PDA Stent Placement *6: High-Impact Limitations of Angiography to Delineate a Complex PDA.

This is a case of an infant with duct-dependent pulmonary circulation, who required 6 stents delivered over three procedures to fully stent the arterial duct, which originated in a very unusual fashion. The attainable angiographic projections were unable to profile its origin, and only a CT scan was ultimately able to delineate the (stenotic) ductal origin from the aorta.

Hot topics in interventional cardiology: Proceedings from the society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions (SCAI) 2021 think tank.

The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) Think Tank is a collaborative venture that brings together interventional cardiologists, administrative partners, and select members of the cardiovascular industry community annually for high-level field-wide discussions. The 2021 Think Tank was organized into four parallel sessions reflective of the field of interventional cardiology: (a) coronary intervention, (b) endovascular medicine, (c) structural heart disease, and (d) congenital heart disease. Each session was moderated by a senior content expert and co-moderated by a member of SCAI's Emerging Leader Mentorship program. This document presents the proceedings to the wider cardiovascular community in order to enhance participation in this discussion, create additional dialog from a broader base, and thereby aid SCAI, the industry community and external stakeholders in developing specific action items to move these areas forward.

Total anomalous origin of the coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Although rare, coronary artery anomalies can have significant clinical implications. Total anomalous origin of the coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery (TCAPA) represents a rare subtype of coronary artery anomaly for which little is known. The aim of this review was to characterise the presentation, utilised diagnostic modalities, associated cardiac lesions, and treatment strategies in patients with TCAPA. METHODS: A systematic review was performed for cases of TCAPA using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Keywords searched included "total anomalous origin of the coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery," "single ostium anomalous coronary artery from the pulmonary artery," and "anomalous origin of both coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery." RESULTS: Fifty-seven cases of TCAPA were identified in 50 manuscripts. Fifty-eight per cent of patients were male and the median age at presentation was 10 days (mean 1.71 ± 6.6 years, range 0 days-39 years). Most patients were symptomatic at the time of presentation; cyanosis (n = 22) and respiratory distress (n = 14) were the most common symptoms. Cases were most commonly diagnosed at autopsy (n = 26, 45.6%), but operative intervention was pursued in 22 cases (45.6%); aortic re-implantation (n = 14) and a Takeuchi-type repair (n = 7) were the most common routes of repair. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical presentation of patients with TCAPA was found to be variable, likely related to the presence of associated cardiac lesions. TCAPA should be considered in patients with suspected anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery for the serious consequences that can occur if not promptly corrected.

Procedural, pregnancy, and short-term outcomes after fetal aortic valvuloplasty.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the effect of technical aspects of fetal aortic valvuloplasty (FAV) on procedural risks and pregnancy outcomes. BACKGROUND: FAV is performed in cases of severe mid-gestation aortic stenosis with the goal of preventing hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). METHODS: The International Fetal Cardiac Intervention Registry was queried for fetuses who underwent FAV from 2002 to 2018, excluding one high-volume center. RESULTS: The 108 fetuses had an attempted cardiac puncture (mean gestational age [GA] 26.1 ± 3.3 weeks). 83.3% of attempted interventions were technically successful (increased forward flow/new aortic insufficiency). The interventional cannula was larger than 19 g in 70.4%. More than one cardiac puncture was performed in 25.0%. Intraprocedural complications occurred in 48.1%, including bradycardia (34.1%), pericardial (22.2%) or pleural effusion (2.7%) requiring drainage, and balloon rupture (5.6%). Death within 48 hr occurred in 16.7% of fetuses. Of the 81 patients born alive, 59 were discharged home, 34 of whom had biventricular circulation. More than one cardiac puncture was associated with higher complication rates (p < .001). Larger cannula size was associated with higher pericardial effusion rates (p = .044). On multivariate analysis, technical success (odds ratio [OR] = 10.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2-53.5, p = .003) and later GA at intervention (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.2-1.9, p = .002) were associated with increased odds of live birth. CONCLUSIONS: FAV is an often successful but high-risk procedure. Multiple cardiac punctures are associated with increased complication and fetal mortality rates. Later GA at intervention and technical success were independently associated with increased odds of live birth. However, performing the procedure later in gestation may miss the window to prevent progression to HLHS.

