Regulation of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis by FBOX Ubiquitin E3 Ligases.

Hematopoiesis is responsible for numerous functions, ranging from oxygen transportation to host defense, to injury repair. This process of hematopoiesis is maintained throughout life by hematopoietic stem cells and requires a controlled balance between self-renewal, differentiation, and quiescence. Disrupting this balance can result in hematopoietic malignancies, including anemia, immune deficiency, leukemia, and lymphoma. Recent work has shown that FBOX E3 ligases, a substrate recognition component of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), have an integral role in maintaining this balance. In this review, we detail how FBOX proteins target specific proteins for degradation to regulate hematopoiesis through cell processes, such as cell cycle, development, and apoptosis.

UBR5 HECT domain mutations identified in mantle cell lymphoma control maturation of B cells.

Coordination of a number of molecular mechanisms including transcription, alternative splicing, and class switch recombination are required to facilitate development, activation, and survival of B cells. Disruption of these pathways can result in malignant transformation. Recently, next-generation sequencing has identified a number of novel mutations in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients including mutations in the ubiquitin E3 ligase UBR5. Approximately 18% of MCL patients were found to have mutations in UBR5, with the majority of mutations within the HECT domain of the protein that can accept and transfer ubiquitin molecules to the substrate. Determining if UBR5 controls the maturation of B cells is important to fully understand malignant transformation to MCL. To elucidate the role of UBR5 in B-cell maturation and activation, we generated a conditional mutant disrupting UBR5's C-terminal HECT domain. Loss of the UBR5 HECT domain leads to a block in maturation of B cells in the spleen and upregulation of proteins associated with messenger RNA splicing via the spliceosome. Our studies reveal a novel role of UBR5 in B-cell maturation by stabilization of spliceosome components during B-cell development and suggests UBR5 mutations play a role in MCL transformation.

Loss of FBXO9 Enhances Proteasome Activity and Promotes Aggressiveness in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

The hematopoietic system is maintained throughout life by stem cells that are capable of differentiating into all hematopoietic lineages. An intimate balance between self-renewal, differentiation, and quiescence is required to maintain hematopoiesis and disruption of this balance can result in malignant transformation. FBXO9, the substrate recognition component from the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase family, is downregulated in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) compared to healthy bone marrow, and this downregulation is particularly evident in patients with inv(16) AML. To study FBXO9 in malignant hematopoiesis, we generated a conditional knockout mouse model using a novel CRISPR/Cas9 strategy. Deletion of Fbxo9 in the murine hematopoietic system showed no adverse effects on stem and progenitor cell function but in AML lead to markedly accelerated and aggressive leukemia development in mice with inv(16). Not only did Fbxo9 play a role in leukemia initiation but it also functioned to maintain AML activity and promote disease progression. Quantitative mass spectrometry from primary tumors reveals tumors lacking Fbxo9 highly express proteins associated with metastasis and invasion as well as components of the ubiquitin proteasome system. We confirmed that the loss of FBXO9 leads to increased proteasome activity and tumors cells were more sensitive to in vitro proteasome inhibition with bortezomib, suggesting that FBXO9 expression may predict patients' response to bortezomib.