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Insulin exerts its actions not only on peripheral organs but is also transported into the brain where it performs distinct functions in various brain regions. This review highlights recent advancements in our understanding of insulin's actions within the brain, with a specific emphasis on investigations in humans. It summarises current knowledge on the transport of insulin into the brain. Subsequently, it showcases robust evidence demonstrating the existence and physiological consequences of brain insulin action, while also introducing the presence of brain insulin resistance in humans. This pathophysiological condition goes along with an impaired acute modulation of peripheral metabolism in response to brain insulin action, particularly in the postprandial state. Furthermore, brain insulin resistance has been associated with long-term adiposity and an unfavourable adipose tissue distribution, thus implicating it in the pathogenesis of subgroups of obesity and (pre)diabetes that are characterised by distinct patterns of body fat distribution. Encouragingly, emerging evidence suggests that brain insulin resistance could represent a treatable entity, thereby opening up novel therapeutic avenues to improve systemic metabolism and enhance brain functions, including cognition. The review closes with an outlook towards prospective research directions aimed at further elucidating the clinical implications of brain insulin resistance. It emphasises the critical need to establish feasible diagnostic measures and effective therapeutic interventions.
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Encéfalo , Resistencia a la Insulina , Humanos , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Distribución de la Grasa Corporal , Obesidad/metabolismo , Animales , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Recent associative studies have linked intra-pancreatic fat deposition (IPFD) with risk of pancreatitis, but the causal relationship remains unclear. METHODS: Utilizing Mendelian randomization, we evaluated the causal association between genetically predicted IPFD and pancreatitis. This approach utilized genetic variants from genome-wide association studies of IPFD (n=25,617), acute pancreatitis (n=6,787 cases/361,641 controls), and chronic pancreatitis (n=3,875 cases/361,641 controls). RESULTS: Genetically predicted IPFD was significantly associated with acute pancreatitis (OR per 1-SD increase: 1.40[95%CI:1.12-1.76], p=0.0032) and chronic pancreatitis (OR:1.64[95%CI:1.13-2.39], p=0.0097). DISCUSSION: Our findings support a causal role of IPFD in pancreatitis, suggesting that reducing IPFD could lower the risk of pancreatitis.
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Ever since the brain was identified as an insulin-sensitive organ, evidence has rapidly accumulated that insulin action in the brain produces multiple behavioral and metabolic effects, influencing eating behavior, peripheral metabolism, and cognition. Disturbances in brain insulin action can be observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), as well as in aging and dementia. Decreases in insulin sensitivity of central nervous pathways, i.e., brain insulin resistance, may therefore constitute a joint pathological feature of metabolic and cognitive dysfunctions. Modern neuroimaging methods have provided new means of probing brain insulin action, revealing the influence of insulin on both global and regional brain function. In this review, we highlight recent findings on brain insulin action in humans and its impact on metabolism and cognition. Furthermore, we elaborate on the most prominent factors associated with brain insulin resistance, i.e., obesity, T2D, genes, maternal metabolism, normal aging, inflammation, and dementia, and on their roles regarding causes and consequences of brain insulin resistance. We also describe the beneficial effects of enhanced brain insulin signaling on human eating behavior and cognition and discuss potential applications in the treatment of metabolic and cognitive disorders.
