Persistent magnetic coherence in magnets.

When excited, the magnetization in a magnet precesses around the field in an anticlockwise manner on a timescale governed by viscous magnetization damping, after which any information carried by the initial actuation seems to be lost. This damping appears to be a fundamental bottleneck for the use of magnets in information processing. However, here we demonstrate the recall of the magnetization-precession phase after times that exceed the damping timescale by two orders of magnitude using dedicated two-colour microwave pump-probe experiments for a Y3Fe5O12 microstructured film. Time-resolved magnetization state tomography confirms the persistent magnetic coherence by revealing a double-exponential decay of magnetization correlation. We attribute persistent magnetic coherence to a feedback effect, that is, coherent coupling of the uniform precession with long-lived excitations at the minima of the spin-wave dispersion relation. Our finding liberates magnetic systems from the strong damping in nanostructures that has limited their use in coherent information storage and processing.

Fast Heating of Imploded Core with Counterbeam Configuration.

A tailored-pulse-imploded core with a diameter of 70 µm is flashed by counterirradiating 110 fs, 7 TW laser pulses. Photon emission (>40 eV) from the core exceeds the emission from the imploded core by 6 times, even though the heating pulse energies are only one seventh of the implosion energy. The coupling efficiency from the heating laser to the core using counterirradiation is 14% from the enhancement of photon emission. Neutrons are also produced by counterpropagating fast deuterons accelerated by the photon pressure of the heating pulses. A collisional two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation reveals that the collisionless two counterpropagating fast-electron currents induce mega-Gauss magnetic filaments in the center of the core due to the Weibel instability. The counterpropagating fast-electron currents are absolutely unstable and independent of the core density and resistivity. Fast electrons with energy below a few MeV are trapped by these filaments in the core region, inducing an additional coupling. This might lead to the observed bright photon emissions.

Direct heating of a laser-imploded core by ultraintense laser-driven ions.

A novel direct core heating fusion process is introduced, in which a preimploded core is predominantly heated by energetic ions driven by LFEX, an extremely energetic ultrashort pulse laser. Consequently, we have observed the D(d,n)^{3}He-reacted neutrons (DD beam-fusion neutrons) with the yield of 5×10^{8} n/4π sr. Examination of the beam-fusion neutrons verified that the ions directly collide with the core plasma. While the hot electrons heat the whole core volume, the energetic ions deposit their energies locally in the core, forming hot spots for fuel ignition. As evidenced in the spectrum, the process simultaneously excited thermal neutrons with the yield of 6×10^{7} n/4π sr, raising the local core temperature from 0.8 to 1.8 keV. A one-dimensional hydrocode STAR 1D explains the shell implosion dynamics including the beam fusion and thermal fusion initiated by fast deuterons and carbon ions. A two-dimensional collisional particle-in-cell code predicts the core heating due to resistive processes driven by hot electrons, and also the generation of fast ions, which could be an additional heating source when they reach the core. Since the core density is limited to 2 g/cm^{3} in the current experiment, neither hot electrons nor fast ions can efficiently deposit their energy and the neutron yield remains low. In future work, we will achieve the higher core density (>10 g/cm^{3}); then hot electrons could contribute more to the core heating via drag heating. Together with hot electrons, the ion contribution to fast ignition is indispensable for realizing high-gain fusion. By virtue of its core heating and ignition, the proposed scheme can potentially achieve high gain fusion.

Fusion using fast heating of a compactly imploded CD core.

A compact fast core heating experiment is described. A 4-J 0.4-ns output of a laser-diode-pumped high-repetition laser HAMA is divided into four beams, two of which counterilluminate double-deuterated polystyrene foils separated by 100 µm for implosion. The remaining two beams, compressed to 110 fs for fast heating, illuminate the same paths. Hot electrons produced by the heating pulses heat the imploded core, emitting x-ray radiations >20 eV and yielding some 10(3) thermal neutrons.

Theranostic SPECT reconstruction for improved resolution: application to radionuclide therapy dosimetry.

