CCR8-targeted specific depletion of clonally expanded Treg cells in tumor tissues evokes potent tumor immunity with long-lasting memory.

Foxp3-expressing CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are abundant in tumor tissues. Here, hypothesizing that tumor Tregs would clonally expand after they are activated by tumor-associated antigens to suppress antitumor immune responses, we performed single-cell analysis on tumor Tregs to characterize them by T cell receptor clonotype and gene-expression profiles. We found that multiclonal Tregs present in tumor tissues predominantly expressed the chemokine receptor CCR8. In mice and humans, CCR8+ Tregs constituted 30 to 80% of tumor Tregs in various cancers and less than 10% of Tregs in other tissues, whereas most tumor-infiltrating conventional T cells (Tconvs) were CCR8- CCR8+ tumor Tregs were highly differentiated and functionally stable. Administration of cell-depleting anti-CCR8 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) indeed selectively eliminated multiclonal tumor Tregs, leading to cure of established tumors in mice. The treatment resulted in the expansion of CD8+ effector Tconvs, including tumor antigen-specific ones, that were more activated and less exhausted than those induced by PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade. Anti-CCR8 mAb treatment also evoked strong secondary immune responses against the same tumor cell line inoculated several months after tumor eradication, indicating that elimination of tumor-reactive multiclonal Tregs was sufficient to induce memory-type tumor-specific effector Tconvs. Despite induction of such potent tumor immunity, anti-CCR8 mAb treatment elicited minimal autoimmunity in mice, contrasting with systemic Treg depletion, which eradicated tumors but induced severe autoimmune disease. Thus, specific removal of clonally expanding Tregs in tumor tissues for a limited period by cell-depleting anti-CCR8 mAb treatment can generate potent tumor immunity with long-lasting memory and without deleterious autoimmunity.

Clinical Impacts of Allograft Biopsy in Renal Transplant Recipients 10 Years or Longer After Transplantation.

We aimed to investigate the clinical value of allograft biopsy performed long after renal transplantation. We retrospectively evaluated 99 allograft biopsies in recipients with transplantation vintages of 10 years or longer. Mixed-effects model showed that 1-year estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) slopes after biopsy were significantly greater than those before biopsy [-3.13, -4.42 mL/min/1.73 m2/year, p = 0.01]. Renal biopsy changed the treatment strategies in more than half of the patients. Improvement in eGFR slopes was pronounced in 51 patients with treatment modification based on the biopsy results [2.27 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66, 3.89) mL/min/1.73 m2/year], whereas no improvement was observed in those without [0.33 (95% CI: -1.05, 1.71) mL/min/1.73 m2/year, Pinteraction = 0.001]. Among the treatment modifications, enhancement of immunosuppression (IS) led to the most remarkable improvement in eGFR slope. Patients with g scores ≥2 were more likely to receive IS enhancement than those with g scores = 0 [odds ratio; 15.0 (95% CI: 1.65, 136)]. Patients with active glomerulitis (g ≥ 1) without chronicity (cg ≤ 1) showed the most significant improvement in eGFR slope. Given the prevalence of active glomerulitis (g ≥ 1, 21%), which is responsive to treatment even long after transplantation, and the observed magnitude of eGFR slope improvement, renal biopsy can indeed improve allograft prognosis.

Predictive factors of nivolumab plus ipilimumab treatment efficacy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients.

OBJECTIVE: Nivolumab plus ipilimumab is a recommended first-line therapy regimen for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. However, it is not clear which patient characteristics are associated with its effectiveness. METHODS: We retrospectively examined 67 metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab as a first-line therapy in multiple institutions from September 2018 to August 2022. We analyzed the relationships between survival outcomes and patient-related variables, including paraneoplastic symptoms. We also analyzed the relationships between changes in symptoms and parameters and outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 67 patients, 32 patients had paraneoplastic symptoms. The median progression-free survival was 14.9 months and median overall survival was 43.3 months. The objective response rate was 49.25% (33 patients), including two patients with complete response. Patients with cytoreductive nephrectomy, bone metastasis, high C-reactive protein levels and paraneoplastic symptoms were significantly correlated with short progression-free survival in the univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis of these factors showed that the presence of paraneoplastic symptoms at treatment initiation remained an independent predictor of progression-free survival. Of the 32 patients with paraneoplastic symptoms at treatment initiation, 12 patients had symptomatic improvement and 20 did not. The 1-year progression-free survival rates were significantly longer in improved patients compared with those with no improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Patients without cytoreductive nephrectomy and with bone metastasis, liver metastasis, high C-reactive protein levels and paraneoplastic symptoms were significantly correlated with shorter progression-free survival. The presence of paraneoplastic symptoms was an independent predictor of progression-free survival. Improvement in paraneoplastic symptoms may reflect the treatment efficacy of nivolumab plus ipilimumab.