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Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Trastornos del Conocimiento/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Obesidad/metabolismo , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The orexigenic peptide hormone ghrelin has been implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus through its effects on nutrient homeostasis. Ghrelin is subject to a unique post-translational acyl modification regulating its biochemical activity. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In this study we aimed to investigate the relation of acylated (AcG) as well as unacylated ghrelin (UnG) with body weight and insulin resistance in the fasting (n = 545) and post-oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) state (n = 245) in a metabolically well characterized cohort covering a broad range of BMI (17.95 kg/m²-76.25 kg/m²). RESULTS: Fasting AcG (median 94.2 pg/ml) and UnG (median 175.3 pg/ml) were negatively and the AcG/UnG ratio was positively correlated with BMI (all p < 0.0001). Insulin sensitivity (ISI) correlated positively with AcG (p = 0.0014) and UnG (p = 0.0004) but not with the AcG/UnG ratio. In a multivariate analysis, including ISI and BMI, only BMI, but not ISI was independently associated with AcG and UnG concentrations. Significant changes of AcG and UnG concentrations were detectable after oGTT stimulation, with slight decreases after 30 min and increases after 90-120 min. Subject stratification into BMI-divergent groups revealed more pronounced AcG increases in the two groups with BMI < 40 kg/m². CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate lower concentrations for both AcG and UnG with increasing BMI as well as an increased proportion of the biologically active, acylated form of ghrelin giving point to pharmacologic intervention in ghrelin acylation and/or increase in UnG for treatment of obesity despite decreased absolute AcG levels.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Resistencia a la Insulina , Humanos , Ghrelina/metabolismo , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Glucemia , Obesidad , Acilación , InsulinaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Heterogeneous metabolic clusters have been identified in diabetic and prediabetic states. It is not known whether such pathophysiologic clusters impact survival in at-risk persons being evaluated for coronary heart disease. METHODS: The LURIC Study recruited patients referred for coronary angiography at a median age of 63 (IQR 56-70) with a follow-up of 16.1 (IQR 9.6, 17.7) years. Clustering of 1269 subjects without diabetes was performed with oGTT-derived glucose and insulin; fasting triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, BMI, waist and hip circumference. Patients with T2D (n = 794) were clustered using age, BMI, glycemia, homeostasis model assessment, and islet autoantibodies. Associations of clusters with mortality were analysed using Cox regression. RESULTS: Individuals without diabetes were classified into six subphenotypes, with 884 assigned to subjects at low-risk (cluster 1,2,4) and 385 at high-risk (cluster 3,5,6) for diabetes. We found significantly increased mortality in clusters 3 (hazard ratio (HR)1.42), 5 (HR 1.43), and 6 (HR 1.46) after adjusting for age, BMI, HbA1c and sex. In the T2D group, 508 were assigned to mild age-related diabetes (MARD), 183 to severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD), 84 to mild obesity-related diabetes (MOD), 19 to severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD). Compared to the low-risk non-diabetes group, crude mortality was not different in MOD. Increased mortality was found for MARD (HR 2.2), SIRD (HR 2.2), and SIDD (HR 2.5). CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic clustering successfully stratifies survival even among persons undergoing invasive coronary diagnostics. Novel clustering approaches based on glucose metabolism can identify persons who require special attention as they are at risk of increased mortality.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Estado Prediabético , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Estado Prediabético/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Insulina , Autoanticuerpos , Angiografía CoronariaRESUMEN
AIMS: Insulin action in the brain influences cognitive processes, peripheral metabolism and eating behaviour. However, the influence of age and peripheral insulin sensitivity on brain insulin action remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used intranasal administration of insulin and functional magnetic resonance imaging in a randomized, placebo-controlled within-subject design in 110 participants (54 women, body mass index 18-49 kg/m2 , age 21-74 years). Cerebral blood flow was measured before and after nasal spray application to assess brain insulin action. Peripheral insulin sensitivity was assessed by a five-point oral glucose tolerance test. Linear regressions were used to investigate associations between age and peripheral insulin sensitivity with brain insulin action in predefined region of interests (i.e. insulin-sensitive brain regions). RESULTS: We found significant negative associations between age and insulin action in the hippocampus (ß = -0.215; p = .017) and caudate nucleus (ß = -0.184; p = .047); and between peripheral insulin sensitivity and insulin action in the amygdala (ß = -0.190, p = .023). Insulin action in the insular cortex showed an interaction effect between age and peripheral insulin sensitivity (ß = -0.219 p = .005). Furthermore, women showed the strongest negative association between age and hippocampal insulin action, while men showed the strongest associations with peripheral insulin sensitivity and age in reward-related brain regions. CONCLUSION: We could show a region-specific relationship between brain insulin responsiveness, age and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Our findings underline the need to study brain insulin action in both men and women and further substantiate that brain insulin sensitivity is a possible link between systemic metabolism and neurocognitive functions.