Stent treatment of ostial branch pulmonary artery stenosis: initial and medium-term outcomes and technical considerations to avoid and minimise stent malposition.

OBJECTIVE: Stenting of ostial pulmonary artery stenosis presents several unique challenges. These include difficulty in defining anatomy and need for precise stent placement in order to avoid missing the ostial stenosis or jailing either the contralateral branch pulmonary artery or the ipsilateral upper lobe branch. DESIGN: A retrospective review of outcomes was conducted in 1.5 or 2-ventricle patients who underwent stent placement for ostial branch pulmonary artery stenosis. Specific catheterisation lab techniques were reviewed. RESULTS: Forty-seven branch pulmonary arteries underwent stent placement for ostial stenosis in 43 patients. The median age and weight were 3.7 (0.3-18.1) years and 14.2 (5.6-70.0) kg, respectively. Three (2-8) angiographic projections were needed to profile the ostial stenosis. Open-cell stents were used in 23 and stents were modified in 5 cases. Following stent implantation, the minimum diameter improved from 3.6 (0.8-10.5) to 8.1 (4.2-16.5) mm (p < 0.001). The gradient improved from 21 (0-66) to 4 (0-27) mmHg (p < 0.001). Stent malposition occurred in eight (17%) of the stents placed. Five migrated distally causing suboptimal ostial coverage necessitating placement of a second stent in four. Three migrated proximally and partially jailed the contralateral pulmonary artery. Intentional jailing of the upper lobe branch occurred in four additional cases. At a follow-up of 2.4 (0.3-4.9) years, 15 stents underwent further dilation and 1 had a second stent placed within the exiting stent. CONCLUSION: Ostial branch pulmonary artery stenosis may require additional angiography to accurately define the ostial stenosis. Treatment with stents is effective but carries high rates of stent malposition.

Hybrid approach to ventricular septal defect enlargement.

The need for creation or enlargement of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a rare occurrence. It is most frequently required in patients with double-outlet right ventricle who develop restriction of a remote muscular VSD or obstruction of a perimembranous VSD secondary to atrioventricular (AV) valve attachments to the interventricular septum. Surgical and transcatheter options for VSD creation or enlargement are associated with several risks including heart block, AV valve injury, and perforation. We report the first description of a hybrid approach to VSD creation and enlargement in two patients.

Further percutaneous dilation of a Melody® valve in the mitral position to accommodate somatic growth in a small child: lessons learned.

A 15-month-old child underwent percutaneous expansion of a Melody transcatheter pulmonary valve in the mitral position to accommodate growth after initial surgical implantation during infancy, but transiently decompensated after valvuloplasty owing to stent malformation. The Melody valve in the mitral position of small patients can be further expanded by percutaneous dilation, but there are a number of potential complications and technical improvements to consider.

Predictive Factors for Patients Undergoing ASD Device Occlusion Who "Crossover" to Surgery.

