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BACKGROUND: Circulating tumour cells (CTCs), circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are minimally invasive liquid biopsy biomarkers. This study investigated whether they predict prognosis, alone or in combination, in heterogenous unbiased non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS: Plasma samples of 54 advanced NSCLC patients from a prospective clinical trial. CtDNA mutations were identified using the UltraSEEK™ Lung Panel (MassARRAY® technology). PD-L1 expression was assessed in small EVs (sEVs) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: At least one ctDNA mutation was detected in 37% of patients. Mutations were not correlated with overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.55; 1.83, P = 0.980) and progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.57-1.76, P = 0.991). High PD-L1+ sEV concentration was correlated with OS (HR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.03-1.26, P = 0.016), but not with PFS (HR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.99-1.18, P = 0.095). The interaction analysis suggested that PD-L1+ sEV correlation with PFS changed in function of CTC presence/absence (P interaction = 0.036). The combination analysis highlighted worse prognosis for patients with CTCs and high PD-L1+ sEV concentration (HR = 7.65, 95% CI = 3.11-18.83, P < 0.001). The mutational statuses of ctDNA and tumour tissue were significantly correlated (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: CTCs and high PD-L1+ sEV concentration correlated with PFS and OS, but not ctDNA mutations. Their combined analysis may help to identify patients with worse OS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02866149, Registered 01 June 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02866149 .
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Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Vesículas Extracelulares , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes , Humanos , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Pronóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Estudios Prospectivos , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Biopsia Líquida , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Most studies have focused on the primary tumor or on overt metastatic lesions, leaving a significant knowledge gap concerning blood-borne cancer cell dissemination, a major step in the metastatic cascade. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood of patients with solid cancer can now be enumerated and investigated at the molecular level, giving unexpected information on the biology of the metastatic cascade. CONTENT: Here, we reviewed recent advances in basic and translational/clinical research on CTCs as key elements in the metastatic cascade. SUMMARY: Findings from translational studies on CTCs have elucidated the complexity of the metastatic process. Fully understanding this process will open new potential avenues for cancer therapeutic and diagnostic strategies to propose precision medicine to all cancer patients.
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Células Neoplásicas Circulantes , Humanos , Investigación Biomédica Traslacional , Conocimiento , Medicina de PrecisiónRESUMEN
Metastasis formation is the main cause of cancer-related death in patients with solid tumours. At the beginning of this process, cancer cells escape from the primary tumour to the blood circulation where they become circulating tumour cells (CTCs). Only a small subgroup of CTCs will survive during the harsh journey in the blood and colonise distant sites. The in-depth analysis of these metastasis-competent CTCs is very challenging because of their extremely low concentration in peripheral blood. So far, only few groups managed to expand in vitro and in vivo CTCs to be used as models for large-scale descriptive and functional analyses of CTCs. These models have shown already the high variability and complexity of the metastatic cascade in patients with cancer, and open a new avenue for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Células Neoplásicas Circulantes , Biología , Recuento de Células , Humanos , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: One of the objectives for the liquid biopsy is to become a surrogate to tissue biopsies in diagnosis of cancer as a minimally invasive method, with clinical utility in real-time follow-ups of patients. To achieve this goal, it is still necessary to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms of cancer and the biological principles that govern its behavior, particularly with regard to circulating tumor cells (CTCs). CONTENT: The isolation, enumeration, detection, and characterization of CTCs have already proven to provide relevant clinical information about patient prognosis and treatment prediction. Moreover, CTCs can be analyzed at the genome, proteome, transcriptome, and secretome levels and can also be used for functional studies in in vitro and in vivo models. These features, taken together, have made CTCs a very valuable biosource. SUMMARY: To further advance the field and discover new clinical applications for CTCs, several studies have been performed to learn more about these cells and better understand the biology of metastasis. In this review, we describe the recent literature on the topic of liquid biopsy with particular focus on the biology of CTCs.
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Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/metabolismo , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Humanos , Biopsia Líquida , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/patología , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/genética , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/genética , Receptor ErbB-2/genética , Receptor ErbB-2/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Proteínas ras/genéticaRESUMEN
In this work, we describe the morphological, electronic and catalytic properties of support TiO2-CeO2-ZrO2, prepared by sol-gel method, which was impregnated with copper at 5 and 10% by weight, in order to obtain efficient catalysts in the catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) of 2-cp. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and nitrogen physisorption by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The activity of the materials used in this study revealed that without the presence of Cu, the SCO2 is low and with a content of 10% this metal shows the best catalytic behaviour; conversely, a reaction mechanism is proposed that describes the complete oxidation of 2-cp in this case.