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Resistencia a la Insulina , Insulina , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Insulina Regular Humana , Prueba de Tolerancia a la GlucosaRESUMEN
Previously, we found that human pancreatic preadipocytes (PPAs) and islets influence each other and that the crosstalk with the fatty liver via the hepatokine fetuin-A/palmitate induces inflammatory responses. Here, we examined whether the mRNA-expression of pancreatic extracellular matrix (ECM)-forming and -degrading components differ in PPAs from individuals with normal glucose regulation (PPAs-NGR), prediabetes (PPAs-PD), and type 2 diabetes (PPAs-T2D), and whether fetuin-A/palmitate impacts ECM-formation/degradation and associated monocyte invasion. Human pancreatic resections were analyzed (immuno)histologically. PPAs were studied for mRNA expression by real-time PCR and protein secretion by Luminex analysis. Furthermore, co-cultures with human islets and monocyte migration assays in Transwell plates were conducted. We found that in comparison with NGR-PPAs, TIMP-2 mRNA levels were lower in PPAs-PD, and TGF-ß1 mRNA levels were higher in PPAs-T2D. Fetuin-A/palmitate reduced fibronectin, decorin, TIMP-1/-2 and TGF-ß1 mRNA levels. Only fibronectin was strongly downregulated by fetuin-A/palmitate independently of the glycemic status. Co-culturing of PPAs with islets increased TIMP-1 mRNA expression in islets. Fetuin-A/palmitate increased MMP-1, usherin and dermatopontin mRNA-levels in co-cultured islets. A transmigration assay showed increased monocyte migration towards PPAs, which was enhanced by fetuin-A/palmitate. This was more pronounced in PPAs-T2D. The expression of distinct ECM components differs in PPAs-PD and PPAs-T2D compared to PPAs-NGR, suggesting that ECM alterations can occur even in mild hyperglycemia. Fetuin-A/palmitate impacts on ECM formation/degradation in PPAs and co-cultured islets. Fetuin-A/palmitate also enhances monocyte migration, a process which might impact on matrix turnover.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Estado Prediabético , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Inhibidor Tisular de Metaloproteinasa-1/metabolismo , alfa-2-Glicoproteína-HS/metabolismo , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Hormonas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Palmitatos/farmacología , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Adipocitos/metabolismo , Glucosa/farmacología , Glucosa/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Central insulin action influences cognitive processes, peripheral metabolism, and eating behavior. However, the contribution of obesity and sex on central insulin-mediated neural food cue processing still remains unclear. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In a randomized within-participant design, including two visits, 60 participants (30 women, BMI 18-32 kg/m2, age 21-69 years) underwent a functional MRI task measuring blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal in response to visual food cues after intranasal insulin or placebo spray administration. Central insulin action was defined as the neural BOLD response to food cues after insulin compared to placebo administration. Afterwards, participants were asked to rate the food cues for desire to eat (i.e., wanting rating). For statistical analyses, participants were grouped according to BMI and sex. RESULTS: Food cue reactivity in the amygdala showed higher BOLD activation in response to central insulin compared to placebo. Furthermore, women with overweight and obesity and men of normal weight showed higher BOLD neural food cue responsivity to central insulin compared to placebo. Higher central insulin action in the insular cortex was associated with better peripheral insulin sensitivity and higher cognitive control. Moreover, central insulin action in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) revealed significant sex differences. In response to central insulin compared to placebo, men showed lower DLPFC BOLD activity, whereas women showed higher DLPFC activity in response to highly desired food cues. On behavioral level, central insulin action significantly reduced hunger, whereas the desire to eat, especially for low caloric food cues was significantly higher with central insulin than with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and sex influenced the central insulin-mediated neural BOLD activity to visual food cues in brain regions implicated in reward and cognitive control. These findings show that central insulin action regulates food response differentially in men and women, which may have consequences for metabolism and eating behavior.
