Introducing the f0% method: a reliable and accurate approach for qPCR analysis.

BACKGROUND: qPCR is a widely used technique in scientific research as a basic tool in gene expression analysis. Classically, the quantitative endpoint of qPCR is the threshold cycle (CT) that ignores differences in amplification efficiency among many other drawbacks. While other methods have been developed to analyze qPCR results, none has statistically proven to perform better than the CT method. Therefore, we aimed to develop a new qPCR analysis method that overcomes the limitations of the CT method. Our f0% [eff naught percent] method depends on a modified flexible sigmoid function to fit the amplification curve with a linear part to subtract the background noise. Then, the initial fluorescence is estimated and reported as a percentage of the predicted maximum fluorescence (f0%). RESULTS: The performance of the new f0% method was compared against the CT method along with another two outstanding methods-LinRegPCR and Cy0. The comparison regarded absolute and relative quantifications and used 20 dilution curves obtained from 7 different datasets that utilize different DNA-binding dyes. In the case of absolute quantification, f0% reduced CV%, variance, and absolute relative error by 1.66, 2.78, and 1.8 folds relative to CT; and by 1.65, 2.61, and 1.71 folds relative to LinRegPCR, respectively. While, regarding relative quantification, f0% reduced CV% by 1.76, 1.55, and 1.25 folds and variance by 3.13, 2.31, and 1.57 folds regarding CT, LinRegPCR, and Cy0, respectively. Finally, f0% reduced the absolute relative error caused by LinRegPCR by 1.83 folds. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend using the f0% method to analyze and report qPCR results based on its reported advantages. Finally, to simplify the usage of the f0% method, it was implemented in a macro-enabled Excel file with a user manual located on https://github.com/Mahmoud0Gamal/F0-perc/releases .

Exosomal therapy mitigates silver nanoparticles-induced neurotoxicity in rats.

INTRODUCTION: Our investigation aims to appraise the neuroprotective impact of Bone Marrow-Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) derived exosomes against Ag NPs-inducing neurotoxicity in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four albino rats were divided into 3 groups. Group I (control negative), Group II (intraperitoneally injected with Ag NPs for 28 days, whereas Group III (intraperitoneally injected with Ag NP and BM-MSCs derived exosomes. RESULTS: There was a marked elevation of Malondialdehyde (MDA) along with a reduction of brain antioxidants, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) in the Ag NPs receiving group. Ag NPs upregulated c-Jun N-terminal Kinases (JNK) genes and c-Myc and downregulated the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1) and Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) genes. Otherwise, the co-treatment of BM-MSCs derived exosomes with Ag NPs could markedly increase the rat's body weight, activity and learning while, decreasing anxiety, restoring all the toxicological parameters and improving the microscopic appearance of different brain areas. CONCLUSION: BM-MSCs-derived exosomes downregulated both apoptotic and inflammatory mediators and upregulated the antiapoptotic genes. BM-MSCs-derived exosomes exhibit a great therapeutic effect against the neurotoxic effects of Ag NPs.

Physiological roles of propolis and red ginseng nanoplatforms in alleviating dexamethasone-induced male reproductive challenges in a rat model.

BACKGROUND: Red ginseng and propolis are well-known antioxidants that have been related to a reduction in oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the efficiency of red ginseng and propolis, either in powder or as nano-forms against dexamethasone-induced testicular oxidative challenges in adult male albino rats. METHODS: Forty rats were divided into 8 equal groups including control negative group that was given vehicle (DMSO), control positive group that was administered dexamethasone in addition to the nano-propolis, nano-ginseng, nano-propolis + dexamethasone, nano ginseng+dexamethasone, propolis+dexamethasone and ginseng + dexamethasone groups. Serum, semen and tissue samples were obtained. RESULTS: Lower testosterone levels, higher levels of MDA, and lower levels of total antioxidant capacity in serum, as well as impaired semen quality and a disturbed histopathological picture of both the testis and seminal glands, were all observed as significant negative effects of dexamethasone. These findings were confirmed by lower gene expression profiles of CYP11A1, StAR, HSD-3b, Nrf-2 and ACTB-3b in testicular and seminal gland tissues. The most powerful anti-dexamethasone effects were obtained with either propolis in nanoform or conventional ginseng. CONCLUSION: Propolis nano-formulation and ginseng in conventional form could be considered excellent candidates to ameliorate the oxidative stress provoked by dexamethasone, however, neither nano-ginseng nor conventional propolis showed such effects.