Letermovir safety and efficacy for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in adult Japanese kidney transplant recipients: a multicenter, open-label, noncomparative Phase 3 study.

BACKGROUND: Letermovir is approved for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in adult allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients worldwide and is also approved in the United States for CMV prophylaxis in adult high-risk (D+/R-) kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). The safety and efficacy of letermovir for CMV prophylaxis in adult Japanese KTRs are reported here. METHODS: In this Phase 3, single-arm, open-label study, adult Japanese KTRs with CMV serostatuses D+/R-, D+/R+, and D-/R+ received letermovir 480 mg daily orally within 7 days post-transplant through Week 28. Participants were followed through Week 52. The primary objective was to evaluate letermovir safety and tolerability. Efficacy was a secondary objective, measured by CMV disease, CMV disease or infection requiring intervention, and quantifiable CMV DNAemia. All CMV disease cases were confirmed by an independent adjudication committee. RESULTS: Among 22 participants (12 were D+/R-) who received letermovir prophylaxis, 20 (90.9%) experienced ≥ 1 AE through Week 28. Most AEs were mild to moderate in severity; no deaths were reported. During the prophylaxis period through Week 28, one transient case of quantifiable CMV DNAemia was detected, but no CMV disease or infection requiring intervention was reported. Through Week 52, four D+/R- participants met the endpoint of CMV disease or infection requiring intervention, of whom two had committee-confirmed CMV syndrome; all recovered with CMV therapy. A total of 5 participants had quantifiable CMV DNAemia through Week 52. CONCLUSION: Letermovir was generally well tolerated, and the data support its use for the prevention of CMV disease/infection in adult Japanese KTRs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04129398.

Clinicopathological characteristics of adrenocortical carcinoma in the Kyushu-Okinawa area of Japan.

OBJECTIVE: Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare condition, with limited comprehensive reports from Japan. This study aimed to review Japan's data on adrenocortical carcinoma by assessing information from 46 patients-with adrenocortical carcinoma across 10 Japanese university hospitals. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective multi-institutional analysis of the clinical characteristics of adrenocortical carcinoma in Japan. We evaluated data from 46 patients across 10 university hospitals over 10 years and analyzed the relationship between clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival. RESULTS: Five- and 10-year overall survival rates were 59% and 53%, respectively. Overall survival was significantly different among the tumor-node-metastasis system for adrenocortical carcinoma of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer, with the worst prognosis in stage IV (p = 0.0044). In our cohort, neither the Weiss score nor the Ki-67 proliferation index correlated with overall survival. Adjuvant treatment did not yield improved overall survival, whereas resection of the primary tumor in stage IV disease was significantly associated with improved overall survival (p = 0.0262). Out of the cases evaluated for plasma hormones, plasma cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, and DHEA-S levels were measured at 23%, 42%, 29%, and 62%, respectively, demonstrating higher levels than the upper normal limits. CONCLUSION: Patients with stage IV adrenocortical carcinoma had a poor prognosis; however, resection of the primary tumor in stage IV disease was associated with prolonged survival. The results of this study are expected to contribute to future treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma in Japan.

Comparison of BNT162b2 and mRNA1273 vaccines in solid organ transplant recipients: Post-Hoc analysis of a Japanese national prospective study.

