Combined Percutaneous Transhepatic Lymphatic Embolization and Peroral Duodenal Mucosal Radiofrequency Ablation to Manage Protein-Losing Enteropathy.

Percutaneous transhepatic lymphatic embolization (PTLE) and peroral esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) duodenal mucosal radiofrequency (RF) ablation were performed to manage protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) in patients with congenital heart disease. Five procedures were performed in 4 patients (3 men and 1 woman; median age, 49 years; range, 31-71 years). Transhepatic lymphangiography demonstrated abnormal periduodenal lymphatic channels. After methylene blue injection through transhepatic access, subsequent EGD evaluation showed methylene blue extravasation at various sites in the duodenal mucosa. Endoscopic RF ablation of the leakage sites followed by PTLE using 3:1 ethiodized oil-to-n-butyl cyanoacrylate glue ratio resulted in improved symptoms and serum albumin levels (before procedure, 2.6 g/dL [SD ± 0.2]; after procedure, 3.5 g/dL [SD ± 0.4]; P = .004) over a median follow-up of 16 months (range, 5-20 months). Transhepatic lymphangiography and methylene blue injection with EGD evaluation of the duodenal mucosa can help diagnose PLE. Combined PTLE and EGD-RF ablation is an option to treat patients with PLE.

Factors influencing pregnancy rate and loss after laparoscopic artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen in Lohi sheep under sub-tropical conditions.

This study evaluates factors influencing pregnancy rates per artificial insemination (P/AI) and pregnancy loss in Lohi ewes undergoing laparoscopic AI with frozen-thawed semen under sub-tropical conditions. Data from three experiments comprising ewes (n = 358) of mixed parity (nulliparous; NP and parous; P), various body condition score (BCS) and assigned to long-term (LTP, 11 days) and short-term (STP, 5 days) oestrus synchronization regimen across high breeding season (HBS) and low breeding season (LBS) were analysed. Laparoscopic insemination was conducted 54 h post-sponge removal. Pregnancy diagnosis and loss were evaluated on days 35 and 90 post-insemination via ultrasonography. Results showed parity significantly influenced P/AI, with nulliparous ewes achieving higher pregnancy ratios than parous ewes (p = .001). BCS significantly influenced P/AI (p < .05), with a quadratic relationship observed between BCS and season (BCS*BCS*Season; p = .07). Progestin treatment did not significantly influence the ratio of pregnant ewes (p = .07). Pregnancy losses were significantly higher during LBS than HBS (p < .05), irrespective of progestin treatment. In conclusion, parity and BCS significantly influenced P/AI, with BCS demonstrating a quadratic association with season. Ewes bred during LBS experienced higher pregnancy losses than HBS, irrespective of progestin treatment.

Endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke with a large infarct area: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Since the efficacy and safety of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke with a large infarct area is still inconclusive, we sought to compare functional and neurological outcomes with the use of endovascular thrombectomy versus medical care alone. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) to retrieve all the relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on this topic. Review manager (RevMan) was used to perform meta-analyses using a random-effect model. Dichotomous outcomes were pooled using risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Our meta-analysis included 6 RCTs with a total of 1665 patients. Most studies included patients with an ASPECTS score of 3-5. Our results demonstrate that endovascular thrombectomy significantly increased the rates of functional independence (mRS ≤ 2) (RR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.89-3.29) and moderate neurological outcome (mRS ≤ 3) (RR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.50-2.40) at 90 days. The benefit of EVT for these outcomes remained the same at 1-year follow-up. Endovascular thrombectomy was associated with increased rates of early neurological improvement (RR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.53-3.22), excellent neurological recovery (mRS ≤ 1) (RR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.02-3.03), and decreased rate of poor neurological recovery (mRS 4-6) (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.76-0.86). No significant difference was found between the two groups regarding all-cause mortality (RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.72-1.02), decompressive craniectomy (RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.89-1.94), and the incidence of serious adverse effects (RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.83-2.32) between the two groups. Endovascular thrombectomy significantly increased the rates of any intracranial hemorrhage (RR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.48-2.53) and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (RR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.11-2.69). CONCLUSION: Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) significantly improves neurological and functional outcomes in patients who present within 6 hours of stroke onset with ICA and proximal M1 occlusions, and ASPECTS scores ranging from 3 to 5, compared to medical therapy alone, with an increased risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage.