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Insulina , Sobrepeso , Adulto , Anciano , Encéfalo/fisiología , Señales (Psicología) , Femenino , Alimentos , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad , Caracteres Sexuales , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Quantification of pancreatic fat (PF) and intrahepatic lipids (IHL) is of increasing interest in subjects at risk for metabolic diseases. There is limited data available on short- and medium-term variability of PF/IHL and on their dependence on nutritional status. PURPOSE: To assess short-term intraday variations of PF/IHL after a high-fat meal as well as medium-term changes after 5 days of high-caloric diet. STUDY TYPE: Prospective cohort study. SUBJECTS: A total of 12 subjects (six males) for intraday variations study, 15 male subjects for medium-term high-caloric diet study and 11 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: A 3 T; chemical-shift encoded multiecho gradient echo sequence. ASSESSMENT: For the intraday study, subjects were scanned after overnight fasting and after a high fat meal on the same day. For the medium-term study, 26 subjects were scanned after overnight fasting with 15/11 rescanned after 5 days of high-calorie diet/isocaloric diet. Proton density fat fraction (PDFF) maps were generated inline on the scanner. Regions of interest were manually drawn in head, body, and tail of pancreas and in the liver by a medical physicist and a doctoral student (26/4 years of experience). PF was calculated as the average of the head, body, and tail measurements. STATISTICAL TESTS: Repeated measurements ANOVA for assessing changes in PF/IHL, linear correlation analyses for assessing relationships of PF/IHL with BMI. Significance level P < 0.05 for all. RESULTS: Nonsignificant changes in PF (2.6 ± 1.0 vs. 2.7 ± 0.9% after high-fat meal, 1.4 ± 0.8 vs. 1.5 ± 0.6% [high-caloric diet] and 1.5 ± 0.8 vs. 1.8 ± 1.0% [isocaloric control group]), nonsignificant changes in IHL after high-fat meal (2.6 ± 1.3 vs. 2.5 ± 0.9%) and in the control group (1.1 ± 0.6 vs. 1.2 ± 1.1%), significantly increased IHL after high-caloric diet (1.7 ± 2.2% vs. 2.7 ± 3.6%). Nonsignificant changes in PF (2.6 ± 1.0 vs. 2.7 ± 0.9% after high-fat meal, 1.4 ± 0.8 vs. 1.5 ± 0.6% [high-caloric diet] and 1.5 ± 0.8 vs. 1.8 ± 1.0% [isocaloric control group]), nonsignificant changes in IHL after high-fat meal (2.6 ± 1.3 vs. 2.5 ± 0.9%) and in the control group (1.1 ± 0.6 vs. 1.2 ± 1.1%), significantly increased IHL after 5-days of high-caloric diet (1.7 ± 2.2% vs. 2.7 ± 3.6%). DATA CONCLUSION: Time of day and nutritional status have no significant influence on PF/IHL and are therefore not likely to be major confounders in epidemiologic or clinical studies. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.
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Hígado , Protones , Tejido Adiposo/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Humanos , Hígado/diagnóstico por imagen , Hígado/metabolismo , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Páncreas/diagnóstico por imagen , Embarazo , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
Obesity, especially visceral fat accumulation, increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of T2D on the pancreatic fat depot. Pancreatic fat pads from 17 partial pancreatectomized patients (PPP) were collected, pancreatic preadipocytes isolated, and in vitro differentiated. Patients were grouped using HbA1c into normal glucose tolerant (NGT), prediabetic (PD), and T2D. Transcriptome profiles of preadipocytes and adipocytes were assessed by RNAseq. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by quantifying AKT phosphorylation on Western blots. Lipogenic capacity was assessed with oil red O staining, lipolytic activity via fatty acid release. Secreted factors were measured using ELISA. Comparative transcriptome analysis of preadipocytes and adipocytes indicates defective upregulation of genes governing adipogenesis (NR1H3), lipogenesis (FASN, SCD, ELOVL6, and FADS1), and lipolysis (LIPE) during differentiation of cells from T2D-PPP. In addition, the ratio of leptin/adiponectin mRNA was higher in T2D than in NGT-PPP. Preadipocytes and adipocytes of NGT-PPP were more insulin sensitive than T2D-PPP cells in regard to AKT phosphorylation. Triglyceride accumulation was similar in NGT and T2D adipocytes. Despite a high expression of the receptors NPR1 and NPR2 in NGT and T2D adipocytes, lipolysis was stimulated by ANP 1.74-fold in NGT cells only. This stimulation was further increased by the PDE5 inhibitor dipyridamole (3.09-fold). Dipyridamole and forskolin increased lipolysis receptor independently 1.88-fold and 1.48-fold, respectively, solely in NGT cells. In conclusion, the metabolic status persistently affects differentiation and lipolysis of pancreatic adipocytes. These alterations could aggravate the development of T2D.
