Pharmacokinetics studies of eugenol in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) after immersion bath.

BACKGROUND: Eugenol is the most commonly used plant anesthetic to relieve the stressors during various aquaculture procedures. This study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetics of eugenol in Pacific white shrimp by immersion baths in a simulated transportation. RESULTS: The pharmacokinetics of eugenol were firstly investigated in Pacific white shrimp by immersion baths of 300 mg L- 1 eugenol over 5 min (Treatment 1), 10 mg L- 1 eugenol during 24 h (Treatment 2) and a sequential immersion administration (Treatment 3). Concentrations of eugenol in hemolymph, hepatopancreas, and muscle were determined using Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). After immersion bath of Treatment 1, the elimination half-life (t1/2z) values are 1.3 h and 11 h for hepatopancreas and muscles, indicating the rapid absorption and elimination of eugenol in shrimp. Under the Treatment 2 administration, the eugenol peak concentration is 6527.9 µg/kg in muscle, followed by 402.8 µg/kg in hepatopancreas, with the lowest concentration of 37.9 µg/L in hemolymph. Area under the curve (AUC0-∞) values lie in the order of muscle > hepatopancreas > hemolymph, suggesting that eugenol tends to accumulate in muscle by the immersion administration. Moreover, the average residence time (MRT0-∞) values of 38.6, 23.0 and 115.3 h for hemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle are achieved, which may indicate that hepatopancreas is the main organ for elimination of eugenol. After combining the conditions in a sequential bath immersion of eugenol (Treatment 3), the maximum concentration (Cmax) values of eugenol are higher than those achieved in Treatment 2, indicating that accumulation of eugenol happened in haemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle. In addition, the corresponding t1/2z values are 4.7, 14.9 and 47.6 h, respectively, suggesting the faster elimination from the tissues following sequential administration. After the immersion bath, eugenol concentrations in muscle of Pacific white shrimp are lower than 2.5 mg/kg at 2 h, 48 h and 24.5 h in Treatment 1 ~ 3. CONCLUSIONS: A withdrawal period of 2 h, 48 h and 24.5 h following a 300 mg L- 1 of eugenol over a 5-min, 10 mg L- 1 eugenol concentration during a 24-h and combined conditions in a sequential immersion bath were suggested.

Study on low concentration deltamethrin toxicity mediated by phospholipase D in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) ovary.

This study evaluates the impact of environmentally relevant, low-concentration deltamethrin exposure to Eriocheir sinensis ovaries. Our findings revealed that even at a concentration of 0.05 µg/L, deltamethrin exposure can induce significant ovarian toxicity through a 5-day exposure, with gradual amplification detected with time, demonstrating the toxicity amplification effect. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining revealed that low-concentration deltamethrin exposure produces pathological damage consistent with acute toxicity-yolk granules were dissolved and oocyte membranes were ruptured. High-throughput RNA-sequencing data indicated that the acute and low-concentration exposure groups involved completely different pathways and molecular functions, suggesting distinct mechanisms for their toxic effects. Following the identification of phospholipase D (PLD) as a potential core factor regulating the toxicity amplification effect of low concentration deltamethrin, we delved into subsequent mechanism studies using quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Through the GnRH signaling pathway, increased PLD indirectly stimulates augmented estradiol secretion, subsequently inducing apoptosis by upregulating Cathepsin D, which can activate the key executioners of apoptosis-caspases (CASP3 and CASP7). In conclusion, low-concentration deltamethrin exposures can induce significant ovarian damage through apoptosis mediated by the upregulation of PLD in the ovaries of Eriocheir sinensis at environmentally relevant concentrations, which lays the preliminary theoretical groundwork for further elucidating the mechanism of toxicity amplification effect of pesticide exposure at low concentrations.

Optimization and Detection of Freshness Biomarkers of Atlantic Salmon Subjected to Different Vacuum Packaging Conditions during Storage at 0 °C by Metabolomics and Molecular Docking.

The freshness of Atlantic salmon is influenced mainly by tissue metabolism, which in turn is affected by storage time and conditions. The alterations in taste profiles and nutritional values of salmon when packaged using vacuum methods have not been fully understood, and the factors contributing to these changes require further research. In this work, the extraction method for flavor nutrients from salmon was optimized via the Plackett-Burman (PB) test. A sensitive and rapid targeted metabolomics method for the simultaneous determination of 34 nutrients was successfully established via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole/linear ion trap composite mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTRAP/MS), and various nutritional compositions during storage at 0 °C under different vacuum conditions (0 kPa or -90 kPa) for 4 and 8 days were analyzed. Results showed that storage time had a significant effect on salmon metabolism. The total amino acids decreased by 62.95% and 65.89% at 0 kPa and -90 kPa, respectively. Notably, a marked reduction in histidine after 8 days at -90 kPa may have diminished bitterness, while decreased levels of umami-tasting amino acids like glutamine and aspartic acid affected the overall flavor profile. Overall, the packaging conditions at 0 °C and 0 kPa were more suitable for the preservation of most nutrients in salmon. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the reduction in substances was mainly related to the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathways. Alanine, inosine, and histidine, whose levels changed significantly, can bind to the typical umami taste receptor TIR1/TIR3 and can be biomarkers to monitor and determine the freshness or spoilage of salmon after 4-8 days of storage. This study revealed the changes in small-molecule nutrients in salmon during storage under different packaging conditions, which provides a reference for the packaging preservation technology of fresh salmon and new ideas for the evaluation of salmon quality and determination of freshness.

Occurrence and human health risk assessment of antibiotics in cultured fish from 19 provinces in China.

The occurrence of antibiotics and potential health risk of 300 cultured fish samples from 19 provinces in China were investigated. The levels of 28 antibiotics (15 fluoroquinolones, 4 tetracyclines, 8 macrolides and rifampin) in 8 fish species were measured through liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. As a result, 10 antibiotics were detected with an overall detection frequency of 24.3%, and the individual detection frequency of antibiotics ranged from 0.33 to 16.7%. The extremely high concentrations (above 100 µg/kg) of doxycycline and erythromycin were found in the samples. Antibiotics with high detection frequency was noticed in largemouth bass (41.2%), followed by snakehead (34.4%) and bream (31.2%). Specifically, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Gansu presented high detection frequency values of more than 60%. Moreover, the highest mean concentration was observed in Shandong, and the concentration covered from 34.8 µg/kg to 410 µg/kg. Despite the high detection frequency and levels of antibiotics were found in samples, ingestion of cultured fish was not significantly related to human health risks in China, according to the calculated estimated daily intakes and hazard quotients. These results provided us the actual levels of antibiotics in cultured fish and human health risk assessment of consuming fishery products.

Simultaneous Determination of Tetrodotoxin in the Fresh and Heat-Processed Aquatic Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was simultaneously detected in the fresh and heat-processed aquatic products by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The detection conditions were investigated, including the chromatography column and mobile phase. Based on the optimized parameters, a sensitive determination method of TTX was established. The proposed method featured the merits of a good linear relationship between signal and TTX concentration (R2 = 0.9998), a wide detection matrix-based range of 0.2-100 ng/g, and a low detection limit of 0.2 ng/g, etc. The spiked assays evidenced its accuracy and reliability with recoveries of 90.5-107.2%. Finally, the developed method was simultaneously successfully applied in the determination of TTX in various fresh and heat-processed aquatic products.

Ratiometric Fluorescence Immunoassay Based on Carbon Quantum Dots for Sensitive Detection of Malachite Green in Fish.