Novel insights on the probable mechanism associated with histamine oral model-inducing neuropathological and behavioral toxicity in rats.

Histamine (HIS) is an important chemical mediator that causes vasodilation and contributes to anaphylactic reactions. Recently, HIS is an understudied neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and its potential role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration is a critical area of research. So, the study's goal is to investigate the consequences of repeated oral intake of HIS on the rat's brain and explore the mechanistic way of its neurotoxicity. Thirty male rats were divided into three groups (n = 10). The following treatments were administered orally to all rats every day for 14 days. Group (1) was given distilled water, whereas groups (2 & 3) were given HIS at dosage levels 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (BWT), respectively. Brain tissue samples were collected at 7- and 14-days from the beginning of the experiment. Our results revealed that continuous oral administration of HIS at both doses for 14 days significantly reduced the BWT and induced severe neurobehavioral changes, including depression, dullness, lethargy, tremors, abnormal walking, and loss of spatial learning and memory in rats. In all HIS receiving groups, HPLC data showed a considerable raise in the HIS contents of the brain. Additionally, the daily consumption of HIS causes oxidative stress that is dose- and time-dependent which is characterized by elevation of malondialdehyde levels along with reduction of catalase activity and reduced glutathione levels. The neuropathological lesions were commonly observed in the cerebrum, striatum, and cerebellum and confirmed by the immunohistochemistry staining that demonstrating moderate to strong caspase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expressions in all HIS receiving groups, mainly those receiving 500 mg/kg HIS. NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1ß gene levels were also upregulated at 7- and 14-days in all HIS groups, particularly in those getting 500 mg/kg. We concluded that ROS-induced apoptosis and inflammation was the essential mechanism involved in HIS-mediated neurobehavioral toxicity and histopathology.

Development of non-acidic 4-methylbenzenesulfonate-based aldose reductase inhibitors; Design, Synthesis, Biological evaluation and in-silicostudies.

Design and virtual screening of a set of non-acidic 4-methyl-4-phenyl-benzenesulfonate-based aldose reductase 2 inhibitors had been developed followed by chemical synthesis. Based on the results, the synthesized compounds 2, 4a,b, 7a-c, 9a-c, 10a-c, 11b,c and 14a-c inhibited the ALR2 enzymatic activity in a submicromolar range (99.29-417 nM) and among them, the derivatives 2, 9b, 10a and 14b were able to inhibit ALR2 by IC50 of 160.40, 165.20, 99.29 and 120.6 nM, respectively. Moreover, kinetic analyses using Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that the most active candidate 10a inhibited ALR2 potently via a non-competitive mechanism. In vivo studies showed that 10 mg/kg of compound 10a significantly lowered blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice by 46.10 %. Moreover, compound 10a showed no toxicity up to a concentration of 50 mg/kg and had no adverse effects on liver and kidney functions. It significantly increased levels of GSH and SOD while decreasing MDA levels, thereby mitigating oxidative stress associated with diabetes and potentially attenuating diabetic complications. Furthermore, the binding mode of compound 10a was confirmed through MD simulation. Noteworthy, compounds 2 and 14b showed moderate antimicrobial activity against the two fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger. Finally, we report the thiazole derivative 10a as a new promising non-acidic aldose reductase inhibitor that may be beneficial in treating diabetic complications.

Toxicological screening of zinc oxide nanoparticles in mongrel dogs after seven days of repeated subcutaneous injections.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have recently been applied in various veterinary and medical fields, however, the toxicological evaluations of these NPs in dogs are lacking. Therefore, the current study is designed to assess the impact of exposure to daily subcutaneous (SC) injections of ZnO NPs at different concentrations on various organs of mongrel dogs. Nine dogs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 3 for each) as follows: group (1) served as the control group, whereas groups (2&3) received SC injections of 50 and 100 ppm ZnO NPs (8 and 16 µg/kg bwt), respectively, once/day for 7 days. Our results revealed that ZnO NPs disrupted the oxidant/antioxidant balance in the lungs, liver, and kidneys of dogs in a dose-dependent manner. ZnO NPs induced dose-dependent radiological, ultrasonographical, and histopathological alterations in various organs especially lungs, spleen, liver, and kidneys along with disturbance in both liver and kidney biomarkers levels. Most organs of both ZnO NPs receiving groups displayed strong caspase-3 protein expression. Additionally, it upregulates the transcriptase levels of TNF-α and VEGF, as well as downregulates the antiapoptotic gene IL-10 in lung, kidney, and liver tissue homogenates. It was concluded that the daily SC injections of dogs with ZnO NPs at concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm caused extensive oxidative stress damage in various organs which provoked serious pathological processes such as apoptosis and inflammation.