Effect of rumen-protected choline on fat digestibility and lymph metabolome in dairy cows.

Objectives were to determine the effects of supplementing rumen-protected choline (RPC) from an established source with low (L, 28.8%) or a prototype with less lipid coating protection and high (H, 60.0%) concentrations of choline chloride on digestibility of fat and supra-mammary lymph metabolome in feed-restricted cows. Pregnant, nonlactating Holstein cows (n = 33; 11/treatment) at mean (±standard deviation) 231 ± 4.7 days of gestation were blocked by body condition (4.23 ± 0.47) and assigned to receive 0 (CON) or 25.8 g/d of choline ion from L (L25.8) or H (H25.8). Cows were adapted to the diet and then fed-restricted to 42% of the net energy of lactation required for maintenance and pregnancy for 9 days. Intake of metabolizable methionine was maintained at 19 g/d. On Day 9, cows were fed 450 g of saturated fatty acids (SFA), and feces and blood were sampled continuously for 24 h. Supra-mammary lymph was sampled 6 h after feeding SFA and metabolome was characterized. Feeding RPC increased digestibility of fat (CON = 80.4 vs. RPC = 86.0 ± 1.9%) and reduced the concentration of haptoglobin in serum (CON = 174 vs. RPC = 77 ± 14 µg/ml) independent of source of RPC fed. Feeding RPC increased the concentrations of triacylglycerol in serum (CON = 15.1 vs. RPC = 17.8 ± 1.9 mg/dl) in feed-restricted cows after feeding SFA, and the increment tended to be greater for cows fed H25.8 than L25.8. Supplementing RPC tended to increase the concentrations of triacylglycerol (CON = 11.4 vs. RPC = 15.8 ± 3.4 mg/dl) in supra-mammary lymph. Feeding RPC increased the concentration of choline and affected the concentrations of analytes involved in metabolic pathways associated with amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis of phospholipids in lymph compared with CON. Feeding RPC, independent of source used, increased fat digestibility with some changes in lymph metabolome in cows under negative nutrient balance.

Induced endometrial inflammation compromises conceptus development in dairy cattle†.

Endometrial inflammation is associated with reduced pregnancy per artificial insemination (AI) and increased pregnancy loss in cows. It was hypothesized that induced endometritis alters histotroph composition and induces inflammatory signatures on conceptus that compromise development. In Experiment 1, lactating cows were assigned to control (CON; n = 23) or to an intrauterine infusion of Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes (ENDO; n = 34) to induce endometritis. Cows received AI 26 days after treatment, and the uterine fluid and conceptuses were collected on day 16 after AI. In Experiment 2, Holstein heifers were assigned to CON (n = 14) or ENDO (n = 14). An embryo was transferred on day 7 of the estrous cycle, and uterine fluid and conceptuses were recovered on day 16. Composition of histotroph and trophoblast and embryonic disc gene expression were assessed. Bacterial-induced endometritis in lactating cows altered histotroph composition and pathways linked to phospholipid synthesis, cellular energy production, and the Warburg effect. Also, ENDO reduced conceptus length in cows and altered expression of genes involved in pathogen recognition, nutrient uptake, cell growth, choline metabolism, and conceptus signaling needed for maternal recognition of pregnancy. The impact of ENDO was lesser on conceptuses from heifers receiving embryo transfer; however, the affected genes and associated pathways involved restricted growth and increased immune response similar to the observed responses to ENDO in conceptuses from lactating cows. Bacterial-induced endometrial inflammation altered histotroph composition, reduced conceptus growth, and caused embryonic cells to activate survival rather than anabolic pathways that could compromise development.

