Additive Engineering by Bifunctional Guanidine Sulfamate for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskites Solar Cells.

High efficiency and good stability are the challenges for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) toward commercialization. However, the intrinsic high defect density and internal nonradiative recombination of perovskite (PVK) limit its development. In this work, a facile additive strategy is devised by introducing bifunctional guanidine sulfamate (GuaSM; CH6 N3 + , Gua+ ; H2 N-SO3 - , SM- ) into PVK. The size of Gua+ ion is suitable with Pb(BrI)2 cavity relatively, so it can participate in the formation of low-dimensional PVK when mixed with Pb(BrI)2 . The O and N atoms of SM- can coordinate with Pb2+ . The synergistic effect of the anions and cations effectively reduces the trap density and the recombination in PVK, so that it can improve the efficiency and stability of PSCs. At an optimal concentration of GuaSM (2 mol%), the PSC presents a champion power conversion efficiency of 21.66% and a remarkably improved stability and hysteresis. The results provide a novel strategy for highly efficient and stable PSCs by bifunctional additive.

Counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are regarded as prospective solar cells for the next generation of photovoltaic technologies and have become research hotspots in the PV field. The counter electrode, as a crucial component of DSSCs, collects electrons from the external circuit and catalyzes the redox reduction in the electrolyte, which has a significant influence on the photovoltaic performance, long-term stability and cost of the devices. Solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, as well as the structure, principle, preparation and characterization of counter electrodes are mentioned in the introduction section. The next six sections discuss the counter electrodes based on transparency and flexibility, metals and alloys, carbon materials, conductive polymers, transition metal compounds, and hybrids, respectively. The special features and performance, advantages and disadvantages, preparation, characterization, mechanisms, important events and development histories of various counter electrodes are presented. In the eighth section, the development of counter electrodes is summarized with an outlook. This article panoramically reviews the counter electrodes in DSSCs, which is of great significance for enhancing the development levels of DSSCs and other photoelectrochemical devices.

Carbon-reinforced Ni3S2/Ti3C2Tx MXene composite as an anode for superior-performance lithium-ion capacitors.

Lithium ion capacitors (LICs) are a new generation of energy storage devices that combine the super energy storage capability of lithium ion batteries with the satisfactory power density of supercapacitors. The development of high-performance LICs still faces great challenges due to the unbalanced reaction kinetics at the anode and cathode. Therefore, it is an inevitable need to enhance the electron/ion transfer capability of the anode materials. In this paper, to obtain a superior-rate and high-capacity Ni3S2-based anode, highly conductive Ti3C2Tx MXene sheets were introduced to sever as the carrier of Ni3S2 nanoparticles and simultaneously an amorphous carbon layer which coats onto the surface of Ni3S2 nanoparticles was in-situ generated by the carbonization of dopamine reactant. The as-synthesized Ni3S2/Ti3C2Tx/C composite exhibits a high specific surface area (112.6 m2/g) because of the addition of Ti3C2Tx that can reduce the aggregation of Ni3S2 nanoparticles and the in-situ generated amorphous carbon layer that can suppress the growth of Ni3S2 nanoparticles. The Ni3S2/Ti3C2Tx/C anode possesses a remarkable reversible discharge specific capacity (626.0 mAh/g under 0.2 A/g current density), which increases to 1150.8 mAh/g after 400-cycle charge/discharge measurement at the same measurement condition indicating eminent cyclability, along with superior rate capability. To construct a superior-performance LIC device, a sterculiae lychnophorae derived porous carbon (SLPC) cathode with an average discharge specific capacity of 73.4 mAh/g@0.1A/g was prepared. The Ni3S2/Ti3C2Tx/C//SLPC LIC device with optimal cathode/anode mass ratio has a satisfactory energy density ranging from 32.8 to 119.1 Wh kg-1 at the corresponding power density of 8799.4 to 157.5 W kg-1, together with a prominent capacity retention (95.5 %@1 A/g after 10,000 cycles).

Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/perovskite Heterointerface by Spinodal Decomposition Enabling Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

The best research-cell efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is comparable with that of mature silicon solar cells (SSCs); However, the industrial development of PSCs lags far behind SSCs. PSC is a multiphase and multicomponent system, whose consequent interfacial energy loss and carrier loss seriously affect the performance and stability of devices. Here, by using spinodal decomposition, a spontaneous solid phase segregation process, in situ introduces a poly(3-hexylthiophene)/perovskite (P3HT/PVK) heterointerface with interpenetrating structure in PSCs. The P3HT/PVK heterointerface tunes the energy alignment, thereby reducing the energy loss at the interface; The P3HT/PVK interpenetrating structure bridges a transport channel, thus decreasing the carrier loss at the interface. The simultaneous mitigation of energy and carrier losses by P3HT/PVK heterointerface enables n-i-p geometry device a power conversion efficiency of 24.53% (certified 23.94%) and excellent stability. These findings demonstrate an ingenious strategy to optimize the performance of PSCs by heterointerface via Spinodal decomposition.

A reversible redox strategy for SWCNT-based supercapacitors using a high-performance electrolyte.

In order to achieve pesudocapacitive performance of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) electrodes, a high-efficient and reversible redox strategy utilizing a redox-mediated electrolyte for SWCNT-based supercapacitors is reported. In this novel redox-mediated electrolyte, the single-electrode specific capacitance of the supercapacitor is heightened four times, reaching C=162.66 F g(-1) at 1 A g(-1). The quick charge-discharge ability of the supercapacitor is also enhanced, and the relaxation time is as low as 0.58 s. Furthermore, the supercapacitor shows an excellent cycling performance of 96.51 % retention after 4000 cycles. The remarkable results presented here illustrate that the redox strategy is a facile and straightforward approach to improve the performances of SWCNT electrodes.

Synergistic Effect of 2-(Trifluoromethyl) Benzimidazole on the Stability and Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells.

The quality of the perovskite active layer directly impacts the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Unfortunately, perovskite films produced through solution methods often have a significant number of defects on their surface, which lead to a substantial degradation in the performance of devices. For this reason, a multifunctional additive 2-(trifluoromethyl) benzimidazole (TFMBI) is introduced into perovskite films. Based on the Lewis acid/base coordination principle, the TFMBI double site cooperatively passivates surface defects, inhibiting carrier non-radiative recombination. Simultaneously, the hydrophobic solid group (-CF3) of TFMBI covers the surface, establishing a moisture-oxygen barrier and improving the environmental stability of the devices. In consequence, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of TFMBI-modified PSCs reached 23.16%, significantly higher than the pristine one with a PCE of 20.62%. Additionally, the unencapsulated target device retained 90.32% of its initial PCE even after being reserved in the air with a relative humidity of 20-30% for 60 days.

Hotspots, Frontiers, and Emerging Trends of Superabsorbent Polymer Research: A Comprehensive Review.

Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) is a kind of functional macromolecule with super-high water absorption and retention properties, which attracts extensive research and has wide application, especially in the areas of hygiene and agriculture. With reference to the Web of Science database, the SAP research literature from 2000 to 2019 is reviewed both quantitatively and qualitatively. By examining research hotspots, top research clusters, the most influential works, the representative frontier literature, and key emerging research trends, a visual panorama of the continuously and significantly increasing SAP research over the past 2 decades was presented, and issues behind the sharp increase in the literature were discovered. The findings are as follows. The top ten keywords/hotspots headed by hydrogel highlight the academic attention on SAP properties and composites. The top ten research themes headed by clay-based composites which boast the longest duration and the strongest impact have revealed the academic preference for application rather than theoretical study. Academically influential scholars and research studies have been acknowledged, and the Wu group was at the forefront of the research; however, more statistically significant works have been less detected in the last 10 years despite the sharper increase in publications. Hydrogel, internal curing, and aerogel are both current advances and future directions.

Surface Reconstruction and In Situ Formation of 2D Layer for Efficient and Stable 2D/3D Perovskite Solar Cells.

The 2D/3D composite structure possesses both the excellent stability of 2D perovskite and the excellent performance of 3D perovskite, which recently have attracted special attention. Different from the popular isopropanol, a novel additive solvent-polypropylene glycol bis (2-aminopropyl ether) (A-PPG) is introduced here to dissolve excess PbI2 and perovskite, and then reconstruct and in situ form the quasi-2D perovskite layer on 3D perovskite bulk. The lone electron pairs of the ether-oxygen and amino in A-PPG can form coordination bonds with Pb2+ . The introduction of A-PPG tunes the energy array of functional layers, passivates defects, and mitigates carrier nonradiative recombination. Consequently, the 2D/3D perovskite device exhibits a championship efficiency of 22.24% with a distinguished open-circuit voltage of 1.21 V (the thermodynamic limit of 1.30 V). Moreover, the 2D/3D device still maintains 90% of the original efficiency in the ambient atmosphere with a relative humidity of 30 ± 10% after 50 days.