Preclinical efficacy of oral and nasal rivastigmine-loaded chitosan nano-particles on AlCl3-induced Alzheimer's-like disease in rats.

The successful treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still a big challenge. Rivastigmine is one of the most used drugs for the treatment of AD. The short half-life, lower bioavailability, and less concentration of the drug in the brain after oral delivery are considered the main drawbacks of rivastigmine. To improve these drawbacks, nanostructure-mediated drug delivery has gained more attention. This study investigates the effect of rivastigmine-loaded in optimized chitosan nano-particles (RS-CSNPs) as polymeric nano-carriers by different administration routes (oral and intranasal) on aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced Alzheimer-like disease in rat. The model was established by giving rats 100 mg/kg/b.wt of AlCl3 orally for 3 months. Then the experimental rats were treated with RS-CSNPs either orally or intranasally for 75 days. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry of Tau expression in brain tissue, and gene expression of Caspase-3, NF-κB, and Nrf-2 were carried out. The therapeutic agents used decreased the alterations observed in AlCl3 group with improvement in the neuronal viability. In addition to low expression of tau protein, down-regulation of caspase-3 and NF-κB genes and up-regulation of Nrf-2. RS-CSNPs alleviated the progression of AD presumably via blocking the inflammatory cascade and decreasing the oxidative stress process. The intranasal route is superior to the oral one and promising in AD management.

The Possible Role of Naringenin in the Prevention of Alcohol-Induced Neurochemical and Neurobehavioral Deficits.

Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with progressive/irreversible neurodegeneration. However, there is not a clear understanding of its discrete pathophysiology or therapeutic intervention. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of the natural citrus flavonoid, naringenin (NAG), against alcohol-induced neurodegeneration in the brain cerebral cortex. Thirty-two male albino rats were randomly divided into four equal groups (eight rats each): control group (I); NAG-treated group (II); alcohol-intoxicated group (III) and alcohol + NAG co-treated group (IV). Brain nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 expression were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 activity and malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, mixed lineage kinase-like protein, phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, and ciliary neurotrophic factor levels were all measured biochemically. B-cell lymphoma 2 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. A histopathological examination and neurobehavioral tests were performed. The alcohol-treated group showed a significant increase in oxidative stress and necroptosis biomarkers with a significant reduction in neuroprotective proteins. NAG co-administration effectively ameliorated cognitive dysfunction with an apparent neuroprotective effect by targeting various signaling pathways, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor/NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, anti-oxidant capacity, attenuated necroptosis, and upregulated neuroprotective ciliary neurotrophic factor. The study findings suggest NAG as a possible management strategy for alcohol-induced neurodegeneration.

Effectiveness of natural biomaterials in the protection and healing of experimentally induced gastric mucosa Ulcer in rats.

BACKGROUND: A gastric ulcer is a painful lesion of the gastric mucosa that can be debilitating or even fatal. The effectiveness of several plant extracts in the therapy of this illness has been demonstrated in traditional pharmacopoeias. AIM: this study was aimed to see if propolis, ginseng in normal or nano form, and amygdalin might help in preventing the ulcerative effects of absolute ethanol. METHODS: Gastroprotective properties of pretreatments before ethanol gavage in rats were compared to omeprazole. The ulcer and stomach parameters (ulcerated regions) were measured (mm2), ulcer inhibition percentage, the stomachs were assessed macroscopically with gastric biopsy histological examinations. RESULTS: Amygdalin, normal and nano ginseng, nano propolis followed by propolis all showed great efficacy in protecting the cyto-architecture and function of the gastric mucosa. The number of ulcerated sites was greatly reduced, and the percentage of stomach protection was increased. Histopathological examination had confirmed great protective effects of the nanoformulations followed by amygdalin. The protection and healing rate was completed to about 100% in all tested materials while ulcer areas were still partially unhealed in normal propolis and omeprazole. Quantitative assay of the m-RNA levels Enothelin 1(ET-1), leukotriene4 (LT-4), and caspase 3(Cas-3) genes and Histamine were done and revealed significant up-regulations in ethanol group and the maximum protective effect was reported with ginseng nano, moreover the histamine content was significantly decreased with nano- formulated extracts. CONCLUSION: Amygdalin and the nanoformulated ginseng and propolis had exhibited a marked protective effect against the ulcerative toxic effects of ethanol.

