RESUMEN
The phylogenetic diversity of Bacteria and Archaea within a biodegraded, mesothermic petroleum reservoir in the Schrader Bluff Formation of Alaska was examined by two culture-independent methods based on fosmid and small-subunit rRNA gene PCR clone libraries. Despite the exclusion of certain groups by each method, there was overall no significant qualitative difference in the diversity of phylotypes recovered by the two methods. The resident Bacteria belonged to at least 14 phylum-level lineages, including the polyphyletic Firmicutes, which accounted for 36.2% of all small-subunit rRNA gene-containing (SSU(+)) fosmid clones identified. Members of uncultured divisions were also numerous and made up 35.2% of the SSU(+) fosmid clones. Clones from domain Archaea accounted for about half of all SSU(+) fosmids, suggesting that their cell numbers were comparable to those of the Bacteria in this microbial community. In contrast to the Bacteria, however, nearly all archaeal clones recovered by both methods were related to methanogens, especially acetoclastic methanogens, while the plurality of bacterial fosmid clones was affiliated with Synergistes-like acetogenic Firmicutes that possibly degrade longer-chain carboxylic acid components in the crude oil to acetate. These data suggest that acetate may be a key intermediary metabolite in this subsurface anaerobic food chain, which leads to methane production as the primary terminal electron sink.
Asunto(s)
Archaea/clasificación , Archaea/genética , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Microbiología del Agua , Acetatos/metabolismo , Alaska , Archaea/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , ADN de Archaea/química , ADN de Archaea/genética , ADN Bacteriano/química , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Genes de ARNr , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Petróleo , Filogenia , ARN de Archaea/genética , ARN Bacteriano/genética , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia de Ácido NucleicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Infants (age, < 2 years) with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have increased morbidity and mortality. We evaluated our long-term outcomes of kidney transplants (KTx) in infants. METHODS: Between 1984 and 2014, 136 infants underwent KTx. We examined trends in survival rates and complications by era (1984-1993 [era 1], 1994-2003 [era 2], 2004-2014 [era 3]). RESULTS: Patients were 92.6% white and 70.6% males. Posttransplant (Tx) initial length of hospital stay declined 37% over the 30-year period (P <0.01). Ten-year death-censored graft survival improved from 60% (era 1) to 80% (era 2) (P = 0.04). The incidence of acute rejection, graft thrombosis, cytomegalovirus, and urine leaks did not significantly change across eras. Frequency of Epstein-Barr virus diagnosis (era 2 vs era 3, P < 0.01) increased. Post-Tx lymphoproliferative disorder incidence was increased in era 2 compared with eras 1 and 3 (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Infants deserve earlier consideration for KTx. Length of initial hospital stay and patient and graft survival rates after KTx have improved in infants since 1984.