The aim of this study was to define characteristics of those patients who are referred for device closure of an Atrial septal defect (ASD), but identified to "crossover" surgery. All patients who underwent surgical and device (Amplatzer or Helex occluder) closures of secundum ASDs from 2001 to 2010 were reviewed and organized into three groups: surgical closure, device closure, and "crossover" group. 369 patients underwent ASD closure (265 device, 104 surgical). 42 of the 265 patients referred for device closure "crossed over" to the surgical group at various stages of the catheterization procedure. The device group had defect size measuring 14.2 mm (mean) and an ASD index (Defect Size (mm)/BSA) of 14.0 compared to the corresponding values in the surgical group (20.1 mm, ASD index 25.9) (P < 0.001) and in the "crossover" group (20.7 mm, 22.6 ASD index) (P < 0.001). 79 patients in the device group had a deficient rim, and 86% were located in the retroaortic region. 33 patients in the "crossover" group had deficient rims with 70% deficiency in the posterior/inferior rim. The device group with deficient rims had an ASD index of 14.7 compared with the crossover group ASD index of 23.8 (P < 0.001). Comparing the device and "crossover" groups, an ASD index greater than 23.7 had a 90% specificity in "crossing over" to surgery. The crossover and surgical groups had statistically larger ASD defect size indexes compared with the device group. Deficient rim in the posterior/inferior rim is associated with a large ASD size index which is a predictive factor for crossing over to surgery. Catheterization did not negatively impact surgical results in the "crossover" group.

Unmasking the borderline coarctation: the utility of isoproterenol in the paediatric cardiac catheterisation laboratory.

BACKGROUND: One indication for intervention in coarctation of the aorta is a peak-to-peak gradient >20 mmHg. Gradients may be masked in patients under general anaesthesia and may be higher during exercise. Isoproterenol was given during cardiac catheterisation to simulate a more active physiologic state. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe the haemodynamic effects of isoproterenol in patients with coarctation and the impact of intervention on the elicited gradients. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on two-ventricle patients who underwent cardiac catheterisation for coarctation with isoproterenol testing. RESULTS: 25 patients received isoproterenol before and after intervention. With isoproterenol, the mean diastolic (p=0.0015) and mean arterial (p=0.0065) blood pressures proximal to the coarctation decreased significantly. The mean systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures distal to the coarctation decreased significantly (p20 mmHg. Post intervention, the median gradient decreased to 2 (0-29) mmHg, versus baseline, p=0.005, and with isoproterenol it decreased to 8 (0-27) mmHg, versus pre-intervention isoproterenol, p<0.0001. There were significant improvements in the gradients by Doppler (<0.0001) and by blood pressure cuff (p=0.0313). The gradients on isoproterenol best correlated with gradients by blood pressure cuff in the awake state (R2=0.76, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Isoproterenol can be a useful tool to assess the significance of a coarctation and the effectiveness of an intervention. Percutaneous interventions can effectively reduce the gradients elicited by isoproterenol.

Tailoring stents to fit the anatomy of unique vascular stenoses in congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Unique and small anatomical features often preclude the use of available vascular stents in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). OBJECTIVES: To report our experience and outcomes tailoring stents to fit unique anatomy, particularly in small children and infants with CHD. METHODS: Stent tailoring techniques included trimming, folding, and flaring. Patients receiving a tailored stent November 2002 to February 2015 were included in a retrospective analysis. RESULTS: Forty-one tailored stents were implanted in 30 patients with median age and weight of 0.8 years (6 days to 17 years) and 8.1 kg (2.9-47.9 kg). Thirty stents were placed intraoperatively and 11 percutaneously. Sites included branch pulmonary arteries (BPA; n = 32), pulmonary veins (n = 6), SVC (n = 1), and the ventricular septum (n = 2). Twenty-three (56%) stents were trimmed with or without folding to avoid jailing of side branches, 16 (39%) stents were folded or flared with or without trimming to avoid excessive proximal protrusion, and two (5%) stents were folded back at both ends for implantation in ventricular septal defects. Final stent lengths were 6-15 mm. Minimal vessel diameters increased from 2.8 ± 1.4 mm to 6.7 ± 2.6 mm (P < 0.001). Complications included two intraoperative BPA tears, three pinhole balloon leaks, two intraoperative stent dislodgements, one transient heart block, and one lung reperfusion injury. Follow-up catheterization included 36 re-dilations and implantation of four additional stents over a median of 4.1 years. In-stent restenosis was the indication in 25 (69.4%) re-interventions. CONCLUSION: Tailored stents can be safely implanted to fit unique anatomy in small patients. Re-interventions can effectively treat restenosis and accommodate ongoing vessel growth.

Reduction in Radiation Dose in a Pediatric Cardiac Catheterization Lab Using the Philips AlluraClarity X-ray System.

The objective of this study was to compare radiation doses and imaging quality using Philips AlluraClarity (Philips Healthcare, Best, The Netherlands) X-ray system and an older generation reference system. AlluraClarity is a new generation fluoroscopy system designed to reduce radiation without compromising image quality, but reports of its use in pediatric patients are limited. Dose area products (DAP, mGy cm2) and DAP/kg were compared in patients catheterized using Allura Xper and AlluraClarity systems over a year of use for each. Randomly selected studies from each system were assessed for image quality. The 430 patients imaged with Clarity were larger than the 332 imaged with Xper (median BSA: 0.74 vs. 0.64 m2, p = 0.06), and median total fluoroscopic times (TFT) were similar (15.8 vs. 16.1 min, p = 0.37). Median DAPs were 8661 mGy cm2 (IQR: 18,300 mGy cm2) and 4523 mGy cm2 (IQR: 11,596 mGy cm2) with Xper and Clarity, respectively (p < 0.001). There was a reduction in median DAP in all procedure categories. After adjustment for BSA, TFT, and procedure type, using Clarity was associated with a 57.5% (95% CI 51.5-62.8%, p < 0.001) reduction in DAP for all procedures. Reductions did not significantly differ by weight (<10 kg, 10-40 kg, ≥ 40 kg). There was an adjusted percent reduction in DAP for each procedure category ranging from 39.0% (95% CI 25.6-50.1%, p < 0.001) for cardiac biopsies with or without coronary angiography to 67.6% (95% CI 61.2-72.8%, p < 0.001) for device occlusions. Mean overall imaging quality scores (4.3 ± 0.8 with Clarity vs. 4.4 ± 0.6 with Xper, p = 0.62) and scores based on specific quality parameters were similar in the two groups. Use of AlluraClarity substantially reduced radiation doses compared to the older generation reference system without compromising imaging quality in a pediatric cardiac catheterization lab.

The Valeo stent: a pre-mounted, open-cell, large stent for use in small children with CHD.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to determine the outcomes of using the Valeo stent (Bard Peripheral Vascular, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America) in small children with CHD. BACKGROUND: Stenting vascular stenoses is safe and effective in adults and older children with CHD but is limited in smaller children. The design of the Valeo stent addresses these limitations but has not been extensively described. METHODS: Bench testing was conducted to determine the maximum diameter of the stent, foreshortening, and side-cell diameter. A retrospective analysis of Valeo stents implanted between October, 2012 and October, 2014 was performed. Patient profile, pre-implant/post-implant catheterization data, and stent geometry were reviewed. RESULTS: Bench testing: medium and large Valeo stents can be dilated up to 13 mm and 20 mm diameters, respectively. Side-cells are dilatable up to 12 mm. Valeo stents are of low profile - delivered through 6- or 7-Fr sheaths - and show minimal foreshortening. Retrospective analysis: a total of 81 stents were implanted in 61 patients with CHD. The median weight was 15.3 kg, and the median age was 58.9 months. Stents were implanted in the pulmonary artery, systemic vein, aorta, and pulmonary vein. Overall, mean vessel diameters increased from 4.1 to 7.7 mm (121.7%). There was effective mean gradient reduction: 3.7-0.5 mmHg (63%) in the venous systems, 28.2-12.5 mmHg (63.7%) in the pulmonary arteries, and 17.4-4 mmHg (77.1%) in the aorta. The mean stent foreshortening was 2.5%, and the mean recoil was 5.9%. Side-cells that crossed other vessels were dilated in four cases, and stents were re-mounted onto different-sized balloons in seven cases. CONCLUSIONS: The features of the Valeo stent, such as low profile, large maximum diameter, open-cell design, minimal foreshortening, and recoil, make it suitable for treating vascular stenoses in small children with CHD.