BACKGROUND: SPECT-derived dose estimates in tissues of diameter less than 3× system resolution are subject to significant losses due to the limited spatial resolution of the gamma camera. Incorporating resolution modelling (RM) into the SPECT reconstruction has been proposed as a possible solution; however, the images produced are prone to noise amplification and Gibbs artefacts. We propose a novel approach to SPECT reconstruction in a theranostic setting, which we term SPECTRE (single photon emission computed theranostic reconstruction); using a diagnostic PET image, with its superior resolution, to guide the SPECT reconstruction of the therapeutic equivalent. This report demonstrates a proof in principle of this approach. METHODS: We have employed the hybrid kernelised expectation maximisation (HKEM) algorithm implemented in STIR, with the aim of producing SPECT images with PET-equivalent resolution. We demonstrate its application in both a dual 68Ga/177Lu IEC phantom study and a clinical example using 64Cu/67Cu. RESULTS: SPECTRE is shown to produce images comparable in accuracy and recovery to PET with minimal introduction of artefacts and amplification of noise. CONCLUSION: The SPECTRE approach to image reconstruction shows improved quantitative accuracy with a reduction in noise amplification. SPECTRE shows great promise as a method of improving SPECT radioactivity concentrations, directly leading to more accurate dosimetry estimates in small structures and target lesions. Further investigation and optimisation of the algorithm parameters is needed before this reconstruction method can be utilised in a clinical setting.

Room temperature and low-field resonant enhancement of spin Seebeck effect in partially compensated magnets.

Resonant enhancement of spin Seebeck effect (SSE) due to phonons was recently discovered in Y[Formula: see text]Fe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] (YIG). This effect is explained by hybridization between the magnon and phonon dispersions. However, this effect was observed at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, limiting the scope for applications. Here we report observation of phonon-resonant enhancement of SSE at room temperature and low magnetic field. We observe in Lu[Formula: see text]BiFe[Formula: see text]GaO[Formula: see text] an enhancement 700% greater than that in a YIG film and at very low magnetic fields around 10[Formula: see text] T, almost one order of magnitude lower than that of YIG. The result can be explained by the change in the magnon dispersion induced by magnetic compensation due to the presence of non-magnetic ion substitutions. Our study provides a way to tune the magnon response in a crystal by chemical doping, with potential applications for spintronic devices.

Effects of total parenteral nutrition on the development of intestinal endotoxemia in rats: a comparison between glucose and lipid.

The effects of parenteral nutrition (PN) and of the difference in the PN regimens between glucose and lipid emulsion on the development of endogenous endotoxemia were studied in 40 Wister rats. Endotoxemia was induced by occluding the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) for 30 min. The plasma endotoxin in the portal blood at the time of the release of the SMV occlusion and that in the arterial blood 10 min after the release were quantified. Twenty of the 40 rats had received PN for 48 hr prior to the SMV occlusion. Ten of these 20 rats received the total nonprotein calorie (TNPC) solely with glucose, and the other 10 rats received 25% of the TNPC with lipid emulsion. Ten rats had been allowed free access to lab food until the SMV occlusion. The remaining 10 rats underwent neither the SMV occlusion nor PN, and served as the control group. Both the portal and the arterial endotoxin increased after the release of the SMV occlusion, however the portal endotoxin was higher than that of the arterial one. Both the portal and the arterial endotoxin of the rats supported by PN were significantly lower than those of the rats nourished by lab food, while they were higher than the control values. The difference in the PN regimens did not cause any alteration in the endotoxin levels. These results indicate that the development of intestinal endotoxemia was not influenced by the difference in the PN regimens, but it was rather influenced by a presence of intestinal content.

Influences of an infusion of lipid emulsion on phagocytotic activity of cultured Kupffer's cells in septic rats.

An experimental study was undertaken to study the influences of an infusion of lipid emulsion on phagocytosis of Kupffer's cells in septic rats. Sepsis was induced in 13 rats by ligating the cecum. Five of them received glucose as the sole nonprotein calorie (septic-glucose group), four of the rats received 25% of the nonprotein calorie with lipid emulsion, Intralipid (septic-lipid group), and the remaining four rats did not receive any intravenous solution and were allowed access to water (septic-fasted group). Another four rats which received neither intravenous solution nor ligation of the cecum served as the control group. The intravenous infusion was carried out for 72 hr. The phagocytotic activity of Kupffer's cells was determined by the ability to engulf latex particles with a size of 1.09 micron, in vitro. The phagocytotic activity was enhanced by the presence of sepsis but it was inhibited by starvation. The difference in the phagocytotic activity between the septic-glucose group and the septic-lipid group was not significant. These results suggest that, insofar as an in vitro study is concerned, a 72-hr infusion of lipid emulsion at a rate of 25% of the total nonprotein calorie does not influence the phagocytotic activity of cultured Kupffer's cell obtained from septic rats.

[Detection of circulating cancer cells by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of cytokeratin-19 in patients with renal cell carcinoma].