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Adipocitos/fisiología , Adipogénesis/fisiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatología , Lipogénesis/fisiología , Lipólisis/fisiología , Adipocitos/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo/fisiopatología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , delta-5 Desaturasa de Ácido Graso , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/metabolismo , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Páncreas/metabolismo , Páncreas/fisiopatología , Fosforilación/fisiología , Triglicéridos/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Neonatal beta cells carry out a programme of postnatal functional maturation to achieve full glucose responsiveness. A partial loss of the mature phenotype of adult beta cells may contribute to a reduction of functional beta cell mass and accelerate the onset of type 2 diabetes. We previously found that fetuin-A, a hepatokine increasingly secreted by the fatty liver and a determinant of type 2 diabetes, inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) of human islets. Since fetuin-A is a ubiquitous fetal glycoprotein that declines peripartum, we examined here whether fetuin-A interferes with the functional maturity of beta cells. METHODS: The effects of fetuin-A were assessed during in vitro maturation of porcine neonatal islet cell clusters (NICCs) and in adult human islets. Expression alterations were examined via microarray, RNA sequencing and reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), proteins were analysed by western blotting and immunostaining, and insulin secretion was quantified in static incubations. RESULTS: NICC maturation was accompanied by the gain of glucose-responsive insulin secretion (twofold stimulation), backed up by mRNA upregulation of genes governing beta cell identity and function, such as NEUROD1, UCN3, ABCC8 and CASR (Log2 fold change [Log2FC] > 1.6). An active TGFß receptor (TGFBR)-SMAD2/3 pathway facilitates NICC maturation, since the TGFBR inhibitor SB431542 counteracted the upregulation of aforementioned genes and de-repressed ALDOB, a gene disallowed in mature beta cells. In fetuin-A-treated NICCs, upregulation of beta cell markers and the onset of glucose responsiveness were suppressed. Concomitantly, SMAD2/3 phosphorylation was inhibited. Transcriptome analysis confirmed inhibitory effects of fetuin-A and SB431542 on TGFß-1- and SMAD2/3-regulated transcription. However, contrary to SB431542 and regardless of cMYC upregulation, fetuin-A inhibited beta cell proliferation (0.27 ± 0.08% vs 1.0 ± 0.1% Ki67-positive cells in control NICCs). This effect was sustained by reduced expression (Log2FC ≤ -2.4) of FOXM1, CENPA, CDK1 or TOP2A. In agreement, the number of insulin-positive cells was lower in fetuin-A-treated NICCs than in control NICCs (14.4 ± 1.2% and 22.3 ± 1.1%, respectively). In adult human islets fetuin-A abolished glucose responsiveness, i.e. 1.7- and 1.1-fold change over 2.8 mmol/l glucose in control- and fetuin-A-cultured islets, respectively. In addition, fetuin-A reduced SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and suppressed expression of proliferative genes. Of note, in non-diabetic humans, plasma fetuin-A was negatively correlated (p = 0.013) with islet beta cell area. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our results suggest that the perinatal decline of fetuin-A relieves TGFBR signalling in islets, a process that facilitates functional maturation of neonatal beta cells. Functional maturity remains revocable in later life, and the occurrence of a metabolically unhealthy milieu, such as liver steatosis and elevated plasma fetuin-A, can impair both function and adaptive proliferation of beta cells. DATA AVAILABILITY: The RNAseq datasets and computer code produced in this study are available in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO): GSE144950; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE144950.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Secreción de Insulina/efectos de los fármacos , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , alfa-2-Glicoproteína-HS/farmacología , Animales , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/metabolismo , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Smad/metabolismo , PorcinosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Increased portion size is an essential contributor to the current obesity epidemic. The decision of how much to eat before a meal begins (i.e. pre-meal planning), and the attention assigned to this task, plays a vital role in our portion control. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether pre-meal planning can be influenced by a shift in mindset in individuals with overweight and obesity in order to influence portion size selection and brain activity. DESIGN: We investigated the neural underpinnings of pre-meal planning in 36 adults of different weight groups (BMI < 25 kg/m2 and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging. To examine the important role of attentional focus, participants were instructed to focus their mindset on the health effects of food, expected pleasure, or their intention to stay full until dinnertime, while choosing their portion size for lunch. RESULTS: We observed that participants of all weight groups reduced their portion size when adopting a health mindset, which was accompanied by enhanced activation of the self-control network (i.e. left prefrontal cortex). Fullness and pleasure mindsets resulted in contrasting reward responses in individuals with overweight and obesity compared to normal-weight individuals. Under the pleasure mindset, persons with overweight and obesity showed heightened activity in parts of the taste cortex (i.e. right frontal operculum), while the fullness mindset caused reduced activation in the ventral striatum, an important component of the reward system. Moreover, participants with overweight and obesity did not modify their behaviour under the pleasure mindset and selected larger portions than the normal-weight group. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to identify specific brain response patterns as participants made a final choice of a portion size. The results demonstrate that different brain responses and behaviours during pre-meal planning can inform the development of effective strategies for healthy weight management.
