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1.
Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol ; 27(4): 393-414, 2013 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23772942

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: During the past 25 years, many pregnancy and birth cohorts have been established. Each cohort provides unique opportunities for examining associations of early-life exposures with child development and health. However, to fully exploit the large amount of available resources and to facilitate cross-cohort collaboration, it is necessary to have accessible information on each cohort and its individual characteristics. The aim of this work was to provide an overview of European pregnancy and birth cohorts registered in a freely accessible database located at http://www.birthcohorts.net. METHODS: European pregnancy and birth cohorts initiated in 1980 or later with at least 300 mother-child pairs enrolled during pregnancy or at birth, and with postnatal data, were eligible for inclusion. Eligible cohorts were invited to provide information on the data and biological samples collected, as well as the timing of data collection. RESULTS: In total, 70 cohorts were identified. Of these, 56 fulfilled the inclusion criteria encompassing a total of more than 500,000 live-born European children. The cohorts represented 19 countries with the majority of cohorts located in Northern and Western Europe. Some cohorts were general with multiple aims, whilst others focused on specific health or exposure-related research questions. CONCLUSION: This work demonstrates a great potential for cross-cohort collaboration addressing important aspects of child health. The web site, http://www.birthcohorts.net, proved to be a useful tool for accessing information on European pregnancy and birth cohorts and their characteristics.


Asunto(s)
Investigación Biomédica/estadística & datos numéricos , Recursos en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Bienestar del Lactante/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Bases de Datos Factuales , Europa (Continente) , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Embarazo
2.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc ; 58(8): 1022-32, 2008 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18720652

RESUMEN

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were banned in the United States in 1979, and since then a significant decline in their release to the environment has been observed. This decline has now reached a plateau. Several new regulatory programs have been put in place to further reduce PCB emissions/releases. However, our ability to measure the effectiveness of these regulatory/voluntary programs and to support regional fate/transport and source/receptor modeling efforts depend on reliable emission information. In this study, we attempt to improve the emission inventory for PCBs by compiling and analyzing the multimedia total PCB emission/release data reported for the U.S Great Lakes states for each year from 1990 to 2000. Although Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), National Emissions Inventory (NEI), Great Lakes Regional Air Toxic Emissions Inventory (GLRATEI), and Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) data formed the basis of estimating air emissions, we used the TRI, National Response Center (NRC), and PCB transformer inventory data to estimate PCB releases to land. We used the Permit Compliance System and NRC data to obtain estimates of PCB discharges to water systems in the Great Lakes states. The Remedial Action Plans for each area of concern were the primary source for estimating PCB loads of dredged sediments. On the basis of the NEI, IADN, and GLRATEI data, the total air emissions within the decade were approximately 126 t. The regionwide discharges to water systems and releases to land in the form of landfills and accidental spills in 1990-2000 were estimated as approximately 170 and 3225 t, respectively. We estimated that approximately 1.3 million t of PCB-contaminated sediment were removed or targeted for removal in five lakes of the U.S. portion of the Great Lakes basin. We stress that these estimates were based on reported amounts and the unreported PCB releases/emissions could result in significantly higher estimates.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ambientales/análisis , Bifenilos Policlorados/análisis , Contaminantes Ocupacionales del Aire/análisis , Contaminación del Aire/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Restauración y Remediación Ambiental , Sedimentos Geológicos/análisis , Great Lakes Region , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Contaminantes del Agua/análisis
3.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27490560