The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity in the immunocompetent population are well established. However, in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, because of their use of immunosuppressive medication, the immunogenicity of these severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines remains suboptimal. Both BNT162b2 and mRNA1273 have been used for some time, but their immunogenicity has not been directly compared in this immunocompromised patient group. We performed a post-hoc analysis of a previous prospective cohort study. The inclusion criteria were adult SOT recipients with active grafts at least 1 month after SOT. After giving consent, participants chose to receive either BNT162b2 or mRNA1273 vaccine. Anti-spike-protein-S antibody against SARS-CoV-2 was measured. Propensity scores were calculated via logistic regression to transform the probability of having received either BNT162b2 or mRNA1273 vaccine, and a model was developed. We enrolled 623 SOT recipients. In the propensity score-matched analysis, 100 recipients were selected for BNT162b2 and 100 for mRNA1273. SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike protein antibody positivity with BNT162b2 versus mRNA1273 at 3 weeks after the first dose, 1 month after the second dose, 3 months after the second dose, and 6 months after the second dose were 10% versus 19% (P = .07), 51% versus 58% (P = .30), 74% versus 88% (P = .01), and 78% versus 87% (P = .13), respectively. We conducted a propensity score-matched comparison of BNT162b2 and mRNA1273 vaccines as the primary series of COVID-19 vaccines in SOT recipients. We found significantly better immunogenicity with the mRNA1273 vaccine than with BNT162b2.

Increased toxicities associated with dose escalation of stereotactic body radiation therapy in prostate cancer: results from a phase I/II study.

BACKGROUND: This dose-escalation study evaluated the toxicity and efficacy of different stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) doses for selecting an optimal dose for prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This clinical trial was registered at UMIN (UMIN000014328). Patients with low- or intermediate-risk PCa were equally assigned to 3 SBRT dose levels: 35, 37.5, and 40 Gy per 5 fractions. The primary endpoint was the occurrence rate of late grade ≥2 genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events at 2 years, while the secondary endpoint was the 2-year biochemical relapse-free (bRF) rate. Adverse events were evaluated using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients (median age, 70 years) were enrolled from March 2014 to January 2018, of whom 10 (15%) and 65 (85%) had low- and intermediate-risk PCa, respectively. The median follow-up time was 48 months. Twelve (16%) patients received neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy. The 2-year occurrence rates of grade 2 late GU and GI toxicities were 34 and 7% in all cohorts, respectively (35 Gy: 21 and 4%; 37.5 Gy: 40 and 14%; 40 Gy: 42 and 5%). The occurrence risk of GU toxicities significantly increased with dose escalation (p = 0.0256). Grades 2 and 3 acute GU toxicities were observed in 19 (25%) and 1 (1%), respectively. Grade 2 acute GI toxicity was observed in 8 (11%) patients. No grade ≥3 GI or ≥4 GU acute toxicity or grade ≥3 late toxicity was observed. Clinical recurrence was detected in 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: An SBRT dose of 35 Gy per 5 fractions is less likely to cause adverse events in patients with PCa than 375- and 40-Gy SBRT doses. Higher doses of SBRT should be applied with caution.

Development and nationwide validation of kidney graft injury markers using urinary exosomes and microvesicles (complete English translation of the Japanese version).

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive, prompt, and proper detection tools for kidney graft injuries (KGIs) are awaited to ensure graft longevity. We screened diagnostic biomarkers for KGIs following kidney transplantation using extracellular vesicles (EVs; exosomes and microvesicles) from the urine samples of patients. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-seven kidney recipients at 11 Japanese institutions were enrolled in this study; urine samples were obtained prior to protocol/episode biopsies. EVs were isolated from urine samples, and EV RNA markers were assayed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Diagnostic performance of EV RNA markers and diagnostic formulas comprising these markers were evaluated by comparison with the corresponding pathological diagnoses. RESULTS: EV CXCL9, CXCL10, and UMOD were elevated in T-cell-mediated rejection samples compared with other KGI samples, while SPNS2 was elevated in chronic antibody-mediated rejection (cABMR) samples. A diagnostic formula developed through Sparse Logistic Regression analysis using EV RNA markers allowed us to accurately (with an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve [AUC] of 0.875) distinguish cABMR from other KGI samples. EV B4GALT1 and SPNS2 were also elevated in cABMR, and a diagnostic formula using these markers was able to distinguish between cABMR and chronic calcineurin toxicity accurately (AUC 0.886). In interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) urine samples and those with high Banff chronicity score sums (BChS), POTEM levels may reflect disease severity, and diagnostic formulas using POTEM detected IFTA (AUC 0.830) and high BChS (AUC 0.850). CONCLUSIONS: KGIs could be diagnosed with urinary EV mRNA analysis with relatively high accuracy.

