Identification of 12 hub genes associated to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis based on microarray and single-cell RNA sequencing data.

Osteoporosis is a common disease, especially among the elderly. This study aimed to comprehensively examine the roles of immune microenvironment in osteoporosis pathogenesis. Expression profiles of GSE35959, GSE7158, and GSE13850 datasets were used to analyze differential expression and identify hub genes related to immune features. Based on the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of an osteoporosis patient, different cell types were classified and the relation between immune environment and osteoporosis was explored. Twelve hub genes significantly associated with immune features were selected and 11 subgroups were defined using scRNA-seq data. The expression of two hub genes (CDKN1A and TEFM) was greatly altered during the transformation from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to osteoblasts. Chemokines and chemokine receptors were differentially enriched in different cell types. CXCL12 was high-expressed in MSCs. This study emphasized that immune microenvironment played a critical role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Chemokines and chemokine receptors can modify cell development and affect the interactions among different cell types, leading to unbalanced bone remodeling.

Surgery for primary tumor benefits survival for breast cancer patients with bone metastases: a large cohort retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The role of surgery for the primary tumor in breast cancer patients with bone metastases (BM) remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of surgery for the primary tumor in breast cancer patients with BM and to develop prognostic nomograms to predict the overall survival (OS) of breast cancer patients with BM. METHODS: A total of 3956 breast cancer patients with BM from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database between 2010 and 2016 were included. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to eliminate the bias between the surgery and non-surgery groups. The Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test were performed to compare the OS between two groups. Cox proportional risk regression models were used to identify independent prognostic factors. Two nomograms were constructed for predicting the OS of patients in the surgery and non-surgery groups, respectively. In addition, calibration curve, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate the performance of nomograms. RESULT: The survival analysis showed that the surgery of the primary tumor significantly improved the OS for breast cancer patients with BM. Based on independent prognostic factors, separate nomograms were constructed for the surgery and non-surgery groups. The calibration and ROC curves of these nomograms indicated that both two models have high predictive accuracy, with the area under the curve values ≥0.700 on both the training and validation cohorts. Moreover, DCA showed that nomograms have strong clinical utility. Based on the results of the X-tile analysis, all patients were classified in the low-risk-of-death subgroup had a better prognosis. CONCLUSION: The surgery of the primary tumor may provide survival benefits for breast cancer patients with BM. Furthermore, these prognostic nomograms we constructed may be used as a tool to accurately assess the long-term prognosis of patients and help clinicians to develop individualized treatment strategies.

Comprehensive profiling of immune-related genes in soft tissue sarcoma patients.

BACKGROUND: Immune-related genes (IRGs) have been confirmed to have an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor microenvironment formation. Nevertheless, a systematic analysis of IRGs and their clinical significance in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) patients is lacking. METHODS: Gene expression files from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) were used to select differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Differentially expressed immune-related genes (DEIRGs) were determined by matching the DEG and ImmPort gene sets, which were evaluated by functional enrichment analysis. Unsupervised clustering of the identified DEIRGs was conducted, and associations with prognosis, the tumor microenvironment (TME), immune checkpoints, and immune cells were analyzed simultaneously. Two prognostic signatures, one for overall survival (OS) and one for progression free survival (PFS), were established and validated in an independent set. Finally, two transcription factor (TF)-IRG regulatory networks were constructed, and a crucial regulatory axis was validated. RESULTS: In total, 364 DEIRGs and four clusters were identified. OS, TME scores, five immune checkpoints, and 12 types of immune cells were found to be significantly different among the four clusters. The two prognostic signatures incorporating 20 DEIRGs showed favorable discrimination and were successfully validated. Two nomograms combining signature and clinical variables were generated. The C-indexes were 0.879 (95%CI 0.832 ~ 0.926) and 0.825 (95%CI 0.776 ~ 0.874) for the OS and PFS signatures, respectively. Finally, TF-IRG regulatory networks were established, and the MYH11-ADM regulatory axis was verified in three independent datasets. CONCLUSION: This comprehensive analysis of the IRG landscape in soft tissue sarcoma revealed novel IRGs related to carcinogenesis and the immune microenvironment. These findings have implications for prognosis and therapeutic responses, which reveal novel potential prognostic biomarkers, promote precision medicine, and provide potential novel targets for immunotherapy.

