Assessment of the efficacy of intra-articular platelet rich plasma treatment in an ACLT experimental model by dynamic contrast enhancement MRI of knee subchondral bone marrow and MRI T2∗ measurement of articular cartilage.

OBJECTIVE: The vascularization of subchondral bone plays a significant role in the progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Treatment with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has positive effects on cartilage lesions. However, PRP's efficacy for subchondral bone marrow lesions and the relationship of these lesions to cartilage are still undiscovered. Therefore, our aims were first to longitudinally investigate the change in subchondral flow by dynamic contrast enhanced MRI and degeneration of cartilage by MRI T2∗ in an anterior cruciate transection rodent (ACLT) model, and second to examine changes in parameters after intra-articular PRP injection. DESIGN: A 32-week investigation in 18 rats allocated to sham-control, ACLT with normal saline injection (ACLT + NS), and ACLT with PRP injection groups ended with histological evaluation. Another rat was used as a donor of allogenic PRP. RESULTS: Compared to the sham-control group, the ACLT + NS group had higher subchondral blood volume A (0.051, 95% confidence interval: 0.009, 0.092) and lower venous washout kel (-0.030: -0.055, -0.005) from week 4; lower permeability kep from week 18 (-0.954: -1.339, -0.569); higher cartilage T2∗ values (1.803: 1.504, 2.102) reflecting collagen loss beginning at week 10. For the PRP treatment group, subchondral bone marrow A and cartilage T2∗ decreased from week 10. Histological results confirmed and were correlated with the MRI findings. CONCLUSION: Subchondral hyper-perfusion plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of OA and was associated with cartilage degeneration. The efficacy of PRP can be observed from reduced perfusion and MRI T2∗ values.

Management of isolated recurrence after surgery for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Recurrence of pancreatic cancer after primary pancreatectomy occurs in the vast majority of patients. The role of surgical treatment for recurrent pancreatic cancer is not well established. METHODS: Patients who underwent primary pancreatectomy with curative intent from 2000 to 2014 at a single large-volume centre were evaluated retrospectively. CT or PET was used to select patients with an isolated recurrence. The clinicopathological features and survival outcomes were compared according to treatment modalities. RESULTS: Of the 1610 patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent resection, 1346 (83·6 per cent) were diagnosed with recurrent pancreatic cancer. Recurrence was locoregional in 366 patients (27·2 per cent), distant multifocal in 251 (18·6 per cent), distant isolated in 188 (14·0 per cent), locoregional plus distant in 153 (11·4 per cent) and peritoneal seeding in 388 (28·8 per cent). Of the 1346 patients with recurrence, 197 (14·6 per cent) had isolated recurrence; of these, 48 (24·4 per cent of all isolated recurrences; 3·6 per cent of all recurrences) underwent resection. Median survival of the 197 patients after diagnosis of isolated recurrence was 14·7 months; it was longer in patients who underwent surgical resection than among those treated non-surgically (23·5 versus 12·0 months; P = 0·014). Multivariable analysis showed that chemotherapy and resection for recurrence were associated with better prognosis. Median survival after recurrence was longest in the 23 patients with isolated pulmonary recurrence (33·3 months). Survival after recurrence was better in patients who underwent resection of isolated recurrence in the remnant pancreas (median 28·0 versus 12·0 months, P = 0·010) and lung (median 36·5 versus 9·5 months; P = 0·010) than in those who did not undergo resection. CONCLUSION: Surgical resection may be considered an option for treatment of patients with isolated recurrent pancreatic cancer.

Assessment of liver cirrhosis for patients with Child's A classification before hepatectomy using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.

AIM: To determine the feasibility of semi-quantitative haemodynamic parameters derived from dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess liver fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-five patients with Child's A classification (males/females=24/51; average age, 58 years; range, 30-80 years) received DCE-MRI 3 days prior to hepatectomy. Semi-quantitative haemodynamic parameters, including the wash-in slope, wash-out slope, and time-to-peak, were calculated from DCE-MRI data. Liver fibrosis of the resected non-tumour liver was graded pathologically from F0 (no fibrosis) to F6 (cirrhosis) in the regions corresponding to those assessed by DCE-MRI. RESULTS: The wash-out slope showed higher interobserver and intra-observer reliabilities than the wash-in slope and time-to-peak. There was a significant positive correlation between the wash-out slope and pathological grade of fibrosis (Spearman's correlation coefficient: r=0.5331, p<0.0001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.8066 when using the wash-out slope to differentiate cirrhosis (grade F6) from non-cirrhosis (grades F0-5). Using the cut-off point that maximised specificity, the sensitivity was 62.07%, specificity was 91.30%, positive predictive value was 81.81%, negative predictive value was 79.25%, and accuracy was 80%. CONCLUSIONS: The wash-out slope derived from DCE-MRI might be potentially useful in assessing liver cirrhosis in patients with Child's A classification before hepatectomy.