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Clorofenoles , Cobre , Catálisis , Oxidación-ReducciónRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Taekwondo is associated with an increased incidence of musculoskeletal injuries such as tendinopathy, synovitis, chondropathy, and ligament and meniscus injuries that may have an asymptomatic course in their initial stages, especially those located in the knee. OBJECTIVE: To describe the presence of morphostructural abnormalities in asymptomatic taekwondo athletes' (TKD) knees through the use of diagnostic ultrasound (US). METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive and comparative study. We evaluated 32 knees of 16 subjects (8 TKD and 8 recreational athletes). All subjects underwent sport-medical history and knee US. RESULTS: A variety of intra- and extra-articular morphostructural abnormalities were observed; the most frequent were synovitis, meniscal extrusion, and enthesopathy. CONCLUSIONS: The practice of Taekwondo abnormalities associated with an increased risk of knee injuries that may go unnoticed in the early stages. The use of US as an auxiliary tool in the diagnosis of these injuries and/or advisable since it can define in detail the anatomical structures subject to overuse, biomechanical stress, or repetitive trauma, and contribute to early detection of asymptomatic morphostructural alterations that may ensure timely preventive and therapeutic interventions.
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UNLABELLED: Lower limb strength and muscular balance are important attributes in the practice of Taekwondo. OBJECTIVE: To assess through isokinetic dynamometry the muscular strength and balance of knee extensor and flexor apparatus of elite Taekwondo athletes and to compare with recreational-type athletes. METHODS: The maximum torque, the angle of maximum torque, maximum torque work, total work of the series, average power, and flexor and extensor muscle apparatus balance of the knees were obtained. RESULTS: A total of 32 knees were studied. Significantly higher values in peak torque and total work of the series were present in the group of TKD athletes in the extensor muscles, while the maximum torque angle of extensor and flexor muscles was higher in controls. We found a muscular imbalance due to flexor muscle strength deficit in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of muscular strength and an imbalance between the knee flexor and extensor muscle groups characterized the predominant motor gesture of TKD athletes. These results are useful in the design and implementation of training programs, to optimize the value of muscular strength and muscle balance in TKD athletes directed to promote optimal athletic performance and prevent sport-related injuries.
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Background: Platelets are active players in hemostasis, coagulation and also tumorigenesis. The cross-talk between platelets and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may have various pro-cancer effects, including promoting tumor growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastatic cell survival, adhesion, arrest and also pre-metastatic niche and metastasis formation. Interaction with CTCs might alter the platelet transcriptome. However, as CTCs are rare events, the cross-talk between CTCs and platelets is poorly understood. Here, we used our established colon CTC lines to investigate the colon CTC-platelet cross-talk in vitro and its impact on the behavior/phenotype of both cell types. Methods: We exposed platelets isolated from healthy donors to thrombin (positive control) or to conditioned medium from three CTC lines from one patient with colon cancer and then we monitored the morphological and protein expression changes by microscopy and flow cytometry. We then analyzed the transcriptome by RNA-sequencing of platelets indirectly (presence of a Transwell insert) co-cultured with the three CTC lines. We also quantified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR the expression of genes related to EMT and cancer development in CTCs after direct co-culture (no Transwell insert) with platelets. Results: We observed morphological and transcriptomic changes in platelets upon exposure to CTC conditioned medium and indirect co-culture (secretome). Moreover, the expression levels of genes involved in EMT (p < 0.05) were decreased in CTCs co-cultured with platelets, but not of genes encoding mesenchymal markers (FN1 and SNAI2). The expression levels of genes involved in cancer invasiveness (MYC, VEGFB, IL33, PTGS2, and PTGER2) were increased. Conclusion: For the first time, we studied the CTC-platelet cross-talk using our unique colon CTC lines. Incubation with CTC conditioned medium led to platelet aggregation and activation, supporting the hypothesis that their interaction may contribute to preserve CTC integrity during their journey in the bloodstream. Moreover, co-culture with platelets influenced the expression of several genes involved in invasiveness and EMT maintenance in CTCs.
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The high rate of mutation of this virus is associated with a quick emergence of new viral variants that have been rapidly spreading worldwide. Several mutations have been documented in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein that increases the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and its cellular receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Mutations in the spike can increase the viral spread rate, disease severity, and the ability of the virus to evade either the immune protective responses, monoclonal antibody treatments, or the efficacy of current licensed vaccines. This review aimed to highlight the functional virus classification used by the World Health Organization (WHO), Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak (PANGO), Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID), and Nextstrain, an open-source project to harness the scientific and public health potential of pathogen genome data, the chronological emergence of viral variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs), the major findings related to the rate of spread, and the mutations in the spike protein that are involved in the evasion of the host immune responses elicited by prior SARS-CoV-2 infections and by the protection induced by vaccination.
