RESUMEN
With the aim to upcycle fish side-streams, enzymatic hydrolysis is often applied to produce protein hydrolysates with bioactive properties or just as a protein source for food and feed. However, the production of hydrolysates generates a side-stream. For underutilized fish and fish backbone this side-stream will contain fish bones and make it rich in minerals. The aim of this study was to assess the relative bioaccessibility (using the standardized in vitro model INFOGEST 2.0) of minerals in a dietary supplement compared to bone powder generated after enzymatic hydrolysis of three different fish side-streams: undersized whole hake, cod and salmon backbones consisting of insoluble protein and bones. Differences in the bioaccessibility of protein between the powders were also investigated. The enzyme hydrolysis was carried out using different enzymes and hydrolysis conditions for the different fish side-streams. The content and bioaccessibility of protein and the minerals phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) were measured to evaluate the potential of the powder as an ingredient in, e.g., dietary supplements. The bone powders contained bioaccessible proteins and minerals. Thus, new side-streams generated from enzymatic hydrolysis can have possible applications in the food sector due to bioaccessible proteins and minerals.
Asunto(s)
Huesos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Minerales , Alimentos Marinos , Animales , Huesos/metabolismo , Hidrólisis , Salmón/metabolismo , Disponibilidad Biológica , Proteínas de Peces/metabolismo , Peces/metabolismo , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , PolvosRESUMEN
This study generated bioactive hydrolysates using the enzyme Alcalase and autolysis from mesopelagic fish, including Maurolicus muelleri and Benthosema glaciale. Generated hydrolysates were investigated for their bioactivities using in vitro bioassays, and bioactive peptides were identified using mass spectrometry in active hydrolysates with cyclooxygenase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV and antioxidant activities. In silico analysis was employed to rank identified peptide sequences in terms of overall bioactivity using programmes including Peptide Ranker, PrepAIP, Umami-MRNN and AntiDMPpred. Seven peptides predicted to have anti-inflammatory, anti-type 2 diabetes or Umami potential using in silico strategies were chemically synthesised, and their anti-inflammatory activities were confirmed using in vitro bioassays with COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. The peptide QCPLHRPWAL inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 by 82.90% (+/-0.54) and 53.84%, respectively, and had a selectivity index greater than 10. This peptide warrants further research as a novel anti-inflammatory/pain relief peptide. Other peptides with DPP-IV inhibitory and Umami flavours were identified. These offer potential for use as functional foods or topical agents to prevent pain and inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios , Proteínas de Peces , Peces , Péptidos , Hidrolisados de Proteína , Animales , Hidrolisados de Proteína/farmacología , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , Péptidos/farmacología , Péptidos/química , Péptidos/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/química , Proteínas de Peces/farmacología , Proteínas de Peces/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Simulación por Computador , Inhibidores de la Dipeptidil-Peptidasa IV/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Dipeptidil-Peptidasa IV/química , Inhibidores de la Dipeptidil-Peptidasa IV/aislamiento & purificación , Ciclooxigenasa 1/metabolismo , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa/químicaRESUMEN
Grape stem is a winery by-product that it is currently disposed as waste or at best as soil conditioner. However, it is rich in fibres and polyphenols which makes it interesting for animal feeding. In this regard, rabbit farming emerges as a target livestock farming since fibre content is essential in rabbit's diets for preventing digestive troubles and polyphenols are associated with improved performances in animals due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. This study aims to assess the suitability of a grape stem-based ingredient for rabbit feeding. The stem was dried using flash drying technology to prevent rapid spoilage and stabilise the ingredient. Then, its nutritional value was evaluated resulting in a high fibre (>40%) and polyphenol (>6%) content ingredient with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. A feed efficiency trial was conducted and inclusion rates of up to 10% of grape stem-based ingredient did not affect animals' mortality, average daily feed intake, daily gain or feed conversion ratio. In conclusion, grape stem-based ingredient arises as a secondary feedstuff for cuniculture reducing the dependence on other fibre sources, such as cereals or sunflower hulls. This could also contribute to reduce the environmental footprint of the wine sector by giving a second life to an existing waste, while generating a new activity based on circular economy.
RESUMEN
Fish by-catches, along with other fish side-streams, were previously used as raw material for the production of fishmeal and fish oil but appropriate handling allows their use in more valuable options. The aim of this research was to valorize undersized hake (Merluccius merluccius) as a model of using fish by-catch from the Bay of Biscay to produce protein hydrolysates with bioactivities. Six enzymes, with different proteolytic activities (endo- or exoproteases) and specificities, were tested to produce protein hydrolysates. Products obtained with an endoprotease of serine resulted in the most promising results in terms of protein extraction yield (68%), with an average molecular weight of 2.5 kDa, and bioactivity yield (antioxidant activity = 88.5 mg TE antioxidant capacity/g fish protein; antihypertensive activity = 47% inhibition at 1 mg/mL). Then, process conditions for the use of this enzyme to produce bioactive products were optimized using Box-Behnken design. The most favorable process conditions (time = 2 h, solids = 50% and enzyme/substrate = 2% with respect to protein) were scaled up (from 0.5 L to 150 L reactor) to confirm laboratory scale and model forecasts. The results obtained in the pilot-scale testing matched the outcomes predicted by the model, confirming the technical viability of the proposed process.