An ncRNA transcriptomics-based approach to design siRNA molecules against SARS-CoV-2 double membrane vesicle formation and accessory genes.

BACKGROUND: The corona virus SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of recent most global pandemic. Its genome encodes various proteins categorized as non-structural, accessory, and structural proteins. The non-structural proteins, NSP1-16, are located within the ORF1ab. The NSP3, 4, and 6 together are involved in formation of double membrane vesicle (DMV) in host Golgi apparatus. These vesicles provide anchorage to viral replicative complexes, thus assist replication inside the host cell. While the accessory genes coded by ORFs 3a, 3b, 6, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9b, 9c, and 10 contribute in cell entry, immunoevasion, and pathological progression. METHODS: This in silico study is focused on designing sequence specific siRNA molecules as a tool for silencing the non-structural and accessory genes of the virus. The gene sequences of NSP3, 4, and 6 along with ORF3a, 6, 7a, 8, and 10 were retrieved for conservation, phylogenetic, and sequence logo analyses. siRNA candidates were predicted using siDirect 2.0 targeting these genes. The GC content, melting temperatures, and various validation scores were calculated. Secondary structures of the guide strands and siRNA-target duplexes were predicted. Finally, tertiary structures were predicted and subjected to structural validations. RESULTS: This study revealed that NSP3, 4, and 6 and accessory genes ORF3a, 6, 7a, 8, and 10 have high levels of conservation across globally circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains. A total of 71 siRNA molecules were predicted against the selected genes. Following rigorous screening including binary validations and minimum free energies, final siRNAs with high therapeutic potential were identified, including 7, 2, and 1 against NSP3, NSP4, and NSP6, as well as 3, 1, 2, and 1 targeting ORF3a, ORF7a, ORF8, and ORF10, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our novel in silico pipeline integrates effective methods from previous studies to predict and validate siRNA molecules, having the potential to inhibit viral replication pathway in vitro. In total, this study identified 17 highly specific siRNA molecules targeting NSP3, 4, and 6 and accessory genes ORF3a, 7a, 8, and 10 of SARS-CoV-2, which might be used as an additional antiviral treatment option especially in the cases of life-threatening urgencies.

Safety of glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficient donors in living right lobe liver donation.

BACKGROUND: The literature lacks data on World Health Organization (WHO) class II and III deficient liver donors who underwent right hepatectomy during living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, we compared the perioperative outcomes of 15 glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient living liver donors with a matched cohort of 39 nondeficient living liver donors undergoing right lobe donation. RESULTS: Out of 15 G6PD deficient donors, four (26.67%) donors had class II, and 11 (73.34%) had class III G6PD deficiency. The mean postoperative trough hemoglobin level was significantly lower in the deficient group than the nondeficient group (9.38 ± 1.59 g/dL vs. 10.27 ± .91 g/dL, p = .046). The mean peak indirect bilirubin level was significantly higher in the deficient group than the nondeficient group (2.22 ± 1.38 mg/dL vs. 1.40 ± .89 mg/dL, p = .047), and a similar trend was observed in total serum bilirubin (3.99 ± 2.57 mg/dL vs. 2.99 ± 1.46 mg/dL, p = .038). Biochemical evidence of hemolysis was found only in three (20%) deficient donors, but none of them needed a blood transfusion. No mortality was observed in either group. All other parameters, including demographics, operative parameters, graft characteristics, and hospital stay were comparable between both groups (p > .05). CONCLUSION: G6PD deficiency with WHO class II and above should not be considered a contraindication for right lobe donation.

Atlas for Cholangioscopy and Cholecystoscopy: A Primer for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy in the Biliary Tree and Gallbladder.