Malachite green (MG) is a synthetic poisonous organic compound that has been banned in many countries as a veterinary drug for aquaculture. An efficient, fast and sensitive method is urgently needed for monitoring the illegal use of malachite green (MG) in aquaculture. In this study, a novel ratiometric fluorescence immunoassay was established. Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots were used as ratiometric fluorescent probes with a fluorescence peak at 450 nm. Horseradish peroxidase was employed to convert o-phenylenediamine to 2,3-diaminophenazine, with a new fluorescence peak at 580 nm and a strong absorption at 420 nm. The inner filter effect between N-CQD fluorescence and DAP absorption was identified. It allows for the ratiometric detection of MG using a fluorescent immunoassay. The results demonstrated a linear ratiometric fluorescence response for MG between 0.1 and 12.8 ng·mL-1. The limit of detection of this method was verified to be 0.097 µg·kg-1 with recoveries ranging from 81.88 to 108%, and the relative standard deviations were below 3%. Furthermore, this method exhibited acceptable consistency with the LC-MS/MS results when applied for MG screening in real samples. These results demonstrated a promising application of this novel ratiometric fluorescence immunoassay for MG screening with the merits of rapid detection, simple sample preparation, and stable signal readout. It can be an alternative to other traditional methods if there are difficulties in the availability of expensive instruments, and achieve comparable results or even more sensitivity than other reported methods.

An Effective and Efficient Sample Preparation Method for 2-Methyl-Isoborneol and Geosmin in Fish and Their Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

The intensive aquaculture strategy and recirculating aquaculture system often lead to the production of off-flavor compounds such as 2-methyl-isoborneol (2-MIB) and Geosmin (GSM). The regular purge and trap extraction followed by analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) usually involve a complicated assembly of facilities, more working space, long sample preparation time, and headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME). In this work, a method with easier sample preparation, fewer and simplified facilities, and without SPME on GC-MS analysis is developed for the determination of 2-MIB and GSM in fish samples. Unlike previous methods, solvent extract from samples, QuEChERS-based cleanup, and solid-phase extraction for concentration are applied. The LOD (S/N > 3) and LOQ (S/N > 10) of this method were validated at 0.6 µg/kg and 1.0 µg/kg for both 2-MIB and GSM, which are under the sensory limit (1 µg/kg). Application of this method for incurred fish samples demonstrated acceptable analytical performance. This method is suitable for large-scale determination of 2-MIB and GSM in fish samples, owing to the use of simple facility and easy-to-operate procedure, rapid sample preparation, and shorter time for GC-MS analysis without SPME.

Green preparation of carbon quantum dots with wolfberry as on-off-on nanosensors for the detection of Fe3+ and l-ascorbic acid.

A green and facile hydrothermal synthesis approach is proposed for the preparation of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) with wolfberry. These N-CQDs were developed as a highly sensitive fluorescent 'on-off-on' switch sensor for the sensing of Fe3+ and l-ascorbic acid (AA). The N-CQDs displayed superior fluorescence characteristics of CQDs with a quantum yield up to 22%. The N-CQDs were demonstrated to selectively react with Fe3+, leading to fluorescence quenching effect, which was successfully used for the detection of Fe3+ with a limit of detection at 3 µmoL•L-1. The addition of AA is supposed to repair the surface defects, and result in the fluorescence recovery. Based on this effect, the strategy of 'on-off-on' detection of AA was established with a limit of detection at 1.8 µmoL•L-1. Furthermore, the practical application of the detection of Fe3+ lake water and AA in medical tablet was demonstrated, promising an effective and efficient 'on-off-on' nanosensor with low-cost, green synthesis for Fe3+ and AA detection.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Lagocephalus gloveri (Tetraodontidae, Tetraodontiformes).

The complete mitochondrial genome of Lagocephalus gloveri is reported in the present study, which is 16,446 bp in length. It consists of 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and a non-coding control region. The overall base composition of the genome is 27.58% for A, 25.07% for T, 30.83% for C and 16.52% for G. The phylogenetic tree, which is based on 12 protein coding gene sequences, suggested that L. gloveri was closest to L. lagocephalus. This study could give impetus to studies focused on population structure and molecular evolution of L. gloveri.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Lagocephalus guentheri (Tetraodontidae, Tetraodontiformes).

The complete mitochondrial genome of Lagocephalus guentheri was reported in the present study, which was 16,461 bp in length. It consists of 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and a non-coding control region. The overall base composition of the genome is 27.54% for A, 24.80% for T, 31.23% for C and 16.43% for G. The phylogenetic tree, which is based on 12 protein-coding gene sequences, suggested that L. guentheri was closest to L. spadiceus. This study could give impetus to studies focused on population structure and molecular evolution of L. guentheri.