Asunto(s)
Gadiformes , Perciformes , Animales , Hidrólisis , Gadiformes/metabolismo , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , Péptidos/química , Antihipertensivos/farmacología , Peces/metabolismo , Perciformes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/metabolismoRESUMEN
Fish protein hydrolysates were obtained from cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) viscera using commercial and endogenous enzymes. Two methods were employed for hydrolysis: acid autolysis (also known as silage) at room temperature for 10 days in acidic conditions, until total solubilisation, and enzymatic hydrolysis using Alcalase 2.4 LFG, Protana Prime, and the endogenous enzymes in the viscera. The effectiveness of both methods in releasing free amino acids (FAA) was assessed. After evaluating the results, the most effective enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized. The findings indicated that enzymatic hydrolysis with Alcalase, Protana Prime and endogenous enzymes combined for 7 h at a dose of 1% of protein, and a 7-day acid autolysis yielded the highest degree of hydrolysis (83.8% and 75.8%), a yield of FAA from viscera of 5.9% and 3.2%, and a yield of FAA from total protein of 71.3% and 52.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the use of commercial enzymes was more efficient in releasing amino acids, but endogenous enzymes showed a strong proteolytic capacity during acid autolysis, suggesting it also as a promising method to produce FAA-rich hydrolysates.
RESUMEN
Lignin in animal diets is a limiting factor due to its low digestibility. This study assessed the effects of thermal or mechanical pre-treatments and enzymatic hydrolysis on spent coffee grounds' (SCG) nutritional value and digestibility. A first trial studied the effect of thermal pre-treatment and hydrolysis with removal of the liquid part and a second trial studied mechanical pre-treatment and hydrolysis with and without removal of the liquid part. Autoclaving did not improve the enzymatic performance nor the nutritional value. Hydrolysis reduced the digestibility of the solid phase and impaired its ruminal fermentation efficiency. Hydrolysates without removing the liquid part improved its nutritional value, but not compared with unprocessed SCG. Grinding increased crude protein and reduced crude fibre and protein, which led to greater fermentation and in vitro digestibility. Thus, grinding emerges as the most promising valorisation strategy to improve SCG nutritional characteristics and their use for animal feed, contributing to the circular economy.
RESUMEN
Approximately 33% of food produced around the world is wasted. In the distribution sector, erroneous orders or demand predictions result in products that cannot be sold before the expiration date. Despite its enormous potential, a low percentage of this food wastage is valorised causing negative social, economic and environmental impacts. Vegetable food waste has potential as raw material for animal feed. However, the profitability of its valorisation depends on several key factors and there is a risk of underestimating any of them making this valorisation technically, economically or environmentally unfeasible. Moreover, the geographical dispersion requires selecting the appropriate location for the processing plant and optimising the logistics routes to collect and transport them from the origin points to the processing plant. GISWASTE tool, which combines Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method with ArcGIS, has been used to simulate the viability of this valorisation alternative from a holistic point of view. In addition, a sensitivity analysis in the economic modelling has been carried out to determine the economic viability factors with more influence in the global profitability. The valorisation of vegetable food waste from distribution and retailing sector for animal feed has been considered feasible in the case study region: Basque Country (Spain). However, there are some economic uncertainties for the return of the investment. The variable with more influence over the profitability is by far the incomes from waste management (81.4%).
Asunto(s)
Eliminación de Residuos , Administración de Residuos , Alimentación Animal , Animales , España , VerdurasRESUMEN
Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of spent coffee grounds (SCG) make them a potential ingredient in a diet for ruminants. This study investigated the effects of SCG on rumen microbiota. For 51 days, 36 dairy ewes were assigned to the experimental treatments (0, 30, 50, and 100 g SCG/kg). Ruminal samples were collected on day 50. DNA was extracted and subjected to paired-end Illumina sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA genes. Bioinformatic analyses were performed using QIIME (v.1.9.0). SCG increased dose-dependently bacterial diversity and altered bacterial structure. Further, 60, 78, and 449 operational taxonomic unit (OUT) were different between control and 30, 50 and 100 g/kg SCG groups, respectively. Higher differences were observed between the control and 100 g/kg SCG group, where OTU of the genera Treponema, CF231, Butyrivibrio, BF331, Anaeroplasma, Blautia, Fibrobacter, and Clostridium were enriched with SCG. Correlations between volatile fatty acids (VFA) and bacterial taxa were sparser in the SCG groups and had little overlap. Certain bacterial taxa presented different signs of the correlation with VFA in SCG and control groups, but Butyrivibrio and Blautia consistently correlated with branched-chain VFA in all groups. SCG induced shifts in the ruminal bacterial community and altered the correlation networks among bacterial taxa and ruminal VFA.