Percutaneous endoscopy of the biliary system (cholangioscopy) and gallbladder (cholecystoscopy) has significantly impacted diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to many diseases in interventional radiology, overcoming previous challenges related to scope size and rigidity. The current endoscopes offer enhanced maneuverability within narrow tubular structures such as bile ducts. Before endoscopy, reliance on 2D imaging modalities limited real-time visualization during percutaneous procedures. Percutaneous endoscopy provides 3D perspectives, enabling a better appreciation of normal structures, targeted biopsy of lesions, and accurate deployment of therapeutic interventions. This review aims to explore percutaneous endoscopic findings across various biliary and gallbladder pathologies.

Genicular Artery Embolization: Embolic Material and Imaging Review.

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a degenerative condition impacting numerous individuals globally. Genicular artery embolization (GAE) has emerged as an effective minimally invasive therapy for managing medically refractory OA-related pain in patients who are not eligible for surgery. This intervention works by disrupting the inflammatory and neoangiogenic pathways that contribute to pain. The efficacy of GAE has been demonstrated in various clinical trials, yielding promising results. This review aims to explore recent advancements in the embolic materials used during GAE, examining their properties and potential benefits. Additionally, it will describe the use of pre-, intra-, and postprocedural imaging-particularly magnetic resonance imaging and other modalities-to optimize GAE outcomes.

Concurrent acute pancreatitis, pneumoperitoneum, pneumoretroperitoneum, and pneumomediastinum following ERCP-related perforation: A rare and insightful case study.

This case report details an extraordinary occurrence following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in a 42-year-old woman. Despite ERCP being a commonly performed procedure, this case presented an unusual combination of acute pancreatitis, pneumoperitoneum, pneumoretroperitoneum, and pneumomediastinum resulting from a Stapfer type III perforation. The patient managed conservatively with nil per os, nasogastric tube, intravenous fluids, pain relief, and antibiotics, exhibited clinical improvement. Remarkably, resolution of complications occurred without surgical intervention. This case underscores the significance of vigilance in diagnosing and appropriately managing ERCP-related complications, contributing to the broader understanding of these rare events and fostering improved patient outcomes.

Percutaneous Endoscopy and Image-guided Retrieval of Dropped Gallstones - A Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent abscesses can happen due to dropped gallstones (DGs) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Recognition and appropriate percutaneous endoscopy and image-guided treatment options can decrease morbidity associated with this condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report a minimally invasive endoscopy and image-guided technique for retrieval of dropped gallstones in a series of 6 patients (M/F=3/3; median age: 75.5 years [68 to 82]) presenting with recurrent or chronic intra-abdominal abscesses secondary to dropped gallstones. Technical success was defined as the visualization and retrieval of all stones. DGs were identified on pre-procedure imaging. Number of abscesses recurrence was 12 (1/6), 1 (3/6), and 0 (2/6) with a median interval of 2 months (1 to 21) between cholecystectomy and abscess development. RESULTS: Percutaneous endoscopy and fluoroscopy guidance were utilized in all cases. Technical success was achieved in 4 patients (66%). The median procedure time was 65.8 minutes (39 to 136). The median fluoroscopy time and dose were 12.6 min (3.3 to 67) and 234 mGy (31 to 1457), respectively. There were no intraprocedure and postprocedure complications. No abscess recurrence was reported among successful procedures during a median follow-up of 193 days (51 to 308). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous image and endoscopy-guided lithotripsy/lithectomy are safe and effective. This technique is a suitable alternative to open surgery for dropped gallstones. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4, Case Series.

Effect of supplementing epinephrine in maturation media on in-vitro developmental competence of cattle and buffalo oocytes.