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Environmental lead exposure detrimentally affects children's educational performance, even at very low blood lead levels (BLLs). Among children in Chicago Public Schools (CPS), the severity of the effects of BLL on reading and math vary by racial subgroup (White vs. Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic Black). We investigated the impact of BLL on standardized test performance by Hispanic subgroup (Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Other Hispanic). METHODS: We examined 12,319 Hispanic children born in Chicago between 1994 and 1998 who were tested for BLL between birth and 2006 and enrolled in the 3rd grade at a CPS school between 2003 and 2006. We linked the Chicago birth registry, the Chicago Blood Lead Registry, and 3rd grade Illinois Standard Achievement Test (ISAT) scores to examine associations between BLL and school performance. Primary analyses were restricted to children with BLL below 10 µg/dL (0.483 µmol/L). RESULTS: BLLs below 10 µg/dL (0.483 µmol/L) were inversely associated with reading and math scores in all Hispanic subgroups. Adjusted Relative Risks (RRadj) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for reading and math failure were 1.34 (95% CI = 1.25, 1.63) and 1.53 (95% CI = 1.32, 1.78), respectively, per each additional 5 µg/dL of lead exposure for Hispanic children; RRadj did not differ across subgroups. We estimate that 7.0% (95% CI = 1.8, 11.9) of reading and 13.6% (95% CI = 7.7, 19.2) of math failure among Hispanic children can be attributed to exposure to BLLs of 5-9 µg/dL (0.242 to 0.435 µmol/L) vs. 0-4 µg/dL (0-0.193 µmol/L). The RRadj of math failure for each 5 µg/dL (0.242 µmol/L) increase in BLL was notably (p = 0.074) stronger among black Puerto Rican children (RRadj = 5.14; 95% CI = 1.65-15.94) compared to white Puerto Rican children (RRadj = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.12-2.02). CONCLUSIONS: Early childhood lead exposure is associated with poorer achievement on standardized reading and math tests in the 3rd grade for Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Other Hispanic children enrolled in Chicago Public Schools. While we did not see interactions between BLL and ISAT performance by Hispanic subgroup, the stronger association between BLL and math failure for Black Puerto Rican children is intriguing and warrants further study.


Asunto(s)
Evaluación Educacional , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Plomo/toxicidad , Procesos Mentales/efectos de los fármacos , Negro o Afroamericano , Población Negra , Chicago , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Femenino , Humanos , Illinois , Plomo/sangre , Masculino , Americanos Mexicanos , Puerto Rico/etnología , Grupos Raciales , Lectura , Sistema de Registros , Factores de Riesgo , Instituciones Académicas , Población Blanca
4.
Addict Behav ; 50: 222-8, 2015 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26164763

RESUMEN

AIMS: Our study aimed to examine the association between early life stress and early initiation of alcohol and tobacco use. DESIGN: This prospective cohort study of women and children belongs to the Ukrainian component of the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. SETTING: Dniprodzerzhynsk, a city of some 250,000 inhabitants in south central Ukraine. PARTICIPANTS: All 4398 women who visited antenatal clinics between December 25, 1992 and July 23, 1994, planned to continue their pregnancy, and were permanent residents of the city were invited to participate. Of the 4398 invitees, 2148 agreed and 1020 of the mother-child pairs were available for complete follow-up until the children were 16 years old. MEASUREMENTS: When study children reached ages 3 and 7, their mothers completed questionnaires about their children's exposure to and impact from a standard list of recent stressful life events. From the data on event prevalence and severity, we assigned each child to low, medium, or high early life stress. When the children became age 16, they completed questionnaires about their history of smoking and drinking. FINDINGS: In multivariate analysis that controlled for current level of family income, current family type, current school type, year of child's birth, lifetime smoking and current drinking by mother, and education of mother and father, girls with high stress at age 3 had 2.2 times (95% confidence interval: 1.23-4.08) higher odds than girls with low stress to start smoking early. CONCLUSIONS: Our study may be the first to use a longitudinal study design to examine early life stress as a risk factor for early smoking initiation in adolescence.


Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Fumar/epidemiología , Fumar/psicología , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiología , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Distribución por Sexo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Ucrania/epidemiología
5.
Environ Health Perspect ; 110 Suppl 6: 1041-6, 2002 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12634137

RESUMEN

Methyl parathion (MP) is an organophosphate pesticide illegally applied to the interiors of many hundreds of homes throughout the United States by unlicensed pesticide applicators. Public health authorities developed a protocol for investigating contaminated homes and classifying their need for public health interventions. This protocol included environmental screening for MP contamination and 1-day biomonitoring (a.m. and p.m. spot urine samples) of household members for p-nitrophenol (PNP), a metabolite of MP. The variability of urinary PNP excretion under these exposure conditions was unknown. We collected a.m. and p.m. spot urine samples for 7 consecutive days from 75 individuals, who were members of 20 MP-contaminated households in the greater Chicago, Illinois, area, and analyzed them for PNP. We also assessed the ability of the 1-day sampling protocol to correctly classify exposed individuals and households according to their need for public health interventions, assuming that 1 week of sampling (14 urinary PNPs) represented their true exposure condition. The coefficient of variation of log urinary PNPs for individuals over the course of 7 days of a.m. and p.m. sampling averaged about 15%. Adjusting for urinary excretion of creatinine improved reproducibility of urinary PNPs among children but not among adults. The 1-day protocol correctly classified true risk category in 92% of individuals and 85% of households. The data contained in this study can be used to refine what is already a reasonable and effective approach to identifying MP-exposed households and determining the appropriate public health intervention.


Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores/análisis , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Metil Paratión/efectos adversos , Nitrofenoles/orina , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Creatinina/farmacocinética , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Femenino , Vivienda , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Control de Insectos , Insecticidas/análisis , Insecticidas/farmacocinética , Masculino , Metil Paratión/análisis , Metil Paratión/farmacocinética , Salud Pública , Medición de Riesgo , Sensibilidad y Especificidad
6.
Environ Health Perspect ; 110 Suppl 6: 1075-8, 2002 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12634143

RESUMEN

The Illinois Department of Public Health participated in the Chicago, Illinois, area methyl parathion (MP) response with several other federal, state, and local government agencies beginning in April 1997. This response was initiated on evidence that hundreds of homes in the Chicago area were illegally treated for cockroaches with MP over a period of several years. Through applicator receipt books and information reported by property owners and tenants, 968 homes were identified as having been treated with MP. Upon implementation of a response plan developed by the Methyl Parathion Health Sciences Steering Committee, environmental sampling and urine monitoring were provided for eligible households. Environmental sampling was conducted in 903 homes, with MP detected above levels of concern in 596 residences. Residents of these homes were offered urine sampling to determine the extent of exposure to MP. Urine samples were collected and analyzed for p-nitrophenol in 1,913 individuals. Implementation of the protocol resulted in 550 residents being relocated during the remediation of 100 households.


Asunto(s)
Ambiente , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Insecticidas/análisis , Metil Paratión/análisis , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Chicago , Niño , Preescolar , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Control de Insectos , Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Relaciones Interinstitucionales , Gobierno Local , Masculino , Metil Paratión/efectos adversos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nitrofenoles/orina , Embarazo , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Gobierno Estatal , Población Urbana
7.
Chest ; 123(2): 510-7, 2003 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12576374

RESUMEN

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of self-reported, heroin-associated asthma symptoms among inner-city patients treated for life-threatening asthma, and to compare the rates of drug use between ICU patients with asthma and ICU control patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DESIGNS: Study 1 was a sequential case series of patients requiring ICU admission for asthma (January to June 1999). Study 2 was a retrospective, case-control study of drug use among asthma patients and control subjects with DKA requiring ICU care (1997 to 1998). SETTING: Inner-city, public hospital ICU. PATIENTS: Twenty-three patients (26 ICU admissions) with asthma (age range, 16 to 50 years) admitted to the ICU from January to June 1999, and 84 patients (104 ICU admissions) with asthma and 42 patients with DKA (age range, 15 to 50 years) admitted to the ICU during 1997 to 1998. Outcomes studied: Self-reported, heroin-associated exacerbations, history of heroin or cocaine use, and urine drug screen (UDS) results. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: In the sequential ICU admissions, 13 of 23 patients (56%) described asthma exacerbations associated with heroin insufflation. In the case-control study, asthmatics were significantly more likely to report heroin use (41.3% vs 12.5%; p = 0.006) and had a significantly higher prevalence of UDS results positive for opiates (60% vs 7%; p = 0.001) compared to subjects with DKA. The rates of cocaine use by history and UDS results did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: At least since 1997, heroin insufflation is a common asthma trigger in this inner-city ICU and should be considered in the care of patients with life-threatening asthma.