A retroviral vector suitable for ultrasound image-guided gene delivery to mouse brain.

Gene transfer to the early-stage embryonic brain using the ultrasound image-guided gene delivery (UIGD) technique has proven to be valuable for investigating brain development. Thus far, this technology has been restricted to the study of embryonic neurogenesis. When this technique is designed to be employed for the study in adult animals, a long-term stable gene expression will be required. We attempted to develop a retroviral vector suitable for expressing exogenous genes in the brains of postnatal and adult mice in the context of the UIGD technique. Retroviral vectors containing four different long terminal repeats (LTRs) (each from Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV), murine stem cell virus (MSCV), myeloproliferative sarcoma virus (MPSV) and spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV)) were compared using the well-known CE vector having the EF1α internal promoter as a control. The MS vector containing MSCV LTR produced a higher viral titer and a higher level of gene expression than other vectors including CE. The MS vector drove the gene expression in cultured neural stem cells for 3 weeks. Furthermore, the MS vector could efficiently deliver the gene to the mouse central nervous system, as transgene expression was found in various regions of the brains and spinal cords as well as in all major neural cell types. The data from an in vivo luciferase imaging analysis showed that the gene expression from the MS vector was sustainable for almost 3 months. Our data suggested that the MS vector would be suitable to construct mice containing the transgene expressed in the brain or spinal cord in a quick and cost-effective manner.

Tumor immune-gene expression profiles and peripheral immune phenotypes associated with clinical outcomes of locally advanced pancreatic cancer following FOLFIRINOX.

BACKGROUND: A comprehensive analysis of peripheral immune cell phenotypes and tumor immune-gene expression profiles in locally advanced pancreatic cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in a phase II clinical trial was carried out. METHODS: Patients were treated with neoadjuvant modified folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan hydrochloride, oxaliplatin (mFOLFIRINOX) followed by surgery and adjuvant gemcitabine at the Asan Medical Center. Correlations between survival outcomes and baseline peripheral immune cells and their changes during preoperative chemotherapy were analyzed. Patients who had surgery were divided into two groups according to achievement of disease-free survival >10 months (achieved versus failed). Differential expression and pathway analysis of immune-related genes were carried out using the Nanostring platform, and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment were compared by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were treated in the phase II clinical trial. Higher baseline CD14+CD11c+HLA-DR+ monocytes (P = 0.044) and lower Foxp3+CD4+ T cells (P = 0.02) were associated with poor progression-free survival of neoadjuvant mFOLFIRINOX. During the preoperative chemotherapy, PD-1 T cells significantly decreased (P = 0.0110). Differential expression and pathway analysis of immune-genes from the resected tumor after neoadjuvant treatment revealed transforming growth factor-ß pathway enrichment and higher expression of MARCO (adjusted P < 0.05) associated with early recurrence. Enrichment of the Th1 pathway and higher peritumoral CD8+ T cells (P = 0.0103) were associated with durable disease-free survival from surgery (>10 months) following neoadjuvant mFOLFIRINOX. CONCLUSIONS: Our results identify potential immune biomarkers for locally advanced pancreatic cancer and provide insights into pancreatic cancer immunity.

Technetium-99m-pyrophosphate scintigraphic findings of intestinal perforation in dermatomyositis.

Gastrointestinal complications are more common in children than in adults and present a serious problem with dermatomyositis. We report on a 66-yr-old man with dermatomyositis who suffered from intestinal perforation. The abdominal plain radiograph revealed only dilatation of the intestinal loops; increased radioactivity, however, was clearly demonstrated in the early 5-min and delayed 3-hr 99mTc-pyrophosphate images.

Intermolecular double-quantum coherence MR microimaging of pig tail with unique image contrast.