During in-vitro maturation, the oocyte experiences stressful conditions that likely compromise its development. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that plays a vital role during cellular stress by scavenging free radicals. The hypothesis is that epinephrine addition in maturation media improves the developmental competence of oocytes in cattle and buffalo. The objectives of the experiments were to investigate the effect of epinephrine addition in maturation media on nuclear maturation, developmental competence, and oocyte mRNA abundance of genes related to antioxidants and growth pathways in cattle and buffalo. In experiment 1, cattle oocytes were matured for 24 h in maturation media supplemented with increasing concentrations of epinephrine 0, 0.01, 1.0, and 100 µM. Oocytes were cultured to assess cleavage at 48 h and blastocyst on day 7 of the culture. The cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) expansion, nuclear maturation, and oocyte mRNA abundance of genes (SOD1, GPX4, GDF9, CASP9) were evaluated. In experiment 2, buffalo oocytes were matured and assessed for development and mRNA abundance as described for cattle. In addition, the blastomere number was counted in the hatched blastocyst. The data were analyzed using GLIMMIX and MIXED procedures of SAS. Results revealed that the supplementation of epinephrine increased (P ≤ 0.03) the COCs expansion, nuclear maturation, and developmental competence of oocytes in cattle. Interestingly, all the responses were maximized (quadratic effect; P ≤ 0.08) at 1 µM concentrations. The mRNA abundance of genes in cattle oocytes was not affected by the treatment. The experiment in buffalo revealed that epinephrine increased blastocyst formation without affecting COCs expansion, and nuclear maturation. The higher blastocyst was achieved at 0.01 µM concentrations of epinephrine. Interestingly, the addition of epinephrine increased the mRNA abundance of genes related to antioxidant pathways (SOD1, GPX4). Moreover, supplementation of epinephrine increased the blastomere count of the hatched blastocyst in buffalo. In conclusion, epinephrine addition in maturation media benefited oocyte development in cattle and blastocyst yield in buffalo at 1 and 0.01 µM concentrations, respectively. It appears that the addition of epinephrine affected different cellular pathways, COCs expansion, and nuclear maturation in cattle and increased antioxidant genes for buffalo.

The Efficacy of Ketoconazole Containing Regimens in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a challenging subset of prostate cancer associated with an extensive metastatic profile and high mortality. Ketoconazole is a nonselective steroid 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (CYP17A1) inhibitor and is employed as a second line treatment option for CRPC with an established efficacy profile in patients. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of ketoconazole containing regimens for CRPC in terms of prostate specific antigen (PSA) decline rate using a systematic review and meta-analysis. In this review, an electronic search was carried out on PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus, and Google Scholar to find relevant literature. Random effects model was used to assess pooled PSA decline rate and 95% CIs. Publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot symmetry and one-tailed Egger's and Begg's test. In all cases, P-value <.05 was indicative of significant results. The review is registered with PROSPERO: CRD42023466536. A total of 483 articles were retrieved after database searching, out of which 23 studies (having a total of 1315 patients) were included in the review based on prespecified criteria. The PSA decline rate was reported in the 14 observational studies (having 964 patients) and 9 experimental studies (having 351 patients). Pooled results revealed that 48.6% (95% CI 43.1-54.2; P-value <.001; I2 = 73.24%) of participants achieved more than 50% decline in PSA (602/1315 participants). Sensitivity analysis using the leave-one-out method revealed no substantial change in pooled effect estimates; (Risk Ratio) RR 47.2% to RR 49.8% demonstrating the robustness of our results. There was no evidence of publication bias as assessed from the funnel plot symmetry. Ketoconazole containing regimens have shown moderate efficacy in high risk CRPC patients as demonstrated by the pooled results. Hence, a ketoconazole based chemotherapy can be added to patients' regimen if there is a persistent rise in PSA levels after androgen deprivation therapy.