Asunto(s)
Asma/inducido químicamente , Heroína/efectos adversos , Población Urbana , Adolescente , Adulto , Asma/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Chicago/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Cetoacidosis Diabética/inducido químicamente , Cetoacidosis Diabética/epidemiología , Femenino , Heroína/administración & dosificación , Dependencia de Heroína/epidemiología , Humanos , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Admisión del Paciente , Estudios Retrospectivos , Detección de Abuso de Sustancias , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos
8.
Arch Environ Health ; 57(6): 568-78, 2002.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12696655

RESUMEN

The effect of ambient air pollutants, pollens, and mold spores on respiratory health was studied in an area with low concentrations of chemical pollutants and abundant aeroallergens. A panel of 40 asthmatic subjects living near East Moline, Illinois, recorded peak expiratory flow rates (PEFRs), respiratory symptoms, frequency of asthma attacks, and asthma medication use between April and October 1994. Daily outdoor concentrations of pollutants and aeroallergens were measured, and indoor levels of bioaerosols were measured on several occasions in each participant's home. Ozone was associated with increased morning and evening symptom scores and decreased evening PEFR, and these associations remained significant with adjustment for weather and aeroallergens. The association between ozone and asthma medication use was increased in magnitude and significance with adjustment for weather and aeroallergens; however, the association between ozone and morning PEFR became nonsignificant with weather and aeroallergen adjustment. Significant associations were also found between pollen concentration and decreased evening PEFR, as well as between increased morning and evening symptom scores and asthma medication use. In addition, associations were noted between total spore concentration and increased morning PEFR and decreased morning and evening symptom scores. The inverse associations found with mold spore concentrations were not consistent with the results of other studies; however, the associations between ozone and pollen concentration were consistent with previous studies. When results were stratified by a number of independent risk factors, no differences were noted relative to allergic status or presence of dampness or flooding in the home; however, the associations with outdoor ozone and pollens were seen mainly among participants with low levels of exposure to indoor bioaerosols (< 1,800 spores/m3) or with no environmental tobacco smoke exposure.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Alérgenos/análisis , Asma/epidemiología , Monitoreo del Ambiente/estadística & datos numéricos , Estado de Salud , Ozono/análisis , Adolescente , Adulto , Antiasmáticos/uso terapéutico , Asma/diagnóstico , Asma/tratamiento farmacológico , Niño , Preescolar , Comorbilidad , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Femenino , Humanos , Humedad , Hipersensibilidad/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidad/epidemiología , Illinois/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ápice del Flujo Espiratorio , Polen , Factores de Riesgo , Pruebas Cutáneas , Esporas Fúngicas
9.
Environ Health Perspect ; 120(2): 192-7, 2012 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22030231

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Wastewater-impacted waters that do not support swimming are often used for boating, canoeing, fishing, kayaking, and rowing. Little is known about the health risks of these limited-contact water recreation activities. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the incidence of illness, severity of illness, associations between water exposure and illness, and risk of illness attributable to limited-contact water recreation on waters dominated by wastewater effluent and on waters approved for general use recreation (such as swimming). METHODS: The Chicago Health, Environmental Exposure, and Recreation Study was a prospective cohort study that evaluated five health outcomes among three groups of people: those who engaged in limited-contact water recreation on effluent-dominated waters, those who engaged in limited-contact recreation on general-use waters, and those who engaged in non-water recreation. Data analysis included survival analysis, logistic regression, and estimates of risk for counterfactual exposure scenarios using G-computation. RESULTS: Telephone follow-up data were available for 11,297 participants. With non-water recreation as the reference group, we found that limited-contact water recreation was associated with the development of acute gastrointestinal illness in the first 3 days after water recreation at both effluent-dominated waters [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.46; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, 1.96] and general-use waters (1.50; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.07). For every 1,000 recreators, 13.7 (95% CI: 3.1, 24.9) and 15.1 (95% CI: 2.6, 25.7) cases of gastrointestinal illness were attributable to limited-contact recreation at effluent-dominated waters and general-use waters, respectively. Eye symptoms were associated with use of effluent-dominated waters only (AOR 1.50; 95% CI: 1.10, 2.06). Among water recreators, our results indicate that illness was associated with the amount of water exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Limited-contact recreation, both on effluent-dominated waters and on waters designated for general use, was associated with an elevated risk of gastrointestinal illness.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Recreación , Microbiología del Agua , Calidad del Agua , Adolescente , Adulto , Algoritmos , Chicago/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Ciudades/epidemiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Infecciones del Ojo/epidemiología , Infecciones del Ojo/microbiología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/microbiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Análisis de Supervivencia , Natación , Adulto Joven
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