The potential mechanism underlying the hepatorenal toxicity induced by hymexazol in rats and the role of NF-κB signaling pathway.

Hymexazol (HML) is widely used in agriculture as a systemic fungicide and plant growth promoter. Humans are continuously exposed to HML via various routes. The liver and kidneys are essential organs for the detoxification, metabolism, and excretion of HML. However, data concerning the impact of HML on nontarget organisms are scarce. The present study aimed to determine the mechanism of dose-dependent hepatorenal toxicity of HML in rats. Twenty-one rats were divided into three equal groups that received the following treatments via oral intake daily for 14 days: group 1, normal saline; group 2, low dose of HML (1/80 LD50 ); group 3, high dose of HML (1/40 LD50 ). We weighed the rats at the beginning and the end of the experiment to record the weight gain in each group. The results showed that HML induced dose-dependent hepatorenal toxicity manifested by a significant increase in malondialdehyde levels, a decrease in total antioxidant capacity and reduced glutathione contents, and upregulation of the transcriptase levels of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) genes. The HML-exposed groups displayed various histopathological changes in both organs, with significant elevation of all serum liver and kidney biomarkers. In conclusion, HML produced hepatorenal toxicity in rats through oxidative stress that mediates the NF-κB signaling pathway in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1ß. We advise limiting the use of HML in agricultural and veterinary practices and finding an alternative agent to avoid the human and animal health risks induced by HML exposure.

Monitoring of health status, performance and transcript abundance of some genes in dairy heifers produced by embryo transfer or artificial insemination.

The use of multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) technology in the dairy cattle industry has increased dramatically in recent decades for the production of offspring from genetically superior cows. Yet, its long-term ramifications on adult performance have not been adequately clarified. Therefore, this study targeted comparing dairy heifers born after the transfer of in vivo-produced embryos (MOET-heifers, n = 400) and those born after artificial insemination (AI-heifers, n = 340). The performance of MOET-heifers and AI-heifers was compared from birth till completion of the first lactation regarding health, fertility and some lactational performance parameters. The transcript abundance of several genes was also assessed in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBWC). Results showed greater pre-weaning mortalities, greater likelihood of being culled as a nulliparous heifer and younger age at first insemination in AI-heifers (p < .001). At their first calving, primiparous MOET-heifers experienced a greater (p < .01) incidence of stillbirth compared to primiparous AI-heifers. In spite of that, primiparous AI-heifers were more likely to be culled due to infertility (p < .001), took a greater number of inseminations to achieve pregnancy (p < .01) and displayed a longer first calving interval. There was a similar lactational performance between the two groups. Upregulation of the transcript levels of TAC3, LOC522763, TFF2, SAXO2, CNKSR3 and ALAS2 was interestingly observed in primiparous MOET-heifers, compared to primiparous AI-heifers. In conclusion, MOET-heifers were less likely to be culled during the first year of life, had superior reproductive performance versus AI-heifers during their first lactation and expressed upregulation of genes associated with fertility.

A Comprehensive Study on the Mechanistic Way of Hexaflumuron and Hymexazol Induced Neurobehavioral Toxicity in Rats.

Pesticides are widely used in agriculture to kill pests, but their action is non-selective and results in several hazardous effects on humans and animals. Pesticide toxicity has been demonstrated to alter a variety of neurological functions and predisposes to various neurodegenerative diseases. Although, there is no data available for hexaflumuron (HFM) and hymexazol (HML) neurotoxicity. Hence, the present study aims to investigate the possible mechanisms of HFM and HML neurotoxicity. 21 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups and daily received the treatment via oral gavage for 14 days as follows: group (1) normal saline, group (2) HFM (1/100LD50), and group (3) HML (1/100 LD50). Our results revealed that both HFM and HML produced a significant increase in MDA levels and a decrease in GSH and CAT activity in some brain areas. There were severe histopathological alterations mainly neuronal necrosis and gliosis in different examined areas. Upregulation of mRNA levels of JNK and Bax with downregulation of Bcl-2 was also recorded in both pesticides exposed groups. In all studied toxicological parameters, HML produced neurotoxicity more than HFM. HFM targets the cerebral cortex and striatum, while HML targets the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum. We can conclude that both HFM and HML provoke neurobehavioral toxicity through oxidative stress that impairs the mitochondrial function and activates the JNK-dependent apoptosis pathway.