A comparative study on nivolumab and axitinib as secondary treatment in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A multi-institutional retrospective study in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: When primary treatment has been inadequate, nivolumab and axitinib are often used as a secondary treatments for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). However, there have been few reports comparing the efficacy and safety of these drugs. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated 58 patients treated with nivolumab and 57 patients treated with axitinib as secondary treatment between April 2013 and December 2019. We then assessed the clinical efficacy and safety of the treatments in both groups. RESULTS: The most common primary therapy was sunitinib (61.7%). Both nivolumab and axitinib groups showed no significant differences in terms of the objective response rate and disease control rate (p = 0.280 and p = 0.518, respectively). Importantly, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) seemed to be similar in patients treated with nivolumab and axitinib (p = 0.527 and p = 0.266, respectively), irrespective of the objective response to primary therapy. Furthermore, a Cox proportional hazards model showed that pretreatment Karnofsky Performance Status was significantly associated with PFS and OS. Although the incidence of adverse events was significantly higher in the patients treated with axitinib, there was no significant difference in time to treatment failure between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Nivolumab and axitinib showed similar clinical benefits as secondary treatment in patients with mRCC; thus, they should be an option in sequential therapy following treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Future studies and feasible therapeutic biomarkers would help predict the clinical response to TKIs or immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with mRCC.

Diagnostic and prognostic significance of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b in newly diagnosed prostate cancer with bone metastasis: A real-world multi-institutional study.

OBJECTIVES: Approximately, 90% of men with advanced prostate cancer will develop bone metastasis. However, there have been few reports about noninvasive biomarker to detect and predict clinical outcome of bone metastasis (BM) in prostate cancer patients. METHODS: We examined 1127 patients who underwent prostate biopsy from August 2012 to June 2017. We also investigated bone turnover markers such as bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen cross-linked N-terminal telopeptide, C-terminal pyridinoline cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b (TRACP 5b). RESULTS: A total of 282 patients were diagnosed as prostate cancer with complete clinical data, and 34 patients with bone metastasis. Multivariate analysis revealed C-terminal pyridinoline cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were independent biomarkers in detection of BM (p < 0.05, respectively). Furthermore, we developed predictive model formula based on tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b and PSA, for which the area under the curve was 0.95. In patients with bone metastasis, multivariate cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that this model was significantly associated with poor clinical outcome of cancer-specific survival (p < 0.05). In validation cohort with 137 patients, we also confirmed the utility of this model for diagnosis of BM (the area under the curve = 0.95). CONCLUSIONS: Our developed formula of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b in accordance with PSA may serve as the useful tool in diagnosis and prediction of clinical outcome for prostate cancer with bone metastasis.

The Relationship between the Presence of an Earlobe Crease and Overactive Bladder: A Cross-Sectional Case-Controlled Study.

Background and Objectives: To examine the relationship between the presence of earlobe crease (EC) and overactive bladder (OAB). Materials and Methods: The earlobes of the participants were examined macroscopically. ECs were further divided into four groups (grades 0-3) according to severity. Subjective symptoms were assessed using the OAB symptom score (OABSS), and objective findings were assessed using uroflowmetry. The relationship between these findings and the presence or absence and severity of EC was also examined. A score of ≥2 points on OABSS question 3 (urinary urgency), with a total score of ≥3 points, indicated OAB. Results: We analyzed 246 participants, including 120 (48.8%) in the EC group and 126 (51.2%) in the non-EC (N-EC) group. On the OABSS, the EC group scored higher than the N-EC group for all questions and for the total score. The total OABSS of EC grade 3 was the highest of all groups. A total of 115 (95.8%) patients in the EC group (100% in grade 3) and 69 (54.8%) in the N-EC group met the OAB criteria (p < 0.001). The voided volume and maximum flow rate of the EC group were significantly lower than those of the N-EC group (both p < 0.001). The post-void residual urine volume in the EC group was significantly higher than that in the N-EC group (p = 0.029). Multivariate analysis revealed that EC was an independent risk factor for OAB (odds ratio, 8.15; 95% confidence interval, 2.84-24.75; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The presence of an earlobe crease may be a predictive marker for OAB.