Enhancing the photoelectrical performance of dye-sensitized solar cells using TiO2:Eu3+ nanorods.

TiO(2):Eu(3+) nanorods are hydrothermally grown and used to fabricate a bilayer film electrode in a dye-sensitized solar cell. A light-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency of 8.0% and a quantum efficiency of 93.7% (at 575 nm) is achieved in this solar cell. The high efficiency is due to the improvement of ultraviolet light harvesting via a down-conversion luminescence process by the Eu(3+) ion and the increase of light scattering by one-dimensional TiO(2).

Suppressing Vacancy Defects and Grain Boundaries via Ostwald Ripening for High-Performance and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

As one kind of promising next-generation photovoltaic devices, perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have experienced unprecedented rapid growth in device performance over the past few years. However, the practical applications of PVSCs require much improved device long-term stability and performance, and internal defects and external humidity sensitivity are two key limitation need to be overcome. Here, gadolinium fluoride (GdF3 ) is added into perovskite precursor as a redox shuttle and growth-assist; meanwhile, aminobutanol vapor is used for Ostwald ripening in the formation of the perovskite layer. Consequently, a high-quality perovskite film with large grain size and few grain boundaries is obtained, resulting in the reduction of trap state density and carrier recombination. As a result, a power conversion efficiency of 21.21% is achieved with superior stability and negligible hysteresis.

Templateless self-assembly of highly oriented polyaniline arrays.

By polymerization at 80 degrees C and crystal growth at 0 degrees C, highly oriented polyaniline flake and fiber arrays were self-assembled without any templates or surfactants.

High-Performance and Hysteresis-Free Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Rare-Earth-Doped SnO2 Mesoporous Scaffold.

Tin oxide (SnO2), as electron transport material to substitute titanium oxide (TiO2) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), has aroused wide interests. However, the performance of the PSCs based on SnO2 is still hard to compete with the TiO2-based devices. Herein, a novel strategy is designed to enhance the photovoltaic performance and long-term stability of PSCs by integrating rare-earth ions Ln3+ (Sc3+, Y3+, La3+) with SnO2 nanospheres as mesoporous scaffold. The doping of Ln promotes the formation of dense and large-sized perovskite crystals, which facilitate interfacial contact of electron transport layer/perovskite layer and improve charge transport dynamics. Ln dopant optimizes the energy level of perovskite layer, reduces the charge transport resistance, and mitigates the trap state density. As a result, the optimized mesoporous PSC achieves a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.63% without hysteresis, while the undoped PSC obtains an efficiency of 19.01%. The investigation demonstrates that the rare-earth doping is low-cost and effective method to improve the photovoltaic performance of SnO2-based PSCs.

An all-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell-based poly(N-alkyl-4-vinyl-pyridine iodide) electrolyte with efficiency of 5.64%.

Using poly(N-methyl-4-vinyl-pyridine iodide), N-methyl-pyridine iodide and iodine, a solid polymer electrolyte with conductivity of 6.41 mS/cm is prepared. On the basis of a solid polymer electrolyte, a conducting graphite layer, a KI block layer, and a vacuum assembling technique, we achieve an all-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell with total photoelectric conversion efficiency of 5.64% under AM 1.5 simulated solar light (100 mW/cm2) illumination.

Annealing-Free Cr2 O3 Electron-Selective Layer for Efficient Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells.

The electron-selective layer (ESL) plays a pivotal role in the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, amorphous dispersible chromium oxide (Cr2 O3 ) nanosheets are synthesized by a facile solvothermal reaction, and a Cr2 O3 ESL is prepared by spin-coating Cr2 O3 ink on fluorine-doped tin oxide substrates without need for further annealing. By using Cr2 O3 as the electron-selective layer and Cs0.05 (MA0.17 FA0.83 )0.95 Pb(I0.83 Br0.17 )3 as the light-absorption layer, a planar hybrid perovskite solar cell is fabricated. The spin-coating speed is optimized, the structure and morphology of samples are observed, the photoelectrical properties of ESLs are characterized, and the photovoltaic behaviors of devices are measured. Results show that the as-prepared Cr2 O3 layer has high optical transmittance and superb electron extraction and carrier transport property. The planar hybrid PSC based on the optimized Cr2 O3 ESL achieves a power conversion efficiency of 16.23 %, which is comparable to devices based on a conventional high-temperature-calcined TiO2 ESL. These results demonstrate a low-cost and facile route to highly effective perovskite solar cells.