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COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Mutación , Filogenia , Unión Proteica , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del CoronavirusRESUMEN
The clinical importance of metastatic spread of cancer has been recognized for centuries, and melanoma has loomed large in historical descriptions of metastases, as well as the numerous mechanistic theories espoused. The "fatal black tumor" described by Hippocrates in 5000 BC that was later termed "melanose" by Rene Laennec in 1804 was recognized to have the propensity to metastasize by William Norris in 1820. And while the prognosis of melanoma was uniformly acknowledged to be dire, Samuel Cooper described surgical removal as having the potential to improve prognosis. Subsequent to this, in 1898 Herbert Snow was the first to recognize the potential clinical benefit of removing clinically normal lymph nodes at the time of initial cancer surgery. In describing "anticipatory gland excision," he noted that "it is essential to remove, whenever possible, those lymph glands which first receive the infective protoplasm, and bar its entrance into the blood, before they have undergone increase in bulk". This revolutionary concept marked the beginning of a debate that rages today: are regional lymph nodes the first stop for metastases ("incubator" hypothesis) or does their involvement serve as an indicator of aggressive disease with inherent metastatic potential ("marker" hypothesis). Is there a better way to improve prediction of disease outcome? This article attempts to address some of the resultant questions that were the subject of the session "Novel Frontiers in the Diagnosis of Cancer" at the 8th International Congress on Cancer Metastases, held in San Francisco, CA in October 2019. Some of these questions addressed include the significance of sentinel node metastasis in melanoma, and the optimal method for their pathologic analysis. The finding of circulating tumor cells in the blood may potentially supplant surgical techniques for detection of metastatic disease, and we are beginning to perfect techniques for their detection, understand how to apply the findings clinically, and develop clinical followup treatment algorithms based on these results. Finally, we will discuss the revolutionary field of machine learning and its applications in cancer diagnosis. Computer-based learning algorithms have the potential to improve efficiency and diagnostic accuracy of pathology, and can be used to develop novel predictors of prognosis, but significant challenges remain. This review will thus encompass latest concepts in the detection of cancer metastasis via the lymphatic system, the circulatory system, and the role of computers in enhancing our knowledge in this field.
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Melanoma , Ganglio Linfático Centinela , Neoplasias Cutáneas , Humanos , Escisión del Ganglio Linfático , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Metástasis Linfática/patología , Masculino , Melanoma/patología , Ganglio Linfático Centinela/patología , Biopsia del Ganglio Linfático Centinela , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patologíaRESUMEN
Breast cancer has an important incidence in the worldwide female population. Although alterations in the mitochondrial genome probably play an important role in carcinogenesis, the actual evidence is ambiguous and inconclusive. Our purpose was to explore differences in mitochondrial sequences of cases with breast cancer compared with control samples from different origins. We identified 124 mtDNA sequences associated with breast cancer cases, of which 86 were complete and 38 were partial sequences. Of these 86 complete sequences, 52 belonged to patients with a confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer, and 34 sequences were obtained from healthy mammary tissue of the same patients used as controls. From the mtDNA analysis, two polymorphisms with significant statistical differences were found: m.310del (rs869289246) in 34.6% (27/78) of breast cancer cases and 61.7% (21/34) in the controls; and m.315dup (rs369786048) in 60.2% (47/78) of breast cancer cases and 38.2% (13/34) in the controls. In addition, the variant m.16519T>C (rs3937033) was found in 59% of the control sequences and 52% of the breast cancer sequences with a significant statistical difference. Polymorphic changes are evolutionarily related to the haplogroup H of Indo-European and Euro-Asiatic origins; however, they were found in all non-European breast cancers.
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Neoplasias de la Mama , Humanos , Femenino , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Mitocondrias/genética , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMEN
In cancer, many analytes can be investigated through liquid biopsy. They play fundamental roles in the biological mechanisms underpinning the metastatic cascade and provide clinical information that can be monitored in real time during the natural course of cancer. Some of these analytes (circulating tumor cells and extracellular vesicles) share a key feature: the presence of a phospholipid membrane that includes proteins, lipids and possibly nucleic acids. Most cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions are modulated by the cell membrane composition. To understand cancer progression, it is essential to describe how proteins, lipids and nucleic acids in the membrane influence these interactions in cancer cells. Therefore, assessing such interactions and the phospholipid membrane composition in different liquid biopsy analytes might be important for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we briefly describe some of the most important surface components of circulating tumor cells and extracellular vesicles as well as their interactions, putting an emphasis on how they are involved in the different steps of the metastatic cascade and how they can be exploited by the different liquid biopsy technologies.