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Encéfalo/fisiología , Obesidad/psicología , Sobrepeso/psicología , Placer/fisiología , Tamaño de la Porción/psicología , Adulto , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud/fisiología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Recompensa , Autocontrol/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Animal studies and initial correlative data in humans indicate that insulin action in the brain may affect pancreatic insulin secretion. An important brain region for this process is the hypothalamus, an area that can develop insulin resistance. METHODS: Fifteen young, healthy men (27 ± 3 years) with a wide BMI spectrum (20-30 kg/m2) underwent 2 hyperglycemic clamps (target blood glucose: 10 mmol/L). In this double-blind study, subjects received 160 U of insulin or placebo as a nasal spray on 2 days in randomized order. On another day, insulin sensitivity of the hypothalamus was determined by functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Glucose levels were comparable on both study days. In the whole group, C-peptide levels were not significantly different between conditions. Though, there was a significant interaction between insulin sensitivity of the hypothalamus × nasal spray × time on C-peptide levels (p = 10-6). The group was therefore divided according to median hypothalamic insulin sensitivity. C-peptide concentrations were higher after intranasal insulin compared to placebo spray in the group with a strong hypothalamic insulin response (p < 0.0001, ß = 6.00 ± 1.24) and lower in the brain insulin-resistant group (p = 0.005, ß = -2.68 ± 0.95). Neither somatostatin nor glucagon kinetics was altered by the nasal spray. CONCLUSIONS: In participants with high hypothalamic insulin sensitivity, insulin action in the brain enhanced second-phase insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. This reaction could, for example, contribute to late postprandial glucose regulation by suppressing hepatic glucose production by portal venous insulin.
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Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Resistencia a la Insulina , Secreción de Insulina/efectos de los fármacos , Insulina/farmacología , Administración Intranasal , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Método Doble Ciego , Humanos , Insulina/administración & dosificación , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
AIMS: To evaluate the effects of brain insulin on endogenous glucose production in fasting humans, with a focus on hepatic glucose release by performing a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, crossover experiment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: On two separate days, 2 H2 -glucose was infused to nine healthy lean men, and blood was sampled from the hepatic vein and a radial artery. On day 1, participants received 160 U human insulin through nasal spray, and on day 2 they received placebo spray, together with an intravenous insulin bolus to mimic spillover of nasal insulin to the circulation. Hepatic glucose fluxes and endogenous glucose production were calculated. RESULTS: Plasma insulin concentrations were similar on the two study days, and no differences in whole-body endogenous glucose production or hepato-splanchnic glucose turnover were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Nasal administration of insulin does not influence whole-body or hepatic glucose production in fasting humans. By contrast, pharmacological delivery of insulin to the brain might modulate insulin effectiveness in glucose-producing tissue when circulating insulin levels are elevated; therefore, the metabolic consequences of brain insulin action appear to be dependent on metabolic prandial status.
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Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Gluconeogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Glucosa/metabolismo , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Insulina/farmacología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Administración Intranasal , Adulto , Glucemia/metabolismo , Estudios Cruzados , Voluntarios Sanos , Venas Hepáticas , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Insulina/administración & dosificación , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Arteria Radial , Distribución Aleatoria , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
AIMS: To conduct a review in order to assess the safety of intranasal human insulin in clinical studies as well as the temporal stability of nasal insulin sprays. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An electronic search was performed using MEDLINE. We selected original research on intranasal human insulin without further additives in humans. The studies included could be of any design as long as they used human intranasal insulin as their study product. All outcomes and adverse side effects were extracted. RESULTS: A total of 38 studies in 1092 individuals receiving acute human intranasal insulin treatment and 18 studies in 832 individuals receiving human intranasal insulin treatment lasting between 21 days and 9.7 years were identified. No cases of symptomatic hypoglycaemia or severe adverse events (AEs) were reported. Transient local side effects in the nasal area were frequently experienced after intranasal insulin and placebo spray, while other AEs were less commonly reported. There were no reports of participants being excluded as a result of AEs. No instances of temporal stability of nasal insulin were reported in the literature. Tests on insulin that had been repacked into spray flasks showed that it had a chemical stability of up to 57 days. CONCLUSIONS: Our retrospective review of published studies on intranasal insulin did not reveal any safety concerns; however, there were insufficient data to ensure the long-term safety of this method of chronic insulin administration. Improved insulin preparations that cause less nasal irritation would be desirable for future treatment.