Neurobehavioral Toxicity Induced by Carbendazim in Rats and the Role of iNOS, Cox-2, and NF-κB Signalling Pathway.

Carbendazim (CBZ) is one of the most common fungicides used to fight plant fungal diseases, otherwise, it leaves residue on fruits, vegetables, and soil that contaminate the environment, water, animal, and human causing serious health problems. Several studies have reported the reproductive and endocrine pathological disorders induced by CBZ in several animal models, but little is known about its neurotoxicity. So that, the present study aimed to explain the possible mechanisms of CBZ induced neurotoxicity in rats. Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 15). Group (1) received normal saline and was kept as the negative control group, whereas groups (2, 3, 4) received CBZ at 100, 300, 600 mg/kg b.wt respectively. All rats received the aforementioned materials daily via oral gavage. Brain tissue samples were collected at 7, 14, 28 days from the beginning of the experiment. CBZ induced oxidative stress damage manifested by increasing MDA levels and reducing the levels of TAC, GSH, CAT in some brain areas at 14 and 28 days. There were extensive neuropathological alterations in the cerebrum, hippocampus, and cerebellum with strong caspase-3, iNOS, Cox-2 protein expressions mainly in rats receiving 600 mg/kg CBZ at each time point. Moreover, upregulation of mRNA levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1B genes and downregulation of the transcript levels of both AchE and MAO genes were recorded in all CBZ receiving groups at 14 and 28 days especially those receiving 600 mg/kg CBZ. Our results concluded that CBZ induced dose- and time-dependent neurotoxicity via disturbance of oxidant/antioxidant balance and activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. We recommend reducing the uses of CBZ in agricultural and veterinary fields or finding other novel formulations to reduce its toxicity on non-target organisms and enhance its efficacy on the target organisms.

Protective effect of rutin and ß-cyclodextrin against hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by lambda-cyhalothrin in Wistar rats: biochemical, pathological indices and molecular analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) and the protective effect of rutin alone and in combination with ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Group 1: was used as a control and received a standard diet and water. Group 2, 3, 4 and 5 were orally administered with LCT (7.6 mg/kg body weight), rutin (200 mg/kg body weight) LCT and rutin (at the same doses as in Group 2 and Group 3), and LCT and a mixture of rutin with ß-CD (400 mg/kg body weight), respectively. All experimental animals were orally gavaged 5 days/week for 60 days. RESULTS: Our data revealed that LCT-induced liver and kidney injuries were related to the up-regulated expression of TNF-α and down-regulated expression of NRF-2 genes mRNA, whereas these effects were reversed with rutin treatment. LCT-induced oxidative stress altered the histological picture, and the hematological and biochemical parameters. CONCLUSION: Treatment with a rutin-ß-CD complex had preventive potential against LCT via suppression of oxidative stress and augmentation of the antioxidant defense system.

Neuroprotective role of medicinal plant extracts evaluated in a scopolamine-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease.

Background:Alzheimer's disease is a debilitating neurological brain disease with memory impairment among the first signs. Scopolamine (SCO), a muscarinic receptor antagonist that disrupts cognition and memory acquisition, is considered a psychopharmacological AD model. We investigate the effectiveness of medicinal plants in mitigating the SCO-induced neurobehavioural damage in rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were injected with Scopolamine hydrobromide trihydrate (2.2 mg/kg IP.) daily for 2 months. Each treatment group was administered one of four medicinal spice extracts (Nigella sativa, 400 mg/kg; rosemary, 200 mg/kg; sage, 600 mg/kg and ginseng; 200 mg/kg 90 minutes after SCO injection. Animals were subjected to cognitive-behavioural tests (NOR, Y-maze and MWM). After the experiment, we extracted the brains for histopathological examination and biochemical assessment for oxidative stress (levels of TT, CAT and TBARS) and gene expression of acetylcholinesterase and brain monoamines. Results: As expected, SCO treatment impaired memory and cognition, increased oxidative stress, decreased neurotransmitters and caused severe neurodegenerative changes in the brain. Conclusion: Surprisingly, these effects were measurably moderated by the administration of all four plant extracts, indicating a neuroprotective action that we suggest could alleviate AD disease manifestations.