High-fat diet promotes prostate cancer growth through histamine signaling.

Western high-fat diets (HFD) are regarded as a major risk factor for prostate cancer (PCa). Using prostate-specific Pten-knockout mice as a PCa model, we previously reported that HFD promoted inflammatory PCa growth. The composition of the gut microbiota changes under the influence of diet exert various effects on the host through immunological mechanisms. Herein, we investigated the etiology of HFD-induced inflammatory cancer growth and the involvement of the gut microbiome. The expression of Hdc, the gene responsible for histamine biosynthesis, and histamine levels were upregulated in large prostate tumors of HFD-fed mice, and the number of mast cells increased around the tumor foci. Administration of fexofenadine, a histamine H1 receptor antagonist, suppressed tumor growth in HFD-fed mice by reducing the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and suppressing IL6/STAT3 signaling. HFD intake induced gut dysbiosis, resulting in the elevation of serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels. Intraperitoneal injection of LPS increased Hdc expression in PCa. Inhibition of LPS/Toll-like receptor 4 signaling suppressed HFD-induced tumor growth. The number of mast cells increased around the cancer foci in total prostatectomy specimens of severely obese patients. In conclusion, HFD promotes PCa growth through histamine signaling via mast cells. Dietary high-fat induced gut dysbiosis might be involved in the inflammatory cancer growth.

Perioperative circulating tumor DNA enables the identification of patients with poor prognosis in upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Perioperative systemic chemotherapy improves the prognosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). The first objective of this study was to verify whether perioperative circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis using a pan-cancer gene panel and next-generation sequencing could identify patients with poor prognosis who require perioperative chemotherapy. Second, we investigated whether ctDNA is useful for minimal residual disease (MRD) detection and treatment monitoring in UTUC. This study included 50 patients with untreated UTUC, including 43 cases of localized UTUC. We performed targeted ultradeep sequencing of plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and buffy coat DNA and whole-exome sequencing of cancer tissues, allowing exclusion of possible false positives. We attempted to stratify the prognosis according to the perioperative ctDNA levels in patients with localized UTUC. In patients with metastatic UTUC, ctDNA was evaluated before, during, and after systemic treatment. In total, 23 (46%) of 50 patients with untreated UTUC were ctDNA positive, and 17 (40%) of 43 patients with localized UTUC were ctDNA positive. Of the detected TP53 mutations, 19% were false positives due to clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential. Among preoperative risk factors, only the preoperative ctDNA fraction>2% was a significant and independent risk factor associated with worse recurrence-free survival (RFS). Furthermore, the existence of ctDNA early points after the operation was significantly associated with worse RFS, suggesting the presence of MRD. ctDNA also showed a potential as a real-time marker for systemic therapy in patients with metastatic UTUC. Detection of ctDNA may indicate potential metastasis and guide decisions on perioperative chemotherapy.

Novel diagnostic model for bone metastases in renal cell carcinoma patients based on bone scintigraphy analyzed by computer-aided diagnosis software and bone turnover markers.