Detection of circulating cancer cells in peripheral blood may improve cancer staging and monitoring. This study was undertaken to investigate the clinical implications of detection of circulating cancer cells in renal cancer patients. Cytokeratin-19 (CK19) mRNA was amplified by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the peripheral blood of 33 healthy volunteers and 19 patients with renal cell carcinoma. The detection limit of the method was 10 cancer cells in 10(7) peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The positive detection rate was 47% for renal cancer patients and 9% for healthy volunteers. The number of patients expressing CK19 mRNA in each clinical stage was 0 out of 3 patients in stage 1; 2 out of 8 (25%) in stage 2; 3 out of 4 (75%) in stage 3; 4 out 4 (100%) in stage 4. A significant correlation was seen between CK19 mRNA expression and clinical stage (p = 0.0023). This method may be useful for early detection of micrometastasis, and facilitate the design of better therapeutic strategies for the treatment of renal cancer patients.

[Clinical studies on ceftriaxone in complicated urinary tract infections].

Ceftriaxone (CTRX) was clinically evaluated in 20 cases of complicated urinary tract infections. CTRX was administered for 5 days at the dose of either 1 g or 2 g once a day by intravenous injection into 10 cases. The clinical efficacy was excellent in 8 cases, moderate in 9 and poor in 3 to make an overall clinical efficacy was 91% in 11 cases with catheter indwelt. Bacteriologically, 18 out of 21 causative pathogens disappeared with an eradication rate of 86%. Neither subjective nor objective adverse reactions were observed in any case. CTRX administration once a day is effective for complicated urinary tract infections.

[Correlation between histologic grading and prognosis of prostatic cancer--comparing the grading system of the Japanese general rules of prostatic cancer with Gleason's grading].

To evaluate the correlation between the histological grade and the prognosis, we reviewed 100 cases of prostatic cancer according to the Japanese General Rules of Prostatic Cancer (JGRPC) and Gleason grading system. The study led to the following results: (1) There was a close relation between the JGRPC grade and Gleason score (GS). (2) The JGRPC grade and Gleason score were equally concerned with the clinical stage. (3) There were significant differences in survival rate between well and moderately, well and poorly differentiated groups by the JGRPC grading system, and between GS 2-4 and GS 5-7, GS 2-4 and GS 8-10 groups by Gleason score. (4) In proportion to the JGRPC grade, the cancer death rate increased linearly in each stage. (5) When the patients were grouped according to their JGRPC grades of main lesion and accompanied lesion, the cancer death rate increased in the cases with lower differentiated elements. We conclude that the JGRPC grading system is easily comprehensible, and equal with the Gleason grading system to predict the prognosis of prostatic cancer.

[Clinical evaluation of gamma-seminoprotein as a serum marker of prostate carcinoma].

The serum levels of gamma-Seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) were determined by enzyme immunoassay in 77 patients with prostatic cancer (30 untreated and 47 treated), 44 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy and 12 patients with prostatitis. Serum levels of gamma-Sm in each disease were as follows; untreated prostatic cancer 23.2 +/- 18.3 ng/ml (positive rate 93%), treated prostatic cancer 4.7 +/- 8.3 (positive rate 25.5%), benign prostatic hypertrophy 3.6 +/- 3.3 (positive rate 23.7%), prostatitis 2.0 +/- 2.0 (positive rate 7.7%). Serum gamma-Sm levels in prostatic cancer were higher in advanced stage but relatively low in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. We consider that the level of serum gamma-Sm is a useful tumor marker as well as prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in diagnosis and follow-up of the patients with prostatic cancer.

[A case of bilateral testicular germ cell tumor].

A case of bilateral successive tumor of germ cell origin is reported. A 29-year-old man visited our clinic with a complaint of swelling of right scrotal contents 18 months after initial left orchiectomy for a seminoma. The right orchiectomy was performed and its histological finding was also seminoma. Between 1965-1987 we treated 55 patients with testicular germ cell tumors. Two of them suffered a second germ cell tumor. One of them who had different histology of teratocarcinoma on left side and seminoma on right side had been reported previously. Herein, we report the second case and review the literature.

[A case report of adult Wilms' tumor].

A 49-year-old women who presented with right upper abdominal mass and back pain had a nephroblastoma, Wilms' tumor, in the right kidney. After radical nephrectomy the patient was treated with chemotherapy in the form of actinomycin D and vincristine. Despite the intensive chemotherapy, the patient died of respiratory failure by multiple metastasis at chest wall and lung. The pathology and treatment of adult Wilms' tumor were discussed.

[Clinical study of intravesical instillation therapy of superficial bladder tumor--combination therapy of mitomycin C, adriamycin, peplomycin and cytosine arabinoside].