Molecular characterization of alpha subunit 1 of sodium pump (ATP1A1) gene in Camelus dromedarius: its differential tissue expression potentially interprets the role in osmoregulation.

BACKGROUND: Dromedary or one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) is distinctively acclimatized to survive the arid conditions of the desert environment. It has an excellent ability to compete dehydration with substantial tolerance for rapid dehydration. Therefore, it offers an excellent model for studying osmoregulation. Molecular characterization of Na+/K+ ATPase as a central regulator of electrolyte normohemostasis affords a better understanding of this mechanism in camel. Here is the first to resolve the full-length of alpha-1 subunit of sodium pump (ATP1A1) gene with its differential expression in dromedary tissues. RESULTS: The nucleotide sequence for the recovered full cDNA of ATP1A1was submitted to the GenBank (NCBI GenBank accession #MW628635) and bioinformatically analyzed. The cDNA sequence was of 3760 bp length with an open reading frame (ORF) of 3066 bp encoding a putative 1021 amino acids polypeptide with a molecular mass of 112696 Da. Blast search analysis revealed the shared high similarity of dromedary ATP1A1gene with other known ATP1A1genes in different species. The comparative analysis of its protein sequence confirmed the high identity with other mammalian ATP1A1 proteins. Further transcriptomic investigation for different organs was performed by real-time PCR to compare its level of expression among different organs. The results confirm a direct function between the ATP1A1 gene expression and the order of vital performance of these organs. The expression of ATP1A1 mRNA in the adrenal gland and brain was significantly higher than that in the other organs. The noticed down expression in camel kidney concomitant with overexpression in the adrenal cortex might interpret how dromedary expels access sodium without water loss with relative high ability to restrain mineralocorticoid-induced sodium retention on drinking salty water. CONCLUSION: The results reflect the importance of sodium pump in these organs. Na+/K+ ATPase in the adrenal gland and brain than other organs.

Novel insights into the potential mechanisms underlying carbendazim-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats.

Carbendazim (CBZ) is a common environmental pollutant that can contaminate food and water and severely damage human health. Some studies revealed the adverse effect of CBZ on different organs, but its detailed toxicity mechanism has not been elucidated yet. Thus, the present study aims to clarify the mechanisms of CBZ-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats. Therefore, we partitioned 40 male Wistar rats into four groups (n = 10): a negative control group and three treatment groups, which received 100, 300, and 600 mg/kg of CBZ. All rats received the treatment daily by oral gavage. We collected blood and organ samples (liver and kidney) at 14 and 28 days postdosing. CBZ caused extensive pathological alterations in both the liver and kidneys, such as cellular degeneration and necrosis accompanied by severe inflammatory reactions in a dose- and time-dependent manner. All the CBZ-treated groups displayed strong tumor necrosis factor-α and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) immunopositivity. Additionally, CBZ dose-dependently elevated the alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, and creatinine serum levels and reduced the serum albumin levels. Furthermore, CBZ-induced apoptosis, as indicated by the observed Bax gene upregulation and Bcl-2 gene downregulation in both organs. All these changes may be related to oxidative stress, as indicated by the increase in malondialdehyde levels and the decrease in total antioxidant capacity. Our results demonstrate that CBZ-induced dose- and time-dependent hepatorenal damage through oxidative stress, which activated both the NF-κB signaling pathway and Bcl-based programmed cell death.

Auricular cartilage regeneration using different types of mesenchymal stem cells in rabbits.

BACKGROUND: Cartilaginous disorders comprise a wide range of diseases that affect normal joint movement, ear and nose shape; and they have great social and economic impact. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) provide a promising regeneration alternative for treatment of degenerative cartilaginous disorders. This study aimed to compare therapeutic potential of different types of laser activated MSCs to promote auricular cartilage regeneration. Twelve adult rabbit allocated equally in four groups, all animals received a surgical mid auricular cartilage defect in one ear; Group I (Positive control) injected sub-perichondrially with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Group II (ADMSC-transplanted group) injected adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs), Group III (BMMSCs-transplanted group) received bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMMSCs), and Group IV (EMSC-transplanted group) received ear MSCs (EMSCs) in the defected ear. The auricular defect was analyzed morphologically, histopathologically and immunohistochemically after 4 weeks. In addition, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to examine expression of the collagen type II (Col II) and aggrecan as cartilage growth factors. RESULTS: The auricles of all treatments appeared completely healed with smooth surfaces and similar tissue color. Histopathologically, defective areas of control positive group, ADMSCs and EMSCs treated groups experienced a small area of immature cartilage. While BMMSCs treated group exhibited typical features of new cartilage formation with mature chondrocytes inside their lacunae and dense extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition, BMMSC treated group showed a positive reaction to Masson's trichrome and orcein stains. In contrary, control positive, ADMSC and EMSC groups revealed faint staining with Masson's trichrome and Orcein. Immunohistochemically, there was an intense positive S100 expression in BMMSCs (with a significant increase of area percentage + 21.89 (P < 0.05), a moderate reaction in EMSCs (with an area percentage + 17.97, and a mild reaction in the control group and ADMSCs (area percentages + 8.02 and + 11.37, respectively). The expression of relative col II and aggrecan was substantially highest in BMMSCs (± 0.91 and ± 0.89, respectively). While, Control positive, ADMSCs and EMSCs groups recorded (± 0.41: ± 0.21, ± 0.6: ± 0.44, ± 0.61: ± 0.63) respectively. CONCLUSION: BMMSCs showed the highest chondrogenic potential compared to ADMSCs and EMSCs and should be considered the first choice in treatment of cartilaginous degenerative disorders.

Origanum majorana essential oil improves the rat's sexual behavior and testicular oxidative damage induced by imidacloprid via modulating the steroidogenesis pathways.

The neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid has been linked to significant reproductive damage in mammals. Origanum majorana essential oil (OME) is a natural herbal product used in the management of many diseases due to its strong antioxidant effects. The oil was hydrodistilled from O. Majorana and analyzed using GC/MS then its possible protective mechanisms against IMI-induced reprotoxicity in male rats were investigated. 28-adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups as follows: group (1) control group, group (2) OME, group (3) IMI, and group (4) IMI + OME. The treatments were applied daily via oral gavage for 60 days. Remarkable abnormalities in both territorial aggressive and sexual behaviors were observed in IMI-treated rats with a significant elevation of serum FSH and LH as well as altered testicular redox status. Along with inhibition of the testicular expression of StAR and aromatase genes and serum total testosterone in addition to abnormal sperm count, viability, motility, and morphology. Histopathological examination showed severe degeneration and necrosis in both germ cells and Leydig cells with atrophy in most of the seminiferous tubules. Co-administration of OME with IMI notably improved all the above-mentioned studied parameters, and restored rats' spermatogenesis, sexual behavior, and favorably modulates the levels of both testosterone and gonadotropic hormones via its potent antioxidant effect. These findings support the use of OME as a fertility enhancer and suggest that it could be used to manage pesticide-induced male infertility.

Neuropathological and Cognitive Effects Induced by CuO-NPs in Rats and Trials for Prevention Using Pomegranate Juice.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) are extensively utilized in several industries and in pharmaceutical production. This excess exposure elevates the concern about its expected poisonous impacts on humans and animals. Pomegranate juice (PJ) is a natural source of polyphenols and exhibits potent antioxidant activities. Our experiment intended to explore the neurobehavioral and toxicopathological impacts of CuO-NPs and to explain the mechanistic role of PJ to reduce their toxicity. Thirty Wistar albino rats received the subsequent materials through oral gavage, every day for 28d: (1) normal saline, (2) 3 mL/kg bwt PJ, (3) 6 mL/kg bwt PJ, (4) 300 mg/kg bwt CuO-NPs, (5) CuO-NPs + 3 mL/kg bwt PJ, (6) CuO-NPs + 6 mL/kg bwt PJ. Continuous exposure to CuO-NPs caused a significant elevation of MDA levels and reduction of total antioxidant capacity associated with remarkable pathological alterations in all brain regions including cerebrum, hippocampus and cerebellum. Progressive decline of memory along with cognitive and psychiatric disturbances were observed in rats exposed to CuO-NPs not in PJ co-treated rats. Continuous exposure to CuO-NPs caused over expression of the immunohistochemical markers of caspase-3, iNOS and GFAP altogether with DAN fragmentation and down-regulation of HO-1 and Nrf2 gene in the whole brain tissues. Conversely, rats co-treated with PJ showed dose dependent improvements in the entire toxicological, behavioral, and pathological parameters. We showed that PJ had the ability to reduce the oxidative stress damage via up-regulation of HO-1 and Nrf2 genes in the brain. So that PJ had the ability to protect the brain and DNA from further damage.