BACKGROUND: Computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) systems for bone scans have been introduced as clinical quality assurance tools, but few studies have reported on its utility for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic validity of the CAD system for bone scans and to construct a novel diagnostic system for bone metastases in RCC patients. METHODS: We evaluated bone scan images of 300 RCC patients. Artificial neural network (ANN) values, which represent the probability of abnormality, were calculated by BONENAVI, the CAD software for bone scans. By analyzing ANN values, we assessed the diagnostic validity of BONENAVI. Next, we selected 108 patients who underwent measurements of bone turnover markers and assessed the combined diagnostic validity of BONENAVI and bone turnover markers. RESULTS: Forty-three out of 300 RCC patients had bone metastases. The AUC of ANN values was 0.764 and the optimum sensitivity and specificity were 83.7 and 62.7%. By logistic analysis of 108 cases, we found that ICTP, a bone resorption marker, could be a diagnostic marker. The AUC of ICTP was 0.776 and the optimum sensitivity and specificity were 57.1 and 86.8%. Subsequently, we developed a novel diagnostic model based on ANN values and ICTP. Using this model, the AUC was 0.849 and the optimum sensitivity and specificity were 76.2 and 80.7%. CONCLUSION: By combining the high sensitivity provided by BONENAVI and the high specificity provided by ICTP, we constructed a novel, high-accuracy diagnostic model for bone metastases in RCC patients.

Real-world efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and the impact of previous nephrectomy on clinical outcome: Japanese multi-institutional retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: In metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC), recent clinical trials have shown efficacy of first-line combination therapy, as evidenced by better clinical outcome over target therapy. However, there are insufficient real-world evidences in mRCC patients in Japan. METHODS: We performed a multicenter retrospective study of 72 mRCC patients who received nivolumab plus ipilimumab as first-line treatment between September 2018 and July 2021. Patient's characteristics, clinical outcomes and safety were retrospectively reviewed. We analyzed overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) in patients treated with combination therapy. RESULTS: Of all patients, the median age was 70 years (range, 36-86) and the major type of histology was clear cell RCC (n = 55; 76.4%). Progressive disease (n = 25; 34.8%) and irAEs (n = 22; 30.6%) were the most common causes for discontinuing treatment. Median PFS and OS seemed similar between patients who discontinued treatment because of irAEs and for patients who did not (p = 0.360 and p = 0.069, respectively). Importantly, for patients with synchronous metastatic disease at diagnosis (n = 56), nephrectomy before initiating nivolumab plus ipilimumab had a significantly positive impact on better OS when compared to that in patients without nephrectomy (p = 0.028). CONCLUSION: This study confirms efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus ipilimumab for mRCC patients in real-world settings. Furthermore, nivolumab plus ipilimumab was associated with a better outcome in patients who had undergone nephrectomy at diagnosis for synchronous mRCC.

Incidence and mortality of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders after kidney transplantation: A real-world retrospective analysis in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder is a potentially life-threatening complication that has a greater risk of occurrence in the setting of immunosuppression and oncogenic viral infections after transplant surgery. Few studies have reported the cumulative incidence, histological subtypes and clinical outcomes of this disorder in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated 34 post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder patients diagnosed out of the 1210 kidney transplant recipients who had undergone the surgery at the two largest centers in Japan between January 1983 and December 2017. RESULTS: A total of 32 patients (94.1%) developed late-onset post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (diagnosed 1 year after transplantation). The cumulative incidence rates were 0.76% and 1.59% at 5 and 10 years post-transplantation, respectively. The central nervous system was the most common site (35.3%, 12/34). Overall survival was similar between patients with and without central nervous system lesions (P = 0.676). Of all of the cases, 23.5% (8/34) were detected through cancer screening. Importantly, patients with screening-detected post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder had better overall survival than those with the disorder who had been symptom detected (P = 0.0215). Overall survival was significantly reduced in patients who developed the disorder compared with those who did not (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder was more likely to occur in the late post-transplantation period, which showed that long-term medical examination for transplant recipients is required. Based on our findings, we propose vigilant, long-term, cancer screening in kidney transplant recipients.