Simultaneous transcatheter implantation of systemic and pulmonary venous baffle stents after mustard operation for d-transposition of the great arteries.

We report a case of simultaneous transcatheter systemic and pulmonary venous baffle obstruction stenting in a post operative Mustard patient with d-transposition of the great arteries.

Pulmonary artery stents in the recent era: Immediate and intermediate follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Long-term follow-up after stent dilation of native and acquired pulmonary artery stenosis is scarce in the pediatric population. Most cohorts include a myriad of anatomies and associated conditions. METHOD: In order to establish objective performance criteria, we performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent unilateral pulmonary artery stenting in biventricular physiology at three centers from June 2006 to June 2011. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients received 60 stents with Palmaz Genesis stent used most commonly (78%). Average age at implantation was 10.4 ± 10.3 years and weight 31.6 ± 21.8 kg. The immediate success rate was 98%, with improvement in minimal diameter from 5.1 ± 2 cm to 10.6 ± 3 cm (P < 0.01). There were 10 complications (7 major and 3 minor) and no acute mortality. One-year follow-up studies were available in 48 patients (83%), including echocardiogram (60%), catheterization (28%), MRI (29%), and lung perfusion (31%). Follow-up echocardiogram showed mild increase in stent gradient, from 5.7 ± 6.7 mm Hg post-procedure to 17.1 ± 11.7 mm Hg. Follow-up catheterization showed no significant change in minimal stent diameter (8.8 ± 2.6 to 7.8 ± 2.3 mm), gradient (7.7 ± 8.4 to 12.6 ± 12.2 mm Hg), or right ventricular pressures (43.7 ± 9 to 47.7 ± 10.5 mm Hg). Nine patients (16%) underwent scheduled stent redilation over a period of 12 days to 25 months. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, stent implantation shows excellent immediate and 1-year follow-up results with maintenance of improved caliber of the stented vessel and lowered right ventricular systolic pressures.

Systemic Central Venous Rehabilitation in Congenital Heart Disease.

Chronic venous obstructions resulting from indwelling lines, surgery and instrumentation, and congenital anomalies are increasingly common in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and other chronic illnesses. Venous obstruction results in threatened long-term vascular access and congestive symptoms. Endovascular therapies are safe and can be effective at rehabilitating obstructed and even occluded veins. The risk of recurrent obstruction is high, however. Post-rehabilitation monitoring and anticoagulation therapy are important, and reinterventions are common. Here, the authors describe techniques to address a variety of venous obstruction lesions that may be encountered in CHD patients and provide illustrative cases.

Use of Flow Restrictors in Congenital Heart Disease.

The surgical pulmonary artery band was first introduced in 1952 and, to this day, can produce challenges in regard to the ideal amount of restriction and the need for reoperations. A transcatheter option may be the ideal solution as it allows for a less-invasive approach for a better hemodynamic assessment and easier re-intervention. To date, multiple approaches have been developed with device modifications to create restrictions to flow, each with advantages and limitations. Continued experience is still necessary to determine the ideal device to use to create an adequate and modifiable level of restriction.

Unmasking of an isolated right subclavian artery from the pulmonary artery after device occlusion of a patent arterial duct.

Isolation of the right subclavian artery (RSCA) from the pulmonary artery is a rare anomaly of the aortic arch. We report a case of an isolated RSCA from the right pulmonary artery that was discovered at the time of device occlusion of a patent arterial duct. We review the literature and discuss management options.

Melody valve implantation in the pulmonary and tricuspid position.

Percutaneous implantation of valved stents is now routinely performed to treat pulmonary valve regurgitation and stenosis. In addition, there are isolated reports of implantation of valved stents in the tricuspid position to treat prosthetic tricuspid stenosis or regurgitation when a prosthetic valve ring exists. We present a case in which a patient with combined severe tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve disease was successfully treated with sequential implantation of percutaneous valved stents in a single procedure. The procedure was straightforward, of short duration, and dramatically improved the patient's functional status.