Percutaneous Biliary Interventions via the Modified Hutson Loop in Patients with Biliary-Enteric Anastomoses: A Retrospective Study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to present the institutional experience and algorithm for performing biliary interventions in liver transplant patients using the modified Hutson loop access (MHLA) and the impact of percutaneous endoscopy via the MHLA on these procedures. METHODS: Over 13 years, 201 MHLA procedures were attempted on 52 patients (45 liver transplants; 24 living and 21 deceased donors) for diagnostic (e.g., cholangiography) and therapeutic (e.g., stent/drain insertion and cholangioplasty) purposes. The most common indications for MHLA were biliary strictures (60%) and bile leaks (23%). Percutaneous endoscopy was used to directly visualize the biliary-enteric anastomosis, diagnose pathology (e.g., ischemic cholangiopathy), and help in biliary hygiene (removing debris/casts/stones/stents) in 138/201 (69%) procedures. Technical success was defined as cannulating the biliary-enteric anastomosis and performing diagnostic/therapeutic procedure via the MHLA. RESULTS: The technical success rate was 95% (190/201). The failure rate among procedures performed with and without endoscopy was 2% (3/138) versus 13% (8/63) (P = 0.0024), and the need for new transhepatic access (to aid the procedure) was 12% (16/138) versus 30% (19/63) (P = 0.001). Despite endoscopy, failure in 2% of the cases resulted from inflamed/friable anastomosis (1/3) and high-grade stricture (2/3) obstructing retrograde cannulation of biliary-enteric anastomosis. Major adverse events (bowel perforation and injury) occurred in 1% of the procedures, with no procedure-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS: MHLA-based percutaneous biliary intervention is a safe and effective alternative to managing complications after liver transplant. Percutaneous endoscopy via the MHLA improves success rates and may reduce the need for new transhepatic access. Level of Evidence Level 4.

Future of Artificial Intelligence in Surgery: A Narrative Review.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the capability of a machine to execute cognitive processes that are typically considered to be functions of the human brain. It is the study of algorithms that enable machines to reason and perform mental tasks, including problem-solving, object and word recognition, and decision-making. Once considered science fiction, AI today is a fact and an increasingly prevalent subject in both academic and popular literature. It is expected to reshape medicine, benefiting both healthcare professionals and patients. Machine learning (ML) is a subset of AI that allows machines to learn and make predictions by recognizing patterns, thus empowering the medical team to deliver better care to patients through accurate diagnosis and treatment. ML is expanding its footprint in a variety of surgical specialties, including general surgery, ophthalmology, cardiothoracic surgery, and vascular surgery, to name a few. In recent years, we have seen AI make its way into the operating theatres. Though it has not yet been able to replace the surgeon, it has the potential to become a highly valuable surgical tool. Rest assured that the day is not far off when AI shall play a significant intraoperative role, a projection that is currently marred by safety concerns. This review aims to explore the present application of AI in various surgical disciplines and how it benefits both patients and physicians, as well as the current obstacles and limitations facing its seemingly unstoppable rise.

Impact of Farm Management Practices on Tick Infestation in Punjab's Livestock: A Comprehensive Epidemiological Study.

Tick infestation poses an important challenge to livestock in Pakistan. Farm management practices and environmental variables can influence tick infestation prevalence in animals. To this end, a cross-sectional survey of 96 farms in four different geographical districts (24 farms from each district) was conducted in Punjab, Pakistan, between October 2021 and January 2022. An epidemiological questionnaire was designed focusing on farm management practices and their impact on tick infestations at these farms. Data were collected via in-person interviews. Regional and farm-specific variables' associations were evaluated using Pearson's chi-square test and Fischer's exact test, respectively. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify significant risk factors. This study identified that using soft bedding materials, e.g., wheat straw, leaf litter or plain soil posed a significant risk of tick infestation. Additionally, the absence of quarantine measures, open sheds and inadequate drainage were found as contributing factors in univariable analysis. Higher tick prevalence in the hotter seasons highlighted the influence of Punjab's extreme weather on tick infestation. Despite regular veterinary visits and the use of acaricidal drugs, the prevalence of tick infestation at these farms suggested potential drug resistance in the ticks. The study recommended establishing quarantine practices, improving farms' drainage systems and bedding and using a combination of chemical and traditional remedies to tackle drug resistance in ticks. Education and awareness programs on tick-borne diseases and control measures are advocated to reduce the tick infestation burden on animals. Further research on longitudinal studies to better understand tick population dynamics and develop effective acaricides is encouraged. This called for collaborative control efforts among farmers, veterinarians and research institutions.