Image contrast in intermolecular double-quantum coherence (iDQC) imaging of a pig tail was investigated on a 7.05-T microimaging scanner. In addition to TR (repetition time) and TE (echo time), the time interval tau between radio frequency pulses during iDQC evolution and the areas under the iDQC-encode gradients in the iDQC imaging sequence were also used to manipulate image contrast. When suitable imaging parameters were selected, images with unique contrast, such as those with certain regions of the sample highlighted, were obtained without using contrast agents. The effects of iDQC-encode gradient on image contrast were studied quantitatively, and the unique contrast imposed by the related diffusion weighting was also shown. Experimental results demonstrated that the iDQC images have contrast fundamentally different from the conventional single-quantum coherence images.

Species variation in serum levels of prostaglandins and their precursor acids.

Levels of prostaglandin (PG) precursor acids, and PGE2, PGF2 alpha and TXB2 in sera of adult animals (5/species) were determined by gas chromatography and radioimmunoassay, respectively. The level of arachidonic acid in horse serum lipids was the lowest (0.61 +/- 0.03%), and that in dog serum lipids was the highest (18.1 +/- 1.8%). Bovine serum lipids contained considerable amounts of 20:3 omega 6 (precursor of monoene PG) and 20:5 omega 3 (precursor of triene PG) in addition to arachidonic acid. Thromboxane B2 was not the major species of endoperoxide metabolite synthesized by platelets from arachidonic acid in male ruminants and pig. The concentration of TXB2 in the serum of the lactating cow was more than 50 times greater than that of ovariectomized cows or of bulls. Although TXB2 was the major species of endoperoxide metabolite synthesized by human platelets, its serum concentration was much lower than that of nonruminant animals except the pig. These results showed that there were considerable variations in levels of PG and their precursors among various species of animals. The species variation in PG and TXB2 concentrations was not simply attributed to the differences in platelet concentration blood.

Biologic characteristics of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from a patient with thalassemia syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of self-renewal and differentiating morphologically and functionally into several mesenchymal tissues. There have been contrasting data on whether MSCs are altered in various hematologic disorders. METHODS: We isolated bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs from a patient with thalassemia syndrome to compare phenotypic and functional characteristics to those from normal healthy donor. RESULTS: No differences were observed between MSCs from thalassemia syndrome (T-MSCs) and those from normal healthy donor in terms of morphology, phenotype, karyotype, multidifferentiation capacity. In mixed lymphocyte reaction, T-MSCs strongly inhibited the proliferation of allogeneic T cells in association with reduced proportion of CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) cells. Furthermore, the fraction of Treg cells was increased under the culture with T-MSCs, suggesting that T-MSCs exert normal immunomodulatory function. In addition, T-MSCs expressed hematopoietic cytokines and supported hematopoiesis, which was comparable to those from normal BM-derived MSCs. CONCLUSION: T-MSCs exhibited normal phenotype, karyotype as well as normal immunomodulatory function, and autologous MSCs from patients with thalassemia syndrome may be an attractive source of stem cell in terms of hematopoietic support as well as immunomodulatory activity.

Effect of necrosis modulator necrox-7 on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in beagle dogs.

OBJECTIVE: The liver is susceptible to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury during inflow occlusion for hepatectomy. There is no effective pharmacologic agent available to prevent the release of high-mobility-group box 1 (HMGB1) or to ameliorate IR injury. This pilot study sought to develop a model in beagle dogs for the purpose of testing the efficacy of a necrosis modulator, necrox-7, to prevent hepatic IR injury in beagle dogs. METHODS: Six male beagle dogs were randomly assigned to the control group (group A; n = 3) or the treatment group (group B; n = 3). Under general anesthesia, group B received intravenous infusion of necrox-7 (13 mg/kg over 20 minutes) followed by 60 minutes of left hepatic inflow occlusion and 60 minutes of reperfusion. Both groups were tested for serum biochemicals, hematology values, liver biopsies, and plasma HMGB1 levels over a 48-hour period. RESULTS: The maximum alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels among group A versus group B were: ALT 868.3 ± 337.4 IU/L vs 274.3 ± 72.6 IU/L (P = .041); AST 1,024.7 ± 246.5 IU/L vs 505.3 ± 66.7 IU/L (P = .024); and LDH 962.7 ± 226.2 IU/L vs 552.7 ± 62.4 IU/L (P = .039). Liver biopsy demonstrated marked necrosis and inflammatory infiltrates in group A, whereas group B showed little evidence of IR injury. The plasma HMGB1 concentration was significantly lower among group B versus A. CONCLUSION: This pilot study developed a hepatic IR injury model, demonstrating that necrox-7 reduced hepatic necrosis secondary to IR injury in a large animal setting.