Morpholine-based chalcones as dual-acting monoamine oxidase-B and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: synthesis and biochemical investigations.

Nine compounds (MO1-MO9) containing the morpholine moiety were assessed for their inhibitory activities against monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Most of the compounds potently inhibited MAO-B; MO1 most potently inhibited with an IC50 value of 0.030 µM, followed by MO7 (0.25 µM). MO5 most potently inhibited AChE (IC50 = 6.1 µM), followed by MO9 (IC50 = 12.01 µM) and MO7 most potently inhibited MAO-A (IC50 = 7.1 µM). MO1 was a reversible mixed-type inhibitor of MAO-B (Ki = 0.018 µM); MO5 reversibly competitively inhibited AChE (Ki = 2.52 µM); and MO9 reversibly noncompetitively inhibited AChE (Ki = 7.04 µM). MO1, MO5 and MO9 crossed the blood-brain barrier, and were non-toxic to normal VERO cells. These results show that MO1 is a selective inhibitor of MAO-B and that MO5 is a dual-acting inhibitor of AChE and MAO-B, and that both should be considered candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Intrinsically Nonswellable Multifunctional Hydrogel with Dynamic Nanoconfinement Networks for Robust Tissue-Adaptable Bioelectronics.

Developing bioelectronics that retains their long-term functionalities in the human body during daily activities is a current critical issue. To accomplish this, robust tissue adaptability and biointerfacing of bioelectronics should be achieved. Hydrogels have emerged as promising materials for bioelectronics that can softly adapt to and interface with tissues. However, hydrogels lack toughness, requisite electrical properties, and fabrication methodologies. Additionally, the water-swellable property of hydrogels weakens their mechanical properties. In this work, an intrinsically nonswellable multifunctional hydrogel exhibiting tissue-like moduli ranging from 10 to 100 kPa, toughness (400-873 J m-3 ), stretchability (≈1000% strain), and rapid self-healing ability (within 5 min), is developed. The incorporation of carboxyl- and hydroxyl-functionalized carbon nanotubes (fCNTs) ensures high conductivity of the hydrogel (≈40 S m-1 ), which can be maintained and recovered even after stretching or rupture. After a simple chemical modification, the hydrogel shows tissue-adhesive properties (≈50 kPa) against the target tissues. Moreover, the hydrogel can be 3D printed with a high resolution (≈100 µm) through heat treatment owing to its shear-thinning capacity, endowing it with fabrication versatility. The hydrogel is successfully applied to underwater electromyography (EMG) detection and ex vivo bladder expansion monitoring, demonstrating its potential for practical bioelectronics.

Engineering the Extracellular Matrix for Organoid Culture.

Organoids show great potential in clinical translational research owing to their intriguing properties to represent a near physiological model for native tissues. However, the dependency of organoid generation on the use of poorly defined matrices has hampered their clinical application. Current organoid culture systems mostly reply on biochemical signals provided by medium compositions and cell-cell interactions to control growth. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, cell-ECM interactions, and mechanical signals for organoid expansion and differentiation. Thus, several hydrogel systems prepared using natural or synthetic-based materials have been designed to recreate the stem cell niche in vitro, providing biochemical, biophysical, and mechanical signals. In this review, we discuss how recapitulating multiple aspects of the tissue-specific environment through designing and applying matrices could contribute to accelerating the translation of organoid technology from the laboratory to therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications.

Environmental Enrichment and Estrogen Upregulate Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Underlying Functional Improvement.

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a promising therapeutic strategy in improving metabolic and neuronal responses, especially due to its non-invasive nature. However, the exact mechanism underlying the sex-differential effects remains unclear. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of EE on metabolism, body composition, and behavioral phenotype based on sex. Long-term exposure to EE for 8 weeks induced metabolic changes and fat reduction. In response to the change in metabolism, the level of ßHB were influenced by sex and EE possibly in accordance to the phases of estrogen cycle. The expression of ß-hydroxybutyrate (ßHB)-related genes and proteins such as monocarboxylate transporters, histone deacetylases (HDAC), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were significantly regulated. In cerebral cortex and hippocampus, EE resulted in a significant increase in the level of ßHB and a significant reduction in HDAC, consequently enhancing BDNF expression. Moreover, EE exerted significant effects on motor and cognitive behaviors, indicating a significant functional improvement in female mice under the condition that asserts the influence of estrogen cycle. Using an ovariectomized mice model, the effects of EE and estrogen treatment proved the hypothesis that EE upregulates ß-hydroxybutyrate and BDNF underlying functional improvement in female mice. The above findings demonstrate that long-term exposure to EE can possibly alter metabolism by increasing the level of ßHB, regulate the expression of ßHB-related proteins, and improve behavioral function as reflected by motor and cognitive presentation following the changes in estrogen level. This finding may lead to a marked improvement in metabolism and neuroplasticity by EE and estrogen level.