Novel nomogram to predict risk of bone metastasis in newly diagnosed thyroid carcinoma: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to develop and validate a visual nomogram for predicting the risk of bone metastasis (BM) in newly diagnosed thyroid carcinoma (TC) patients. METHODS: The demographics and clinicopathologic variables of TC patients from 2010 to 2015 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database were retrospectively reviewed. Chi-squared (χ2) test and logistic regression analysis were performed to identify independent risk factors. Based on that, a predictive nomogram was developed and validated for predicting the risk of BM in TC patients. The C-index was used to compute the predictive performance of the nomogram. Calibration curves and decision curve analysis (DCA) were furthermore used to evaluate the clinical value of the nomogram. RESULTS: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the data of 14,772 patients were used to analyze in our study. After statistical analysis, TC patients with older age, higher T stage, higher N stage, poorly differentiated, follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and black people had a higher risk of BM. We further developed a nomogram with a C-index of 0.925 (95%CI,0.895-0.948) in the training set and 0.842 (95%CI,0.777-0.907) in the validation set. The calibration curves and decision curve analysis (DCA) also demonstrated the reliability and accuracy of the clinical prediction model. CONCLUSIONS: The present study developed a visual nomogram to accurately identify TC patients with high risk of BM, which might help to further provide more individualized clinical decision guidelines.

Risk factors, prognostic factors, and nomograms for bone metastasis in patients with newly diagnosed infiltrating duct carcinoma of the breast: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, and it is also the leading cause of death in female patients; the most common pathological type of BC is infiltrating duct carcinoma (IDC). Some nomograms have been developed to predict bone metastasis (BM) in patients with breast cancer. However, there are no studies on diagnostic and prognostic nomograms for BM in newly diagnosed IDC patients. METHODS: IDC patients with newly diagnosed BM from 2010 to 2016 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database were reviewed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for BM in patients with IDC. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis were used to explore the prognostic factors of BM in patients with IDC. We then constructed nomograms to predict the risk and prognosis of BM for patients with IDC. The results were validated using bootstrap resampling and retrospective research on 113 IDC patients with BM from 2015 to 2018 at the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University. RESULTS: This study included 141,959 patients diagnosed with IDC in the SEER database, of whom 2383 cases were IDC patients with BM. The risk factors for BM in patients with IDC included sex, primary site, grade, T stage, N stage, liver metastasis, race, brain metastasis, breast cancer subtype, lung metastasis, insurance status, and marital status. The independent prognostic factors were brain metastases, race, grade, surgery, chemotherapy, age, liver metastases, breast cancer subtype, insurance status, and marital status. Through calibration, receiver operating characteristic curve and decision curve analyses, we found that the nomogram for predicting the prognosis of IDC patients with BM displayed great performance both internally and externally. CONCLUSION: These nomograms are expected to be a precise and personalized tool for predicting the risk and prognosis for BM in patients with IDC. This will help clinicians develop more rational and effective treatment strategies.

Diagnostic and prognostic nomograms for bone metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Bone metastasis (BM) is one of the common sites of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the prognosis of BM patients is worse than patients without it. Our study aimed to identify predictors and prognostic factors of BM in HCC patients and develop two nomograms to quantify the risk of BM and the prognosis of HCC patients with BM. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients who were diagnosed as HCC between 2010 and 2015 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Independent predictors for BM from HCC patients were determined by the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Independent prognostic factors for HCC patients with BM were identified by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Two nomograms were established and evaluated by calibration curves, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA). RESULTS: Nine thousand and forty-seven patients were included. The independent risk factors of BM in newly diagnosed HCC patients are sex, grade, T stage, and N stage. The independent prognostic factors for HCC patients with BM are radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and lung metastasis. The AUC of diagnostic nomogram were 0.726 in the training set and 0.629 in the testing set. For the prognostic nomogram, the AUCs of 6-, 9-, and 12-months were 0.753, 0.799, and 0.732 in the training set and 0.698, 0.770, and 0.823 in the validation set. The calibration curve and DCA indicated the good performance of the nomogram. CONCLUSIONS: Two nomograms were established to predict the incidence of BM in HCC patients and the prognosis of HCC patients with BM, respectively. Both nomograms have satisfactory accuracy, and clinical utility may benefit for clinical decision-making.

Prognostic role of the preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and albumin for 30-day mortality in patients with postoperative acute pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and albumin for 30-day mortality in patients with postoperative acute pulmonary embolism (PAPE). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 101 patients with PAPE admitted from September 1, 2012, to March 31, 2019. The characteristics, surgical information, admission examination data and mortality within 30 days after PAPE were obtained from our electronic medical recording system and follow-up. The associations between the NLR, PLR, and other predictors and 30-day mortality were analyzed with univariate and multivariate analyses. Then, the nomogram including the independent predictors was established and evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients died within 30 days, corresponding to a 30-day mortality rate of 23.8%. The results of the multivariate analysis indicated that both the NLR and albumin were independent predictors for 30-day mortality in patients with PAPE. The probability of death increased by approximately 17.1% (OR = 1.171, 95% CI: 1.073-1.277, P = 0.000) with a one-unit increase in the NLR, and the probability of death decreased by approximately 15.4% (OR = 0.846, 95% CI: 0.762c-0.939, P = 0.002) with a one-unit increase in albumin. The area under the curve of the nomogram was 0.888 (95% CI: 0.812-0.964). CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that an elevated NLR and decreased albumin were related to poor prognosis in patients with PAPE. The NLR and albumin were independent prognostic factors for PAPE.

A comparison study of posterior cervical percutaneous endoscopic ventral bony decompression and simple dorsal decompression treatment in cervical spondylotic radiculopathy caused by cervical foraminal and/or lateral spinal stenosis: a clinical retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous endoscopic cervical decompression (PECD) is an ideal minimally invasive decompression technique for the treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR). However, the mainstream is the resection of dorsal bone and removal of free nucleus pulposus. The necessity of excision of ventral osteophytes and hyperplastic ligaments in the treatment of CSR caused by cervical foraminal and/or lateral spinal stenosis (CFa/oLSS) to be discussed. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 46 patients with CSR caused by CFa/oLSS from January 2017 to November 2018. These patients received posterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical decompression-ventral bony decompression (PPECD-VBD)(23 cases, classified as VBD group) or posterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical decompression-simple dorsal decompression (PPECD-SDD)(23 cases, classified as SDD group). Following surgery, we recorded Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Neck Disable Index (NDI), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) Scores and myodynamia. We further evaluated the changes of cervical curvature and cervical spine motion in the VBD group and recorded the operation time and complications during the follow-up of each patient. RESULTS: All patients underwent successful operations, with an average follow-up time of 16.53 ± 9.90 months. The excellent and good rates in the VBD and SDD groups were 91.29 and 60.87%, respectively. In the SDD group, neck-VAS, arm-VAS, and NDI scores were significantly higher than those of the VBD group at 1 day, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery (P < 0.05), while the JOA scores and improvement rate of JOA were significantly lower than those of the VBD group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in terms of angular displacement (AD), horizontal displacement (HD), segmental angle (SA) and cervical curvature (CA) before and after the operation in the VBD group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: PPECD-VBD was significantly better than PPECD-SDD as well as PPECD-VBD had no significant effects on cervical spine stability or cervical curvature.

A clinical tool to predict overall survival of elderly patients with soft tissue sarcoma after surgical resection.

With the aging world population, the incidence of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) in the elderly gradually increases and the prognosis is poor. The primary goal of this research was to analyze the relevant risk factors affecting the postoperative overall survival in elderly STS patients and to provide some guidance and assistance in clinical treatment. The study included 2,353 elderly STS patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. To find independent predictive variables, we employed the Cox proportional risk regression model. R software was used to develop and validate the nomogram model to predict postoperative overall survival. The performance and practical value of the nomogram were evaluated using calibration curves, the area under the curve, and decision curve analysis. Age, tumor primary site, disease stage, tumor size, tumor grade, N stage, and marital status, are the risk variables of postoperative overall survival, and the prognostic model was constructed on this basis. In the two sets, both calibration curves and receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the nomogram had high predictive accuracy and discriminative power, while decision curve analysis demonstrated that the model had good clinical usefulness. A predictive nomogram was designed and tested to evaluate postoperative overall survival in elderly STS patients. The nomogram allows clinical practitioners to more accurately evaluate the prognosis of individual patients, facilitates the progress of individualized treatment, and provides clinical guidance.