Anticancer maintenance chemotherapy prolonged prognosis of metastatic urothelial carcinoma patients: A single institute retrospective study using propensity score matching.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer maintenance chemotherapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma. METHODS: We retrospectively compared the clinical outcomes of 74 patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma who had been treated with or without anticancer maintenance chemotherapy between 2006 and 2020 at Osaka University Hospital. Progression-free survival and cancer-specific survival periods were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method starting from the end date of induction chemotherapy. The backgrounds of patients who had treated with or without anticancer maintenance chemotherapy were adjusted using the propensity score matching method. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients had undergone anticancer maintenance chemotherapy, whereas 45 patients had not. The median progression-free survival periods were 18.7 and 5.6 months (p = 0.0209), and the median cancer-specific survival periods were 25.1 and 15.2 months (p = 0.1299), in patients with or without anticancer maintenance chemotherapy respectively. In multivariate analysis, anticancer maintenance chemotherapy significantly prolonged both progression-free survival (hazard ratio 3.65, 95% confidence interval 1.96-6.78, p < 0.0001) and cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio 3.05, 95% confidence interval 1.62-5.76, p = 0.0006) in patients with partial response or stable disease after induction chemotherapy. Also, anticancer maintenance chemotherapy significantly prolonged both progression-free survival (13.1 months vs. 4.9 months, p = 0.0027) and cancer-specific survival (35.1 months vs. 11.8 months, p = 0.0044) in propensity score matched patients. CONCLUSIONS: Anticancer maintenance chemotherapy may be considered the treatment for metastatic urothelial carcinoma patients after induction chemotherapy.

Early dynamics of circulating tumor DNA predict clinical response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Detection of genomic alterations in circulating tumor deoxyribonucleic acid of peripheral blood can guide the selection of systemic therapy in cancer patients. The predictive significance of circulating tumor deoxyribonucleic acid in metastatic renal cell carcinoma remains unclear, especially for patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. METHODS: In this study, we collected plasma samples before and 1 month after commencing nivolumab monotherapy or nivolumab plus ipilimumab therapy from 14 metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients. We performed circulating tumor deoxyribonucleic acid genomic profiling in plasma cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid by next-generation sequencing using a commercially available pan-cancer panel (Guardant360 CDx). Additionally, we also performed whole exome sequencing of tumor tissues and compared the concordance of genomic profiles with circulating tumor deoxyribonucleic acid. RESULTS: Nine patients had circulating tumor deoxyribonucleic acid in pretreatment plasma samples with a total of 20 mutations (15 single nucleotide variants, three insertions/deletions, and two copy number amplification). VHL (30.0%) was the most frequently mutated gene, followed by TP53 (20.0%), and 45.0% of circulating tumor deoxyribonucleic acid mutations were concordant with somatic mutations in tumor tissues. Patients with decreasing circulating tumor deoxyribonucleic acid mutant allele frequency had better progression free survival when compared to those with increasing mutant allele frequency (P = 0.0441). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed that early circulating tumor deoxyribonucleic acid dynamics can serve as a predictive biomarker for response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients.

[A Case of Remission of Metastatic Germ Cell Tumor in an Elderly Patient by Multimodal Treatment].

There have been few reports of multimodal treatment such as chemotherapy and surgical resection for testicular tumors over 40 years old. In this case, a 64-year-old man with nonseminoma, pT2N2M1aS1, stage IIIb, IGCCC good prognosis completed induction chemotherapy, followed by retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and resection of lung metastases. Chemotherapy (4 courses of etoposide and cisplatin therapy) was completed without serious adverse events other than grade 4 neutropenia. Resection of the residual tumor confirmed no viable tumor cells. There was no evidence of recurrence or elevation of tumor markers in the following 6 months. Similar cases could increase with the increase of testicular tumors in the elderly.

[A Rare Case of Adrenal Metastasis Diagnosed before Discovery of Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer which was Confirmed to Be the Primary Site].

A 54-year-old female underwent open left adrenalectomy for a left adrenal tumor in 2013. The pathology showed metastatic poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Despite a close examination, the primary tumor could not be identified. During the follow-up, a computed tomographic scan showed a hyper vascular tumor in the left breast in2015. A left mastectomy was performed for diagnosis and treatment. The pathology showed invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Comparing the histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the breast tumor with the adrenal tumor, the adrenal tumor was finally confirmed as metastatic invasive ductal carcinoma. Adrenal gland metastasis from invasive ductal carcinoma is said to be extremely rare. To our knowledge, there have been no reports of cases in which metastatic invasive ductal carcinoma of the adrenal gland was found before the primary site. We report this case with some literature review.