Functional chitosan surfactants for corrosion inhibition in petroleum industry.

Chitosan is a natural biodegradable biopolymer, and the structure of its unit is 2-amino-d-glucopyranose that has been it more attractive to applied as natural corrosion inhibitor of metals for different area. Functionalization chitosan by surfactant is necessary to improve some of its properties such as solubility, surface activity, and corrosion inhibition efficiency. Corrosion of metals is a global problem particularly in petroleum industry field needs to favorably inhibition process using environmentally friendly inhibitors such chitosan. In this work, it was presented on researches which taken chitosan functionalized by different types of surfactants as green corrosion inhibitor of metals in petroleum field. It was concluded from displayed researches data that functionalization of chitosan by surfactant could be on three categories; cationic, anionic and nonionic form. Otherwise, the unsaturated chain, benzene rings, and quaternary ammonium groups greatly increase the inhibition efficiency compared to hydrophobic chains. Furthermore, the nanoparticles of chitosan nonionic surfactant or those assembled on silver nanoparticles exhibited high inhibition efficiency. The inhibition performance of chitosan surfactant categories are more effective even at lower concentrations, and form a protective film onto metal surface, as well as and the inhibitor adsorption mechanism is mostly mixed type and obey Langmuir model.

Preparation of Some Eco-friendly Corrosion Inhibitors Having Antibacterial Activity from Sea Food Waste.

Chitosan is one of the important biopolymers and it is extracted from exoskeletons of crustaceans in sea food waste. It is a suitable eco-friendly carbon steel corrosion inhibitor in acid media; the deacetylation degree of prepared chitosan is more than 85.16 %, and the molecular weight average is 109 kDa. Chitosan was modified to 2-N,N-diethylbenzene ammonium chloride N-oxoethyl chitosan (compound I), and 12-ammonium chloride N-oxododecan chitosan (compound II) as soluble water derivatives. The corrosion inhibition efficiency for carbon steel of compound (I) in 1 M HCl at varying temperature is higher than for chitosan and compound (II). However, the antibacterial activity of chitosan for Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans is higher than for its derivatives, and the minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bacterial concentration of chitosan and its derivatives were carried out with the same strain.

Synthesis of anionic chitosan surfactant and application in silver nanoparticles preparation and corrosion inhibition of steel.

Three anionic chitosan surfactant with different hydrophobic tails labeled Chitosan-R8, Chitosan-R12 and Chitosan-R16 were prepared and their surface behavior in aqueous solution was determined by surface tension measurements at three different temperatures 20, 40 and 60 °C. The affinity of the synthesized anionic chitosan surfactant to form micelle enhanced with increasing the hydrophobic chain length as well as raising the solution temperature up to 60 °C. The anionic chitosan surfactant showed a great influence as capping agent for the in-situ preparation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) based on photochemical reduction method using sunlight as reducing agent. The chemical structure of chitosan surfactant showed a great effect on the size and stability of the prepared AgNPs. The Chitosan-R16 with longer hydrophobic tail, produce a uniform, small size & stable AgNPs compared to shorter tail Chitosan-R12 & Chitosan-R8. The prepared anionic chitosan showed good inhibiting effect against the steel corrosion in the 1.0 M HCl. The corrosion inhibition efficiency was determined using three different techniques, proving the ability of the new chitosan surfactant to inhibit the steel corrosion. The XPS results confirmed the formation of chitosan inhibitor on the steel surface.

Advancement on modification of chitosan biopolymer and its potential applications.

Chitosan is the second abundant biopolymer present on earth after cellulose. Chitosan is extracted from the shells of shrimp and other crustaceans. Several methods were reported for its extraction, but the most commercial is the deacetylation of chitin. Chitosan as a biopolymer has numerous applications and uses. But, its mechanical, chemical and biological characteristics can be enhanced by modification of its chemical structures. Several modification methods and derivatives were reviewed in the literatures, and several were collected in this review. The reviewed modified chitosan derivatives herein were five types of derivatives. The first is substituted chitosan derivatives including thiolated, phosphorylated, and N-phthaloylated derivatives. The second is crosslinked chitosan derivatives including chitosan-glutaraldehyde, chitosan-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, and chitosan-epichlorohydrin derivatives. The third is carboxylic acid derivatives of chitosan obtained from carboxyalkylation, acrylation, methacrylation, and benzoylation of chitosan. The fourth is ionic chitosan derivatives including highly cationic and sulfated derivatives. The last is bounded chitosan to specific molecules including cyclodextrin, thiosemicarbazone, dioxime, and crown ether precursors. The review also highlights the reported advantages and applications of the modified chitosan and the synthetic routes of the biopolymer modification.

Synthesis, characterization and anticorrosion potentials of chitosan-g-PEG assembled on silver nanoparticles.

Chitosan (Ch) grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) (Ch-g-mPEG) were synthesized using mPEG with molecular weights 2000 g/mol. The synthesized Ch-g-mPEG was characterized using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Ch-g-mPEG silver nanoparticles has been synthesized and characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX). The synthesized Ch-g-mPEG and its nanostructure were examined as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in 1M HCl solution using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The results revealed that the inhibition efficiency obtained by Ch-g-mPEG self-assembled on silver nanoparticles is greater than that obtained by Ch-g-mPEG only. Potentiodynamic polarization results reveal that the synthesized compound could be classified as mixed-type corrosion inhibitors with predominant control of the cathodic reaction. The results of EIS indicate that the both charge transfer resistance and inhibition efficiency tend to increase by increasing the inhibitor concentration.

Metal adsorption by agricultural biosorbents: Adsorption isotherm, kinetic and biosorbents chemical structures.

Biosorption of Cu(II), Co(II) and Fe(III) ions from aqueous solutions by rice husk, palm leaf and water hyacinth was investigated as a function of initial pH, initial heavy metal ions concentration and treatment time. The adsorption process was examined by two adsorption isotherms: Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The experimental data of biosorption process were analyzed using pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order kinetic models. The equilibrium biosorption isotherms showed that the three studied biosorbents possess high affinity and sorption capacity for Cu(II), Co(II) and Fe(III) ions. Rice husk showed more efficiency than palm leaf and water hyacinth. Adsorption of Cu(II) and Co(II) was more efficient in alkaline medium (pH 9) than neutral medium due to the high solubility of metal ion complexes. The metal removal efficiency of each biosorbent was correlated to its chemical structure. DTA studies showed formation of metal complex between the biosorbents and the metal ions. The obtained results showed that the tested biosorbents are efficient and alternate low-cost biosorbent for removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous media.