Cadmium sulfide as an efficient electron transport material for inverted planar perovskite solar cells.

Dispersible cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles are synthesized by a facile solvothermal reaction and are used for the first time as an electron transport layer (ETL) in inverted planar perovskite solar cells. The CdS ETL has superb electron extraction and transport properties, leading to a solar cell with light hysteresis and a high efficiency of 13.36%.

Improved performance of a CoTe//AC asymmetric supercapacitor using a redox additive aqueous electrolyte.

Cobalt telluride (CoTe) nanosheets as supercapacitor electrode materials are grown on carbon fiber paper (CFP) by a facile hydrothermal process. The CoTe electrode exhibits significant pseudo-capacitive properties with a highest C m of 622.8 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 and remarkable cycle stability. A new asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) is assembled based on CoTe (positive electrode) and activated carbon (negative electrode), which can expand the operating voltage to as high as 1.6 V, and has a specific capacitance of 67.3 F g-1 with an energy density of 23.5 W h kg-1 at 1 A g-1. The performance of the ASC can be improved by introducing redox additive K4Fe(CN)6 into alkaline electrolyte (KOH). The results indicate that the ASC with K4Fe(CN)6 exhibits an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 192.1 F g-1 and an energy density of 67.0 W h kg-1, which is nearly a threefold increase over the ASC with pristine electrolyte.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Co-Doped NiSe2 Nanowire for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors.

Co@NiSe2 electrode materials were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method by using nickel foam in situ as the backbone and subsequently characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and a specific surface area analyzer. Results show that the Co@NiSe2 electrode exhibits a nanowire structure and grows uniformly on the nickel foam base. These features make the electrode show a relatively high specific surface area and electrical conductivity, and thus exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. The obtained electrode has a high specific capacitance of 3167.6 F·g-1 at a current density of 1 A·g-1. To enlarge the potential window and increase the energy density, an asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled by using a Co@NiSe2 electrode and activated carbon acting as positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The prepared asymmetrical supercapacitor functions stably under the potential window of 0⁻1.6 V. The asymmetric supercapacitor can deliver a high energy density of 50.0 Wh·kg-1 at a power density of 779.0 W·kg-1. Moreover, the prepared asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits a good rate performance and cycle stability.

Modulated CH3NH3PbI3-xBrx film for efficient perovskite solar cells exceeding 18.

The organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite layer is a crucial factor for the high performance perovskite solar cell (PSC). We introduce CH3NH3Br in the precursor solution to prepare CH3NH3PbI3-xBrx hybrid perovskite, and an uniform perovskite layer with improved crystallinity and apparent grain contour is obtained, resulting in the significant improvement of photovoltaic performance of PSCs. The effects of CH3NH3Br on the perovskite morphology, crystallinity, absorption property, charge carrier dynamics and device characteristics are discussed, and the improvement of open circuit voltage of the device depended on Br doping is confirmed. Based on above, the device based on CH3NH3PbI2.86Br0.14 exhibits a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.02%. This study represents an efficient method for high-performance perovskite solar cell by modulating CH3NH3PbI3-xBrx film.

TiO2 quantum dots as superb compact block layers for high-performance CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells with an efficiency of 16.97.

A compact TiO(2) layer is crucial to achieve high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. In this study, we developed a facile, low-cost and efficient method to fabricate a pinhole-free and ultrathin blocking layer based on highly crystallized TiO(2) quantum dots (QDs) with an average diameter of 3.6 nm. The surface morphology of the blocking layer and the photoelectric performance of the perovskite solar cells were investigated by spin-coating with three different materials: colloidal TiO(2) QDs, titanium precursor solution, and aqueous TiCl(4). Among these three treatments, the perovskite solar cell based on the TiO(2) QD compact layer offered the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.97% with a photocurrent density of 22.48 mA cm(-2), a photovoltage of 1.063 V and a fill factor of 0.71. The enhancement of PCE mainly stems from the small series resistance and the large shunt resistance of the TiO(2) QD layer.