, or treat diabetic foot disease, but in most cases, feasibility, effectiveness, and cost savings still need to be demonstrated to become accepted and used modalities in diabetic foot care.

Early and Midterm Experience With the Absorb Everolimus-Eluting Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold in Asian Patients With Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia: One-Year Clinical and Imaging Outcomes From the DISAPEAR Registry.

Purpose: To report an experience with the Absorb bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) in an Asian cohort with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) from the DISAPEAR (Drug Impregnated Bioresorbable Stent in Asian Population Extremity Arterial Revascularization) registry. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 41 patients (median age 64 years; 23 men) with CLTI owing to >50% de novo infrapopliteal lesions (n=53) treated with the Absorb BVS between August 2012 and June 2017. The majority of patients (37, 90%) had diabetes, 24 (59%) had ischemic heart disease, and 39 (95%) had Rutherford category 5/6 ischemia with tissue loss. The mean lesion length was 22.7±17.2 mm; 10 (24%) lesions were severely calcified. Assessments included technical success, primary patency, freedom from clinically-driven target lesion revascularization (CD-TLR), amputation-free survival, limb salvage, complete wound healing, resolution of rest pain, and resolution of CLTI without TLR at 6 and 12 months after the index intervention. Results: Overall, 69 scaffolds were implanted in the 53 lesions, with 100% technical success. There were no deaths within 30 days of the index procedure. The primary patency rates at 6 and 12 months were 95% and 86%, respectively. The corresponding rates of freedom from CD-TLR were 98% and 93%, respectively. Freedom from major amputation was 98% at both time points, and amputation-free survival was 93% and 85% at 6 and 12 months after the index procedure. Wound healing occurred in 31 patients (79%) with Rutherford category 5/6 ischemia by the end of 12 months. Conclusion: The Absorb BVS demonstrated good 1-year patency and clinical outcomes in CLTI patients with complex infrapopliteal disease.

Heterogeneity in Standard Operating Procedures for Catheter Directed Thrombolysis for Peripheral Arterial Occlusions in The Netherlands: A Nationwide Overview.

OBJECTIVE: Catheter directed thrombolysis (CDT) for acute arterial occlusions of the lower extremities is associated with a risk of major bleeding complications. Strict monitoring of vital functions is advised for timely adjustment or discontinuation of thrombolytic treatment. Nevertheless, current evidence on the optimal application of CDT and use of monitoring during CDT is limited. In this study the different standard operating procedures (SOPs) for CDT in Dutch hospitals were compared against a national guideline in a nationwide analysis. METHODS: SOPs, landmark studies, and national and international guidelines for CDT for acute lower extremity arterial occlusions were compared. The protocols of 34 Dutch medical centres where CDT is performed were assessed. Parameters included contraindications to CDT, co-administration of heparin, thrombolytic agent administration, angiographic control, and patient monitoring. RESULTS: Thirty-four SOPs were included, covering 94% of medical centres performing CDT in the Netherlands. None of the SOPs had identical contraindications and a strong divergence in relative and absolute grading was found. Heparin and urokinase dosages differed by a factor of five. In 18% of the SOPs heparin co-administration was not mentioned. Angiographic control varied between once every 6 h to once every 24 h. In 76% of the SOPs plasma fibrinogen levels were used for CDT dose adjustments. However, plasma fibrinogen level threshold values for treatment adjustments varied between 2.0 g/L and 0.5 g/L. CONCLUSION: The SOPs for CDT for acute arterial occlusions of the lower extremities differ greatly on five major operating aspects among medical centres in the Netherlands. None of the SOPs exactly conforms to current national or international guidelines. This study provides direction on how to increase homogeneity in guideline recommendations and to improve guideline adherence in CDT.

Esophageal Resection, Gastric Tube Reconstruction, and Omental Flap Coverage of Iatrogenic Aortoesophageal Fistula After Secondary Thoracic Stentgraft Infection: A Case Report.

Secondary stent graft infection is a life-threatening complication after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). There is no consensus on optimal treatment strategy, but combined antibiotic and surgical treatment is advocated. Two years after his TEVAR procedure, a 70-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital with a secondary periaortic abscess. At first, the abscess was managed with clindamycin and transesophageal drainage. The abscess would not dissipate, and an infected iatrogenic aortoesophageal fistula was formed, which was surgically treated with esophageal resection, gastric tube reconstruction, and omental flap coverage.