Effects of emodin on ABC transporter gene expression in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) exposed to diazinon.

This study aimed to investigate the function of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes in grass carp treated with emodin combined with diazinon (DZN) exposure. The transcription levels of five ABC transporter genes in different tissues of grass carp and at different time points were measured by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The analysis of different tissues showed higher ABCB1 expression in the skin (26-fold) and gill (2-fold) than in the liver. In addition, ABCB11 expression was higher in the skin (109-fold) and gill (57-fold) than in the liver, ABCC1 was more highly expressed in the gill (50-fold) than in the liver, and ABCG2 was expressed at higher levels in the skin (659-fold, p < 0.01), gill (628-fold, p < 0.01) and liver (659-fold, p < 0.01) than in brain tissue. The analysis of different time points revealed that the ABCB1, ABCB11, ABCC1, ABCC2 and ABCG2 genes were highly expressed at 24 h in the liver in the experimental group. However, analysis of the intestinal tissue of the experimental group showed that the expression of ABCB1 and ABCB11 peaked at 6 h, the expression of ABCC1 and ABCC2 peaked at 5 d, and the expression of ABCG2 peaked at 3 d. Furthermore, the emodin concentrations in the liver and intestine reached their peak levels (50.18 and 117.24 µg·ml-1, respectively) after 48 and 1 h of treatment with emodin combined with DZN, respectively. The peak DZN concentrations in the liver (1.42 ng·ml-1) and intestine (0.2 ng·ml-1) were detected 3 and 6 h after emodin treatment combined with DZN, respectively. In conclusion, this study shows that the transcript levels of ABC transporters respond to the presence of emodin, which indicates their potential involvement in and contribution with the metabolic process in grass carp.

[Determination of 14 sulfonamide residues in shrimps by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with post-column derivatization].

A method for the determination of 14 sulfonamide residues in shrimps by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with post-column derivatization was established. The sulfonamide residues were extracted with ethyl acetate after adding sulfapyridine as internal standard. The extracts were vacuum-concentrated and reverse-extracted by 2 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution for clean-up, and then the hydrochloric acid solution was defatted with n-hex- ane. The solution after filtration was blended with a mixed solution of methanol, acetonitrile and 3. 5 mol/L sodium acetate solution (5:5:20, v/v/v). The sulfonamides were separated on a C18 column by RP-HPLC and on-line derivatized with a fluorescamine and detected with a fluorescence detector. The standard addition method was used for quantitative analysis. The parameters of post-column derivatization system, such as concentration of fluorescamine solution, velocity of reagent solution and reaction temperature, were optimized. The calibration curves of the method showed good linearity in the range of 5 - 200 µg/L. The limits of quantification (LOQ, S/N= 10) were 1.0-5.0 µg/kg for the 14 sulfonamides. The recoveries were 77.8%- 103. 6% in the spiked range of 1. 0-100.0 µg/kg in shrimps with the relative standard deviations of 2.9%-9.1% (n= 6). The results indicated that the method is sensitive, efficient and more accurate. It is suitable for the simultaneous determination of the 14 sulfonamide residues in shrimps.

Influence of hapten density on immunogenicity for anti-ciprofloxacin antibody production in mice.

To generate antibodies against small molecules, it is necessary to couple them as haptens to large carriers such as proteins. However, the immunogenicity of the conjugates usually has no linear correlation with the hapten-protein ratio, which may lead to large variations in the character of the desired antibodies. In the present study, ciprofloxacin (CPFX) was coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in five different proportions using a modified carbodiimide method. The conjugates were characterized qualitatively by spectrophotometric absorption and electrophoresis methods. Mass spectrometry and the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid method were adopted to assay the density of conjugates quantitatively. As a result, CPFX-BSA conjugates with various hapten densities (21-30 molecules per carrier protein) were obtained. After immunization in mice, ELISA tests showed that the antisera titer increased gradually with the increase of hapten density. The antibody obtained from the mice showed high sensitivity toward CPFX. These results revealed the relationship between hapten density and immunogenicity as well as an optimized conjugation approach for immunization purposes.