Rathke's cleft cyst abscess from Klebsiella.

Pituitary abscesses are uncommon lesions accounting for <1% of all pituitary diseases. We report a case of a female microbiology technician with a rare congenital heart disease who developed an Rathke's Cleft Cyst abscess from Klebsiella. A 26-year-old female biotechnician with a history of congenital heart disease and subclinical immunosuppression presented with a 10-month history of weight loss, amenorrhea, and visual deterioration. There was a history of previous unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery. Radiology revealed a cystic lesion in the sellar region. The patient underwent an endoscopic endonasal intervention and the cystic cavity was washed with gentamicin, and the patient received meropenem postoperatively. The patient was followed up and had gradual improvement in her overall health, complete normality of her menstrual cycle, her visual field recovering to near normal and improving, no recurrence, and a stable cyst on magnetic resonance imaging.

Glycine Improved Cryopreserved Spermatozoa Quality in Achai Bull.

Achai is a small size cattle breed, resilient to harsh and cold environment. Cryopreservation of Achai bull semen may help to improve its genetics and preserve the germplasm. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) affects the structural and functional integrity of the spermatozoa. During freezing and thawing processes, the ROS make changes in the spermatozoa quality parameters and reduce total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of semen that is considered as marker of oxidative stress. This study was designed to determine the effect of glycine along with vitamin E on post-thawed spermatozoa quality and total antioxidant capacity in Achai cattle. The semen collection was done twice a week from four mature fertile Achai cattle bulls (n = 4). The glycine was utilized as 0 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 15 mM, and 20 mM along with vitamin E @ 2.3 mM added constantly in each concentration. The control group contained all extenders except glycine. The results revealed that post-thawed spermatozoa motility was found significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 10 mM as compared to 5 mM, 15 mM, and 20 mM. Compared with control group, glycine concentration at 10 mM and other concentrations increased progressive and fast motility (%), curvilinear, straight line, and average path velocity (µm/s). Moreover, beat cross frequency (Hz) was higher (P < 0.05), and post-thaw viability (%), plasma membrane integrity, and mitochondrial membrane potential were significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 10 mM of glycine concentration in comparison to control and other glycine concentrations. Besides, acrosome integrity (%) and DNA integrity (%) as well as post-thawed T-AOC were also significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 10 mM of glycine concentration as compared to other glycine concentrations and control group. It is concluded that 10 mM of glycine along with vitamin E @ 2.3 mM improved cryopreserved semen quality of Achai bull.

Histiocytic Sarcoma Secondary to Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Literature Review.

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a rare tumor that may result from the transdifferentiation of preexisting hematolymphoid neoplasms in a subset of patients. There are instances of correlation or concurrence between HS and a number of cancers, particularly B-cell-associated hematopoietic tumors. Only three cases of HS occurring subsequent to or concurrently with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) have been recorded. Our main objective was to give an overview of demographics, clinical signs and symptoms, histopathological findings, and immunohistochemical and molecular analysis when HS develops secondary to or concurrently with GIST. A search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect was undertaken using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) keywords. According to the findings of our review, there were two males (66.6%) and one female (33.3%). The average age of patients at presentation was 59.6 years. On the immunohistochemistry, three patients were positive for cluster of differentiation (CD) 68 (100%), two patients were positive for CD 163 (67%), one patient was positive for leukocyte common antigen (LCA) (33%), and only one patient was positive for CD 4, CD 10, CD 31, CD 45, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, lysozyme, and vimentin (33%). On molecular investigation, the gastric mass of only one patient (33.33%) contained a KIT mutation on exon 11. Emperipolesis was observed in one patient (33.33%) on histological examination. Our study provides an important overview of the available literature and gives insight into important diagnostic markers of HS when it occurs secondary to or concurrently with GIST.