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Membrana Celular/patología , Vesículas Extracelulares/patología , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/patología , Animales , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Humanos , Biopsia Líquida/métodos , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/metabolismo , Fosfolípidos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The recent development of sophisticated techniques capable of detecting extremely low concentrations of circulating tumor biomarkers in accessible body fluids, such as blood or urine, could contribute to a paradigm shift in cancer diagnosis and treatment. By applying such techniques, clinicians can carry out liquid biopsies, providing information on tumor presence, evolution, and response to therapy. The implementation of biosensing platforms for liquid biopsies is particularly complex because this application domain demands high selectivity/specificity and challenging limit-of-detection (LoD) values. The interest in photonics as an enabling technology for liquid biopsies is growing owing to the well-known advantages of photonic biosensors over competing technologies in terms of compactness, immunity to external disturbance, and ultra-high spatial resolution. Some encouraging experimental results in the field of photonic devices and systems for liquid biopsy have already been achieved by using fluorescent labels and label-free techniques and by exploiting super-resolution microscopy, surface plasmon resonance, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and whispering gallery mode resonators. This paper critically reviews the current state-of-the-art, starting from the requirements imposed by the detection of the most common circulating biomarkers. Open research challenges are considered together with competing technologies, and the most promising paths of improvement are discussed for future applications.
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BACKGROUND: Multiple questionnaires demonstrated the effect of the disease on the Quality of Life (QL), especially on allergies. Asthma and allergic rhinitis contributes to the reduction of QL. One of the accepted instruments for the evaluation of QL in chronic diseases is the questionnaire SF-36 (SF-36). Our objective was to validate the SF-36 in Mexican asthmatic with allergic rhinitis adult patients. METHODS: Fifty asthmatic patients with allergic rhinitis participated. They were placed according to the severity of their asthma (GINA 2004) and of allergic rhinitis (ARIA). The SF-36 was applied. The results were analyzed by descriptive statistics and validation by internal consistency through the Cronbach's test. RESULTS: It was observed that greater deterioration of QL in asthmatic patients with allergic rhinitis is directly related with the severity of their disease. Greater deterioration was observed on physical nature and of the perception of health. The aspect less affected was the social function and mental health. The Cronbach's test showed a coefficient of global reliability of 0.9314. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained for the validation of SF-36, through the Cronbach's test in the population studied allows their use for later studies.
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Asma/diagnóstico , Calidad de Vida , Rinitis Alérgica Perenne/diagnóstico , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto , Asma/complicaciones , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Rinitis Alérgica Perenne/complicacionesRESUMEN
Metastasis is the main cause of death in patients with cancer. The molecular mechanisms underlying the different metastasis steps are not yet fully known, partly because most studies have been focusing only on cancer cells within the tumor. Currently, with the development of technologies for the enrichment and capture of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), it is possible to characterize cancer cells at the exact moment of metastasis initiation. Therefore, CTCs are a promising bio-source for real-time liquid biopsies in patients with cancer. However, their exploitation has been hampered by the limited number of CTCs in the bloodstream and the changing phenotype of cancer cells during the metastatic process. Different methods have been developed to expand CTCs in vitro and in vivo (in animal models) with the aim of characterizing functional metastasis-initiator CTCs with stemness traits, and to obtain new diagnostics and therapeutic tools. In this review, we describe how the establishment of in vitro CTC cultures and of CTC-derived xenografts has led to the identification of molecular mechanisms related to metastasis initiation by CTCs, such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stemness, and clustering. These models enable the functional analysis and in-depth proteomic, transcriptomic and genomic profiling of metastasis-competent CTCs. We then discuss the relationship between EMT and stem cell features, and how these aspects might interact with other factors in the tumor microenvironment to induce CTC dissemination and proliferation in distant organs.
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Biopsia Líquida/métodos , Neoplasias/patología , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/patología , Animales , Biomarcadores de Tumor , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Medicina de Precisión , Células Tumorales Cultivadas , Microambiente Tumoral , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
The long-term effects of cancer on patient quality of life and its economic burden are important issues that need to be addressed. Therefore, it is critical to assess patient priorities and investigate the value proposition of clinical tests in this field. The minimally invasive liquid biopsy has attracted much attention because it allows serial sampling during cancer progression, and provides valuable biological information on the tumor biology and treatment response through the analysis of analytes in the blood, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs). To introduce CTC analysis in daily clinical practice, it is still necessary to firmly establish its clinical benefits and extra value for clinical decision-making. A laboratory medicine value proposition of CTC medical applications can help to address these issues. In this review, we discuss the current evidence for a value proposition of CTC detection, isolation, and characterization using the available technologies, and we summarize the unmet requirements for the full integration of CTCs in the care pathway.