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Insulina Regular Humana/administración & dosificación , Proteínas Recombinantes/administración & dosificación , Administración Intranasal , Aerosoles , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Composición de Medicamentos , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Humanos , Hiperglucemia/prevención & control , Hipoglucemia/inducido químicamente , Hipoglucemia/prevención & control , Hipoglucemiantes/efectos adversos , Hipoglucemiantes/química , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Insulina Regular Humana/efectos adversos , Insulina Regular Humana/química , Insulina Regular Humana/uso terapéutico , Estabilidad Proteica , Proteínas Recombinantes/efectos adversos , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
We performed the largest randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to date (N = 112, 12-week intervention) to investigate the effects and safety of resveratrol supplementation on liver fat content and cardiometabolic risk parameters in overweight and obese and insulin-resistant subjects. At baseline the variability in liver fat content was very large, ranging from 0.09% to 37.55% (median, 7.12%; interquartile range, 3.85%-12.94%). Mean (SD) liver fat content was 9.22 (6.85) % in the placebo group and 9.91 (7.76) % in the resveratrol group. During the study liver fat content decreased in the placebo group (-0.7%) but not in the resveratrol group (-0.03%) (differences between groups: P = .018 for the intention-to-treat [ITT] population; N = 54, resveratrol, N = 54, placebo and P = .0077 for the per protocol [PP] population). No effects of resveratrol supplementation on cardiometabolic risk parameters were observed. Resveratrol supplementation was well tolerated and safe. In conclusion, these data suggest that resveratrol supplementation is safe and that it does not considerably impact liver fat content or cardiometabolic risk parameters in humans.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Suplementos Dietéticos , Resistencia a la Insulina , Grasa Intraabdominal/diagnóstico por imagen , Hígado/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/diagnóstico por imagen , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Resveratrol/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Humanos , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/metabolismo , Espectroscopía de Protones por Resonancia MagnéticaRESUMEN
Obesity develops due to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Besides the decision about what to eat, daily energy intake might be even more dependent on the decision about the portion size to be consumed. For decisions between different foods, attentional focus is considered to play a key role in the choice selection. In the current study, we investigated the attentional modulation of portion size selection during pre-meal planning. We designed a functional magnetic resonance task in which healthy participants were directed to adopt different mindsets while selecting their portion size for lunch. Compared with a free choice condition, participants reduced their portion sizes when considering eating for health or pleasure, which was accompanied by increased activity in left prefrontal cortex and left orbitofrontal cortex, respectively. When planning to be full until dinner, participants selected larger portion sizes and showed a trend for increased activity in left insula. These results provide first evidence that also the cognitive process of pre-meal planning is influenced by the attentional focus at the time of choice, which could provide an opportunity for influencing the control of meal size selection by mindset manipulation.
Asunto(s)
Atención , Conducta de Elección , Cognición , Ingestión de Energía , Almuerzo/psicología , Comidas/psicología , Tamaño de la Porción , Adolescente , Adulto , Mapeo Encefálico , Dieta Saludable , Ingestión de Alimentos , Femenino , Preferencias Alimentarias , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Obesidad/etiología , Obesidad/psicología , Placer , Corteza Prefrontal , Saciedad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Lifestyle intervention is effective to prevent type 2 diabetes. However, a considerable long-term non-response occurs to a standard lifestyle intervention. We investigated which risk phenotypes at baseline and their changes during the lifestyle intervention predict long-term glycaemic non-response to the intervention. METHODS: Of 300 participants at high risk for type 2 diabetes who participated in a 24 month lifestyle intervention with diet modification and increased physical activity, 190 participants could be re-examined after 8.7 ± 1.6 years. All individuals underwent a five-point 75 g OGTT and measurements of body fat compartments and liver fat content with MRI and spectroscopy at baseline, 9 and 24 months during the lifestyle intervention, and at long-term follow-up. Fasting proinsulin to insulin conversion (PI/I ratio) and insulin sensitivity and secretion were calculated from the OGTT. Non-response to lifestyle intervention was defined as no decrease in glycaemia, i.e. no decrease in AUC for glucose at 0-120 min during OGTT (AUCglucose0-120 min). RESULTS: Before the lifestyle intervention, 56% of participants had normal glucose regulation and 44% individuals had impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance. At long-term follow-up, 11% had developed diabetes. Multivariable regression analysis with adjustment for age, sex, BMI and change in BMI during the lifestyle intervention revealed that baseline insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, as well as change in insulin sensitivity during the lifestyle intervention, predicted long-term glycaemic control after 9 years. In addition, increased hepatic lipid content as well as impaired fasting proinsulin conversion at baseline were newly detected phenotypes that independently predicted long-term glycaemic control. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Increased hepatic lipid content and impaired proinsulin conversion are new predictors, independent of change in body weight, for non-response to lifestyle intervention in addition to the confirmed factors, impaired insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatología , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/metabolismo , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/fisiopatología , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado Graso/tratamiento farmacológico , Hígado Graso/metabolismo , Hígado Graso/fisiopatología , Femenino , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Humanos , Insulina/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Estado Prediabético/tratamiento farmacológico , Estado Prediabético/metabolismo , Estado Prediabético/fisiopatología , Proinsulina/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Obesity-linked ectopic fat accumulation is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. Whether pancreatic and liver steatosis impairs insulin secretion is controversial. We examined the crosstalk of human pancreatic fat cells with islets and the role of diabetogenic factors, i.e. palmitate and fetuin-A, a hepatokine released from fatty liver. METHODS: Human pancreatic resections were immunohistochemically stained for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and the macrophage/monocyte marker CD68. Pancreatic adipocytes were identified by Oil Red O and adiponectin staining. Primary pancreatic pre-adipocytes and differentiated adipocytes were co-cultured with human islets isolated from organ donors and the metabolic crosstalk between fatty liver and fatty pancreas was mimicked by the addition of palmitate and fetuin-A. Insulin secretion was evaluated by ELISA and RIA. Cytokine expression and secretion were assessed by RT-PCR and multiplex assay, respectively. Subcellular distribution of proteins was examined by confocal microscopy and protein phosphorylation by western blotting. RESULTS: In human pancreatic parenchyma, highly differentiated adipocytes were detected in the proximity of islets with normal architecture and hormone distribution. Infiltration of adipocytes was associated with an increased number of CD68-positive cells within islets. In isolated primary pancreatic pre-adipocytes and differentiated adipocytes, palmitate and fetuin-A induced IL6, CXCL8 and CCL2 mRNA expression. Cytokine production was toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent and further accentuated in pre-adipocytes when co-cultured with islets. In islets, IL6 and CXCL8 mRNA levels were also increased by fetuin-A and palmitate. Only in macrophages within the isolated islets, palmitate and fetuin-A stimulated the production of the cytotoxic cytokine IL-1ß. Palmitate, but not fetuin-A, exerted pro-apoptotic effects in islet cells. Instead, fetuin-A impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion in a TLR4-independent, but c-Jun N-terminal kinase- and Ca2+-dependent, manner. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: These results provide the first evidence that fetuin-A-mediated metabolic crosstalk of fatty liver with islets may contribute to obesity-linked glucose blindness of beta cells, while fatty pancreas may exacerbate local inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Hígado Graso/metabolismo , Hígado Graso/patología , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/patología , Insulina/metabolismo , Páncreas/metabolismo , Páncreas/patología , Animales , Western Blotting , Células Cultivadas , Quimiocina CCL2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Secreción de Insulina , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-8/genética , Ratones , Palmitatos/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 4 , alfa-2-Glicoproteína-HS/metabolismoRESUMEN
Polymorphisms rs6232 and rs6234/rs6235 in PCSK1 have been associated with extreme obesity [e.g. body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m(2)], but their contribution to common obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) and BMI variation in a multi-ethnic context is unclear. To fill this gap, we collected phenotypic and genetic data in up to 331 175 individuals from diverse ethnic groups. This process involved a systematic review of the literature in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and the NIH GWAS catalog complemented by data extraction from pre-existing GWAS or custom-arrays in consortia and single studies. We employed recently developed global meta-analytic random-effects methods to calculate summary odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) or beta estimates and standard errors (SE) for the obesity status and BMI analyses, respectively. Significant associations were found with binary obesity status for rs6232 (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.24, P = 6.08 × 10(-6)) and rs6234/rs6235 (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.04-1.10, P = 3.00 × 10(-7)). Similarly, significant associations were found with continuous BMI for rs6232 (ß = 0.03, 95% CI 0.00-0.07; P = 0.047) and rs6234/rs6235 (ß = 0.02, 95% CI 0.00-0.03; P = 5.57 × 10(-4)). Ethnicity, age and study ascertainment significantly modulated the association of PCSK1 polymorphisms with obesity. In summary, we demonstrate evidence that common gene variation in PCSK1 contributes to BMI variation and susceptibility to common obesity in the largest known meta-analysis published to date in genetic epidemiology.