The effect of intravesical combination chemotherapy on superficial bladder tumors was analyzed. Seventy-two patients were treated with intravesical instillation of the following anticancer drugs. MMC group: Mitomycin C (MMC) 10 mg and cytosine arabinoside (CA) 300 mg. ADM group: Adriamycin (ADM) 30 mg and CA 300 mg. PEP group: Peplomycin (PEP) 30 mg and CA 300 mg. MAC group: MMC 10 mg, ADM 30 mg and CA 300 mg. Antitumor effects in the MMC, ADM, PEP and MAC groups were evaluated in 16, 18, 17 and 21 patients and objective response (CR + PR) of tumor was observed in 87.5%, 50.0%, 35.3% and 28.6% of these patients. The papillary tumors, small tumors and low grade tumors responded better to these intravesical chemotherapies than the non-papillary tumors, the middle grade tumors and the high grade tumors. The recurrence rate in 72 patients was 6.9, 14.6 and 26.8% within 1, 2 and 3 years. No significant difference in the recurrence rate was observed between the MMC, ADM, PEP and MAC group, but the MMC group tended to have a lower recurrence rate than the other groups. The recurrence rate for the low grade tumors and the middle grade tumors was significantly lower than that for the high grade tumors and the small tumors. The major side effect of instillation therapy with these drugs was bladder irritation which appeared in 16.7% of all the patients (78 cases). In conclusion, intravesical chemotherapy is a useful approach for controlling superficial urinary bladder tumors, especially the combination of MMC and CA.

[Mass screening for prostate cancer at a local town--five-year results and screening system].

The results of a mass screening examination for prostate cancer conducted from 1989 to 1993 at a local town, Kawagoe-cho, in Mie Prefecture were evaluated. Among the 216 examinees, 4 were found to have prostate cancer. The most accurate examination was the prostate specific antigen (PSA), which was followed by digital examination and transrectal ultrasound. The applicants for the prostate cancer screening accounted for only 8% of the Kawagoe-cho male residents over 40 years old. An educational campaign of prostate disease in the area must be started to increase the number of applicants. We concluded that the most effective modality for the screening program was a combination of PSA and digital examination in the field study, and transrectal ultrasound accompanied by systemic biopsy results in the second tool for screening.

[Effect of pamidronate and interferon-alpha on bone and lung metastases and hypercalcemia in a patient with renal cell carcinoma].

Pamidronate is a second generation bisphosphonate used for treating tumor-induced hypercalcemia and for preventing the development of new bone metastasis. A 47-year-old man with renal cell carcinoma was admitted in our institution because of hypercalcemia with multiple metastasis in bone, lung and lymph nodes. After embolization of the right renal artery, the patient was treated with pamidronate and interferon-alpha. Intravenous pamidronate significantly reduced bone pain and normalized the serum calcium level. The pulmonary metastasis responded to interferon therapy after 2 months of therapy. Radical nephrectomy was then carried out. Paraaortic lymph nodes were found to be necrosed completely. Ossification of osteolytic lesions was observed after two months of therapy and metastatic lesions in the lung showed complete remission (CR) after six months of therapy.

[A case of renal cell carcinoma and bladder carcinoma associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease].

A case of renal cell carcinoma and bladder carcinoma associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease is reported. A 31-year-old female was referred to the Department of Urology for further examination of right renal mass which was incidentally found on abdominal computed tomography (CT). The patient was operated on spinal hemangioma in May 19 and July 8, 1975, on cerebellar hemangioblastoma in July, 1976 and June 10, 1981 and on cerebellar cyst in June 20, 1988. Angiography revealed three hypervascular renal tumors in the right kidney. Cystoscopy revealed a papillary bladder tumor (TCC Grade 1). Transurethral resection of bladder carcinoma was performed on July 28, 1988. Right radical nephrectomy and lymphadenectomy were performed on August 2, 1988. Histopathologically, the tumor was renal cell carcinoma of clear cell type (Grade 1). Postoperative course was uneventful and the residual kidney is being followed up in the outpatient clinic.

[Primary carcinoma of the male urethra: report of two cases].

Two cases of primary carcinoma of male urethra are reported. Case 1: A 31-year-old male, who complained of urethral bleeding, was admitted to our clinic in April, 1982. A rice size papillary tumor was found at the fossa navicularis in the glans, and resected by electric knife. Histologically, the tumor was well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Case 2: A 37-year-old man, who complained of urethral bleeding, was admitted to our clinic in July, 1985. A tumor was found at the fossa navicularis in the glans and resected. Histologically, the tumor was well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma confined to mucosa. These two cases have not shown any signs of recurrence. Including these cases, 135 cases of primary carcinoma of urethra in the literature in Japan are reviewed.