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Células Neoplásicas Circulantes , Toma de Decisiones Clínicas , Humanos , Laboratorios , Biopsia Líquida , Calidad de VidaRESUMEN
The metastatic cascade describes the process whereby aggressive cancer cells leave the primary tumor, travel through the bloodstream, and eventually reach distant organs to develop one or several metastases. During the last decade, innovative technologies have exploited the recent biological knowledge to identify new circulating biomarkers for the screening and early detection of cancer, real-time monitoring of treatment response, assessment of tumor relapse risk (prognosis), identification of new therapeutic targets and resistance mechanisms, patient stratification, and therapeutic decision-making. These techniques are broadly described using the term of Liquid Biopsy. This field is in constant progression and is based on the detection of circulating tumor cells, circulating free nucleic acids (e.g., circulating tumor DNA), circulating tumor-derived extracellular vesicles, and tumor-educated platelets. The aim of this review is to describe the biological principles underlying the liquid biopsy concept and to discuss how functional studies can expand the clinical applications of these circulating biomarkers.
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In the last few decades, the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) has received increased attention as the main membrane marker used in many enrichment technologies to isolate circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Although there has been a great deal of progress in the implementation of EpCAM-based CTC detection technologies in medical settings, several issues continue to limit their clinical utility. The biology of EpCAM and its role are not completely understood but evidence suggests that the expression of this epithelial cell-surface protein is crucial for metastasis-competent CTCs and may not be lost completely during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In this review, we summarize the most significant advantages and disadvantages of using EpCAM as a marker for CTC enrichment and its potential biological role in the metastatic cascade.
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Molécula de Adhesión Celular Epitelial/metabolismo , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/patología , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Molécula de Adhesión Celular Epitelial/genética , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/patología , Neoplasias/terapia , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/metabolismo , PronósticoRESUMEN
SARS-CoV-2 is a new virus causing an infection and illness referred to as COVID-19. As of July 7th of 2020, this virus has been associated worldwide with over 12 million of infections and more than 550,000 deaths. Transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2 in the population is high, and the origin of this coronavirus appears to be related to some species of the bat. However, scientific information related to the pathogenesis, and immune response to COVID-19 changes rapidly, which is why the aim of this work is to provide recent information related to an exacerbated inflammatory immune response which causes multiorgan failure and patient death. The timely identification of infected individuals will be key to stop the spread of infection and in severe cases to establish optimal strategies to reduce the risk of death in critically ill patients. In this review, we have considered the latest findings collected from the clinical studies, diagnostic tests, and treatment for COVID-19. Information presented here will help to the better understanding of this disease.
El SARS-CoV-2 es un nuevo virus que causa la enfermedad denominada COVID-19. Este virus ha generado hasta el 7 de julio de 2020 12 millones de contagios y más de 550 000 muertes en todo el mundo. Se sabe que la tasa de transmisión es muy alta y su origen está relacionado con una especie del murciélago. Sin embargo, la información científica relacionada con la COVID-19 cambia rápidamente, por lo que este trabajo tiene como objetivo aportar información reciente y relacionada con el desarrollo de la respuesta inflamatoria exacerbada, que con frecuencia causa falla orgánica múltiple y muerte del paciente. La rápida identificación de los individuos infectados es clave para detener la propagación de esta enfermedad y en los casos más graves establecer estrategias que permitan la reducción de la infección y del riesgo de muerte. En esta revisión, hemos considerado los últimos hallazgos recopilados de los estudios clínicos, pruebas diagnósticas y de tratamiento para COVID-19. La información presentada en este trabajo contribuirá al entendimiento de esta enfermedad.
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The current limitations of cancer diagnosis and molecular profiling based on invasive tissue biopsies or clinical imaging have led to the development of the liquid biopsy field. Liquid biopsy includes the isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating free or tumor DNA (cfDNA or ctDNA), extracellular vesicles (EVs), and tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) from body fluid samples and their molecular characterization to identify biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic prediction, and follow-up. These innovative biosources show similar features as the primary tumor from where they originated or interacted. This review describes the different technologies and methods used for processing these biosources as well as their main clinical applications with their advantages and limitations.