The Clinical Characteristics, Risk Classification System, and Web-Based Nomogram for Primary Spinal Ewing Sarcoma: A Large Population-Based Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics of patients with primary spinal Ewing sarcoma (PSES) and to create a prognostic nomogram. METHODS: Clinical information related to patients diagnosed with PSES between 2004 and 2015 was extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Independent prognostic factors were identified using univariate and multivariate Cox analyses to construct nomograms predicting overall survival in patients with PSES. Calibration curves and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the model's prediction accuracy, while decision curve analysis was used to assess the model's clinical utility. RESULTS: The overall number of 314 patients with PSES were screened from the SEER database between 2004 and 2015. Race, chemotherapy, age, and disease stage were found to be independent predictive factors for overall survival in both univariate and multivariate Cox analyses. The training and validation cohorts' calibration curves, receiver operating characteristic curves, and decision curve analysis showed that the nomogram has strong discrimination and clinical value. Furthermore, a new risk classification system has been constructed that can divide all patients into 2 risk groups. CONCLUSIONS: Based on a broad population, the research demonstrates statistical evidence for the clinical features and prognostic variables of patients with PSES. The constructed prognostic nomogram provides a more precise prediction of prognosis for PSES patients.

Construction of a Tool to Predict Overall Survival of Patients With Primary Spinal Tumors After Surgical Resection: A Real-World Analysis Based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database.

BACKGROUND: We aim to construct a practical clinical prediction model to accurately evaluate the overall survival (OS) of patients with primary spinal tumors after primary tumor resection, thereby aiding clinical decision-making. METHODS: A total of 695 patients diagnosed with a primary spinal tumor, selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, were included in this study. The Cox regression algorithm was applied to the training cohort to build the prognostic nomogram model. The nomogram's performance in terms of discrimination, calibration, and clinical usefulness was also assessed in the internal SEER validation cohort. The fitted prognostic nomogram was then used to create a web-based calculator. RESULTS: Four independent prognostic factors were identified to establish a nomogram model for patients with primary spinal tumors who had undergone surgical resection. The C-index (.757 for the training cohort and .681 for the validation cohort) and the area under the curve values over time (both >.68) showed that the model exhibited satisfactory discrimination in both the SEER cohort. The calibration curve revealed that the projected and actual survival rates are very similar. The decision curve analysis also revealed that the model is clinically valuable and capable of identifying high-risk patients. CONCLUSIONS: After developing a nomogram and a web-based calculator, we were able to reliably forecast the postoperative OS of patients with primary spinal tumors. These tools are expected to play an important role in clinical practice, informing clinicians in making decisions about patient care after surgery.

Identification and validation of a nomogram predicting cancer-specific survival for elderly patients with adult fibrosarcoma: a multicenter retrospective study.

Background: Due to the low incidence of adult fibrosarcoma (AFS), it is difficult for clinicians to assess cancer-specific survival (CSS) in elderly patients based on this study. The study aimed to develop nomograms capable of accurately predicting 3-, 5-, and 8-year CSS in patients over 40 years of age with AFS. Methods: Data were collected from The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry. 586 patients were included in this study. Univariate as well as multivariate Cox regression analyses were applied to identify independent risk factors. A nomogram was constructed and validated to predict the 3-, 5-, and 8-year CSS of patients. Results: Five variables including age, sex, stage, grade, and chemotherapy status were considered independent risk factors and were used to construct the nomogram. The nomogram was well validated. The C-indexes of the training cohort and the validation cohort are 0.766 and 0.780, respectively. In addition, the area under the curves for 3-, 5- and 8-year CSS are 0.824, 0.846 and 0.840 in the training cohort, 0.835, 0.806 and 0.829 in the validation cohort. Calibration curves were also plotted to show that predicted endings have a well fit for the true endings. Finally, decision curve analysis demonstrates that the nomogram can bring a high benefit to patients. Conclusion: We successfully constructed a highly accurate nomogram to predict the CSS of AFS patients at 3-, 5-, and 8 years. The nomogram can greatly help clinicians and patients with AFS.

A Simple-to-Use Nomogram for Predicting Postoperative Early Death Risk in Elderly Patients with Spinal Tumors: A Population-Based Study.

Background: For elderly patients with primary spinal tumors, surgery is the best option for many elderly patients, in addition to palliative care. However, due to the unique physical function of elderly patients, the short-term prognosis is often unpredictable. It is therefore essential to develop a novel nomogram as a clinical aid to predict the risk of early death for elderly patients with primary spinal tumors who undergo surgery. Materials and Methods: In this study, clinical data were obtained from 651 patients through the SEER database, and they were retrospectively analyzed. Logistic regression analyses were used for risk-factor screening. Predictive modeling was performed through the R language. The prediction models were calibrated as well as evaluated for accuracy in the validation cohort. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate the functionality of the nomogram. Results: We identified four separate risk factors for constructing nomograms. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (training set 0.815, validation set 0.815) shows that the nomogram has good discrimination ability. The decision curve analysis demonstrates the clinical use of this nomogram. The calibration curve indicates that this nomogram has high accuracy. At the same time, we have also developed a web version of the online nomogram for clinical practitioners to apply. Conclusions: We have successfully developed a nomogram that can accurately predict the risk of early death of elderly patients with primary spinal tumors undergoing surgery, which can provide a reference for clinicians.

Application and development of hydrogel biomaterials for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration: a literature review.

Low back pain caused by disc herniation and spinal stenosis imposes an enormous medical burden on society due to its high prevalence and refractory nature. This is mainly due to the long-term inflammation and degradation of the extracellular matrix in the process of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), which manifests as loss of water in the nucleus pulposus (NP) and the formation of fibrous disc fissures. Biomaterial repair strategies involving hydrogels play an important role in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Excellent biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties, easy modification, injectability, and the ability to encapsulate drugs, cells, genes, etc. make hydrogels good candidates as scaffolds and cell/drug carriers for treating NP degeneration and other aspects of IVDD. This review first briefly describes the anatomy, pathology, and current treatments of IVDD, and then introduces different types of hydrogels and addresses "smart hydrogels". Finally, we discuss the feasibility and prospects of using hydrogels to treat IVDD.

A Novel Clinical Tool to Predict Cancer-specific Survival in Postoperative Patients With Primary Spinal and Pelvic Sarcomas: A Large Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE: Primary osseous sarcomas originating from the spine and pelvis are rare and usually portend inferior prognoses. Currently, the standard treatment for spinal and pelvic sarcomas is surgical resection, but the poor prognosis limits the benefits to postoperative patients. This study aims to identify the independent prognostic factors of cancer-specific survival (CSS) in postoperative patients with primary spinal and pelvic sarcomas and construct a nomogram for predicting these patients' 3-, 5-, and 10-year CSS probability. METHODS: A total of 452 patients were enrolled from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. They were divided into a training cohort and a validation cohort. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify these patients' CSS-related independent prognostic factors. Then, those factors were used to construct a prognostic nomogram for predicting the 3-, 5-, and 10-year CSS probability, whose predictive performance and clinical value were verified by the calibration curve, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Finally, a mortality risk stratification system was constructed. RESULTS: Sex, histological type, tumor stage, and tumor grade were identified as CSS-related independent prognostic factors. A nomogram with high predictive performance and good clinical value to predict the 3-, 5-, and 10-year CSS probability was constructed, on which a mortality risk stratification system was constructed based to divide these patients into 3 mortality risk subgroups effectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study constructed and validated a clinical nomogram to predict CSS in postoperative patients with primary spinal and pelvic sarcomas. It could assist clinicians in classifying these patients into different mortality risk subgroups and realize sarcoma-specific management.

A Novel Prognostic Nomogram and Risk Classification System for Predicting Cancer-Specific Survival of Postoperative Fibrosarcoma Patients: A Large Cohort Retrospective Study.

Background: Fibrosarcoma (FS) is a typically invasive sarcoma formed by fibroblasts and collagen fibers. Currently, the standard treatment for FS is the surgical resection, but the high recurrence rate and poor prognosis limit the benefits of postoperative patients. Exploring what factors affect the benefit of postoperative patients is significant for guiding the implementation of surgical resection. Therefore, this study aims to construct a novel nomogram to predict the cancer-specific survival (CSS) of postoperative fibrosarcoma (POFS) patients. Methods: The included patients were randomly assigned to the training and validation sets at a ratio of 7 : 3. CSS was indexed as the research endpoint. Firstly, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used on the training set to determine independent prognostic predictors and build a nomogram for predicting the 1-, 3-, and 5-year CSS of POFS patients. Secondly, the nomogram's discriminative power and prediction accuracy were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and the calibration curve, and a risk classification system for POFS patients was constructed. Finally, the nomogram's clinical utility was evaluated using decision curve analysis (DCA). Results: Our study included 346 POFS patients, divided into the training (244) and validation sets (102). Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that tumor size, SEER stage, and tumor grade were independent prognostic predictors of CSS for POFS patients. They were used to create a nomogram. In the training and validation sets, the ROC curve showed that the 1-, 3-, and 5-year area under the curve (AUC) were higher than 0.700, indicating that the nomogram had good reliability and accuracy. DCA also showed that the nomogram has high application value in clinical practice. Conclusion: The larger tumor size, higher tumor grade, and distant metastasis were independently related to the poor prognosis of POFS patients. The nomogram constructed based on the above variables could accurately predict the 1-, 3-, and 5-year CSS of POFS patients. So, the nomogram and risk classification system we built might help make accurate judgments in clinical practice, optimize patient treatment decisions, maximize postoperative benefits, and ultimately improve the prognosis of POFS patients.

Score for the Risk and Overall Survival of Lung Metastasis in Patients First Diagnosed With Soft Tissue Sarcoma: A Novel Nomogram-Based Risk Assessment System.

Background: Metastatic soft tissue sarcoma (STS) patients have a poor prognosis with a 3-year survival rate of 25%. About 30% of them present lung metastases (LM). This study aimed to construct 2 nomograms to predict the risk of LM and overall survival of STS patients with LM. Materials and Methods: The data of patients were derived from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database during the period of 2010 to 2015. Logistic and Cox analysis was performed to determine the independent risk factors and prognostic factors of STS patients with LM, respectively. Afterward, 2 nomograms were, respectively, established based on these factors. The performance of the developed nomogram was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic curves, area under the curve (AUC) calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results: A total of 7643 patients with STS were included in this study. The independent predictors of LM in first-diagnosed STS patients were N stage, grade, histologic type, and tumor size. The independent prognostic factors for STS patients with LM were age, N stage, surgery, and chemotherapy. The AUCs of the diagnostic nomogram were 0.806 in the training set and 0.799 in the testing set. For the prognostic nomogram, the time-dependent AUC values of the training and testing set suggested a favorable performance and discrimination of the nomogram. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year AUC values were 0.698, 0.718, and 0.715 in the training set, and 0.669, 0.612, and 0717 in the testing set, respectively. Furthermore, for the 2 nomograms, calibration curves indicated satisfactory agreement between prediction and actual survival, and DCA indicated its clinical usefulness. Conclusion: In this study, grade, histology, N stage, and tumor size were identified as independent risk factors of LM in STS patients, age, chemotherapy surgery, and N stage were identified as independent prognostic factors of STS patients with LM, these developed nomograms may be an effective tool for accurately predicting the risk and prognosis of newly diagnosed patients with LM.

Clinical Features, Risk Factors, and Prediction Nomogram for Primary Spinal Osteosarcoma: A Large-Cohort Retrospective Study.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics of patients with primary spinal osteosarcoma and to construct a practical clinical prediction model for patients to achieve an accurate prediction of overall survival. METHODS: This study included 230 patients diagnosed between 2004-2015 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Independent risk factors were screened in the training set using Cox regression algorithms, and a prognostic model was developed. Internal and external validation sets were used to test the nomogram model's calibration, discrimination, and clinical utility. A risk classification system based on the nomogram was developed and validated. RESULTS: Four independent prognostic factors were identified, and based on this a nomogram model was developed for predicting patient prognosis. The C-index of the training set was .737, while that of the validation set was .693. The time-varying area under the curve values was greater than .720 in both cohorts. The calibration curves proved that the prediction model has high prediction accuracy. The decision curve analysis showed that the nomogram is clinically useful. A risk classification system was established, which allows all patients to be divided into two different risk groups. CONCLUSIONS: A nomogram and risk classification system was developed for patients with primary spinal osteosarcoma to accurately predict overall patient survival and achieve risk stratification of patient mortality. These tools are expected to play an important role in clinical practice, informing clinicians in making decisions.

Individualized assessment of risk and overall survival in patients newly diagnosed with primary osseous spinal neoplasms with synchronous distant metastasis.

Background: The prognosis of patients with primary osseous spinal neoplasms (POSNs) presented with distant metastases (DMs) is still poor. This study aimed to evaluate the independent risk and prognostic factors in this population and then develop two web-based models to predict the probability of DM in patients with POSNs and the overall survival (OS) rate of patients with DM. Methods: The data of patients with POSNs diagnosed between 2004 and 2017 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Univariate and multivariate logistics regression analyses were used to study the risk factors of DM. Based on independent DM-related variables, we developed a diagnostic nomogram to estimate the risk of DM in patients with POSNs. Among all patients with POSNs, those who had synchronous DM were included in the prognostic cohort for investigating the prognostic factors by using Cox regression analysis, and then a nomogram incorporating predictors was developed to predict the OS of patients with POSNs with DM. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival analysis was conducted to study the survival difference. In addition, validation of these nomograms were performed by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, the area under curves (AUCs), calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results: A total of 1345 patients with POSNs were included in the study, of which 238 cases (17.70%) had synchronous DM at the initial diagnosis. K-M survival analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that patients with DM had poorer prognosis. Grade, T stage, N stage, and histological type were found to be significantly associated with DM in patients with POSNs. Age, surgery, and histological type were identified as independent prognostic factors of patients with POSNs with DM. Subsequently, two nomograms and their online versions (https://yxyx.shinyapps.io/RiskofDMin/ and https://yxyx.shinyapps.io/SurvivalPOSNs/) were developed. The results of ROC curves, calibration curves, DCA, and K-M survival analysis together showed the excellent predictive accuracy and clinical utility of these newly proposed nomograms. Conclusion: We developed two well-validated nomograms to accurately quantify the probability of DM in patients with POSNs and predict the OS rate in patients with DM, which were expected to be useful tools to facilitate individualized clinical management of these patients.

A Novel Tool to Predict the Overall Survival of High-Grade Osteosarcoma Patients after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: A Large Population-Based Cohort Study.

Background: The goal of this study was to discover clinical factors linked to overall survival in patients with high-grade osteosarcoma who had received neoadjuvant therapy and to develop a prognostic nomogram and risk classification system. Methods: A total of 762 patients with high-grade osteosarcoma were included in this study. In the training cohort, Cox regression analysis models were used to find prognostic variables that were independently linked with overall survival. To predict overall survival at 3, 5, and 8 years, a nomogram is created. In addition, in both the internal and external validation cohorts, receiver operating characteristic curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were utilized to assess the prediction model's performance. Results: The age, size of the tumor, and the stage of the disease are all important predictive variables for overall survival. The training and validation cohorts have C-indexes of 0.699 and 0.669, respectively. At the same time, the area under the curve values for both cohorts also showed that the nomogram had good discriminatory power. The calibration curve demonstrated the good performance and predictive accuracy of the model. The DCA results suggest that the nomogram has a wide range of therapeutic applications. Furthermore, a new risk classification system based on the nomogram was established, which allows all patients to be classified into three subgroups as high, middle, and low risk of death. Conclusion: The prognostic nomogram constructed in this study may provide a better precise prognostic prediction for patients with high-grade osteosarcoma after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.