Collagen-binding peptide reverses bone loss in a mouse model of cerebral palsy based on clinical databases.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) experience bone loss due to impaired weight bearing. Despite serious complications, there is no standard medication. OBJECTIVE: To develop a new pharmacological agent, we performed a series of studies. The primary aim was to develop an animal model of CP to use our target medication based on transcriptome analysis of individuals with CP. The secondary aim was to show the therapeutic capability of collagen-binding peptide (CBP) in reversing bone loss in the CP mouse model. METHODS: A total of 119 people with CP and 13 healthy adults participated in the study and 140 mice were used for the behavioral analysis and discovery of therapeutic effects in the preclinical study. The mouse model of CP was induced by hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were established for CBP medication in the CP mouse model with bone loss. RESULTS: On the basis of clinical outcomes showing insufficient mechanical loading from non-ambulatory function and that underweight mainly affects bone loss in adults with CP, we developed a mouse model of CP with bone loss. Injury severity and body weight mainly affected bone loss in the CP mouse model. Transcriptome analysis showed SPP1 expression downregulated in adults with CP who showed lower bone density than healthy controls. Therefore, a synthesized CBP was administered to the mouse model. Trabecular thickness, total collagen and bone turnover activity increased with CBP treatment as compared with the saline control. Immunohistochemistry showed increased immunoreactivity of runt-related transcription factor 2 and osteocalcin, so the CBP participated in osteoblast differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: This study can provide a scientific basis for a promising translational approach for developing new anabolic CBP medication to treat bone loss in individuals with CP.

Factors Affecting Postoperative Complications and Outcomes of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy with Cerebral Palsy : A Retrospective Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Cervical surgery in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) and cerebral palsy (CP) is challenging owing to the complexities of the deformity. We assessed factors affecting postoperative complications and outcomes after CSM surgery in patients with CP. METHODS: Thirty-five consecutive patients with CP and CSM who underwent cervical operations between January 2006 and January 2014 were matched to 35 non-cerebral palsy (NCP) control patients. Postoperative complications and radiologic outcomes were compared between the groups. In the CP group, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score; Oswestry neck disability index; modified Barthel index; and values for the grip and pinch, Box and Block, and Jebsen-Taylor hand function tests were obtained preand postoperatively and compared between those with and without postoperative complications. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (16/35%) in the CP group and seven (7/35%) in the NCP group (p=0.021) had postoperative complications. Adjacent segment degeneration (p=0.021), postoperative motor weakness (p=0.037), and revisions (p=0.003) were significantly more frequent in the CP group than in the NCP group; however, instrument-related complications were not significantly higher in the CP group (7/35 vs. 5/35, p=0.280). The number of preoperative fixed cervical deformities were significantly higher in CP with postoperative complications (5/16 vs. 1/19, p=0.037). In the CP group, clinical outcomes were almost similar between those with and without postoperative complications. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of complications during the follow-up period was high in patients with CP. However, postoperative complications did not significantly affect clinical outcomes.

Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of khellactone coumarin derivatives isolated from Peucedanum japonicum Thurnberg.

Cholinesterase (ChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors have been attracted as candidate treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Fifteen khellactone-type coumarins from the roots of Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg were tested for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and MAO inhibitory activities. Compound 3'-angeloyl-4'-(2-methylbutyryl)khellactone (PJ13) most potently inhibited AChE (IC50 = 9.28 µM), followed by 3'-isovaleryl-4'-(2-methylbutyroyl)khellactone (PJ15) (IC50 = 10.0 µM). Compound senecioyl-4'-angeloyl-khellactone (PJ5) most potently inhibited BChE (IC50 = 7.22 µM) and had the highest selectivity index (> 5.54), followed by 3'-senecioyl-4'-(2-methylbutyryl)khellactone (PJ10) and 3',4'-disenecioylkhellactone (PJ4) (IC50 = 10.2 and 10.7 µM, respectively). Compounds PJ13, PJ15, and PJ5 showed reversible and mixed-types of inhibition with Ki values of 5.98, 10.4 (for AChE), and 4.16 µM (for BChE), respectively. However, all 15 compounds weakly inhibited MAO-A and MAO-B. Molecular docking simulation revealed that PJ13 had a higher binding affinity (- 9.3 kcal/mol) with AChE than PJ15 (- 7.8 kcal/mol) or PJ5 (- 5.4 kcal/mol), due to the formation of a hydrogen bond with Tyr121 (distance: 2.52 Å). On the other hand, the binding affinity of PJ5 (- 10.0 kcal/mol) with BChE was higher than for PJ13 (- 7.7 kcal/mol) or PJ15 (- 8.1 kcal/mol), due to the formation of a hydrogen bond with Ser198 (distance: 2.05 Å). These results suggest that PJ13 and PJ5 are potential reversible selective inhibitors of AChE and BChE, respectively, for the treatment of AD.

A New Potent and Selective Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitor with Extended Conjugation in a Chalcone Framework: 1-[4-(Morpholin-4-yl)phenyl]-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dien-1-one.

The general blueprint for the design of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors has been based on two phenyl or heteronuclei linked via a spacer of appropriate length. In this study, 1-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)phenyl]-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dien-1-one (MO10) was prepared by the condensation of 4'-morpholinoacetophenone and cinnamaldehyde in basic alcoholic medium. MO10 was assessed for inhibitory activity against two human MAO isoforms, MAO-A and MAO-B. Interestingly, MO10 showed a remarkable inhibition against MAO-B with an IC50 value of 0.044 µM along with a selectivity index of 366.13. The IC50 value was better than that of lazabemide (IC50 value of 0.063 µM), which was used as a reference. Kinetics studies revealed that MO10 acted as a competitive inhibitor of MAO-B, with a Ki value of 0.0080 µM. The observation of recovery of MAO-B inhibition, compared to reference levels showed MO10 to be a reversible inhibitor. MTT assays showed that MO10 was nontoxic to normal VERO cells with an IC50 value of 195.44 µg/mL. SwissADME predicted that MO10 provided advantageous pharmacokinetics profiles for developing agents acting on the central nervous system, that is, high passive human gastrointestinal absorption and blood-brain barrier permeability. Molecular docking simulations showed that MO10 properly entered the aromatic cage formed by Y435, Y398, and FAD of the active site of MAO-B. On the basis of these results, MO10 can be considered a promising starting compound in development of agents for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders.